2018 AIME II 第 7 题

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7.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=9AB = 9、BC=53BC = 5\sqrt{3}、AC=12AC = 12。点 A=P0A = P_0,P1P_1,P2P_2,…\ldots,P2450=BP_{2450} = B 位于线段 AB‾\overline{AB} 上,且对 k=1k = 1,22,…\ldots,24492449,点 PkP_k 位于 Pk−1P_{k-1} 与 Pk+1P_{k+1} 之间。点 A=Q0A = Q_0,Q1Q_1,Q2Q_2,…\ldots,Q2450=CQ_{2450} = C 位于线段 AC‾\overline{AC} 上,且对 k=1k = 1,22,…\ldots,24492449,点 QkQ_k 位于 Qk−1Q_{k-1} 与 Qk+1Q_{k+1} 之间。此外,每条线段 PkQk‾\overline{P_kQ_k},k=1k = 1,22,…\ldots,24492449,都平行于 BC‾\overline{BC}。这些线段把三角形分成 24502450 个区域,其中有 24492449 个梯形和 11 个三角形。所有 24502450 个区域面积相等。求线段 PkQk‾\overline{P_kQ_k},k=1k = 1,22,…\ldots,24502450 中长度为有理数的线段数。

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=9,AB = 9, BC=53,BC = 5\sqrt{3}, and AC=12.AC = 12. Points A=P0,A = P_0, P1,P_1, P2,P_2, …,\ldots, P2450=BP_{2450} = B are on segment AB‾\overline{AB} with PkP_k between Pk−1P_{k-1} and Pk+1P_{k+1} for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, …,\ldots, 2449,2449, and points A=Q0,A = Q_0, Q1,Q_1, Q2,Q_2, …,\ldots, Q2450=CQ_{2450} = C are on segment AC‾\overline{AC} with QkQ_k between Qk−1Q_{k-1} and Qk+1Q_{k+1} for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, …,\ldots, 2449.2449. Furthermore, each segment PkQk‾,\overline{P_kQ_k}, k=1,k = 1, 2,2, …,\ldots, 2449,2449, is parallel to BC‾.\overline{BC}. The segments cut the triangle into 24502450 regions, consisting of 24492449 trapezoids and 11 triangle. Each of the 24502450 regions has the same area. Find the number of segments PkQk‾,\overline{P_kQ_k}, k=1,k = 1, 2,2, …,\ldots, 2450,2450, that have rational length.

答案:20
知识点:相似面积比完全平方数
难度评级:2650
小提示:

各区域面积相等,所以三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k 的面积是整个三角形的 k2450\frac{k}{2450},长度按面积比的平方根缩放

The regions have equal areas, so triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k has area k2450\frac{k}{2450} of the whole, and lengths scale as the square root of the area ratio

大提示:

PkQk=53 k2450=6k14P_kQ_k = 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} = \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14},它为有理数恰好当 6k6k 是完全平方数

PkQk=53 k2450=6k14,P_kQ_k = 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} = \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14}, which is rational exactly when 6k6k is a perfect square

解答:

因为 24502450 个区域面积相等,三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k(前 kk 个区域的并集)的面积是三角形 ABCABC 的 k2450\frac{k}{2450}。每个三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k 都与 ABCABC 相似,长度按面积比的平方根缩放,所以 PkQk=53 k2450=53⋅k352=6k14。 \begin{aligned} P_kQ_k &= 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} \\ &= 5\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{k}}{35\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14} \end{aligned}\text{。}

这为有理数恰好当 6k6k 是完全平方数,也就是当且仅当 k=6j2k = 6j^2,其中 jj 为正整数。条件 6j2≤24506j^2 \le 2450 给出 j2≤408j^2 \le 408,所以 j=1,2,…,20j = 1, 2, \ldots, 20。共有 2020 条这样的线段。

Since the 24502450 regions have equal areas, triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k (the union of the first kk regions) has area k2450\frac{k}{2450} of triangle ABC.ABC. Each triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k is similar to ABC,ABC, and lengths scale as the square root of areas, so PkQk=53 k2450=53⋅k352=6k14. \begin{aligned} P_kQ_k &= 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} \\ &= 5\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{k}}{35\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14}. \end{aligned}

This is rational exactly when 6k6k is a perfect square, which happens exactly when k=6j2k = 6j^2 for a positive integer j.j. The condition 6j2≤24506j^2 \le 2450 gives j2≤408,j^2 \le 408, so j=1,2,…,20.j = 1, 2, \ldots, 20. There are 2020 such segments.

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