2026 AIME I 第 7 题

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7.

求满射函数 π\pi 的个数,其中该函数从集合 A={1,2,3,4,5,6}A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} 映到 AA,并且对每个 aAa \in A 都有 π(π(π(π(π(π(a))))))=a\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(a)))))) = a\text{。}

Find the number of functions π\pi mapping the set A={1,2,3,4,5,6}A = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} onto AA such that for every aA,a \in A, π(π(π(π(π(π(a))))))=a.\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(\pi(a)))))) = a.

答案:396
知识点:排列补集计数分类讨论
难度评级:2510
小提示:

有限集合到自身的满射是一个排列,而条件表示它的六次方是恒等映射

An onto map from a finite set to itself is a permutation, and the condition says its sixth power is the identity

大提示:

等价地,每个循环长度都整除 66,所以从 720720 中减去含有 44-循环或 55-循环的排列

Equivalently every cycle length divides 6,6, so subtract from 720720 the permutations that contain a 44-cycle or a 55-cycle

解答:

有限集合到自身的满射一定是双射,所以 π\pi 是六个元素的排列,条件表示 π6\pi^6 是恒等映射。一个排列满足 π6=id\pi^6 = \mathrm{id},当且仅当其循环分解中 每个循环长度都整除 66。在可能的长度 1166 中,只有 4455 不整除 66

要排除含有 44-循环或 55-循环的排列,并从 6!=7206! = 720 中减去这些排列。循环类型 4+1+14+1+1 给出 6!42!=90\frac{6!}{4 \cdot 2!} = 90,类型 4+24+2 给出 6!42=90\frac{6!}{4 \cdot 2} = 90,类型 5+15+1 给出 6!5=144\frac{6!}{5} = 144,共排除 90+90+144=32490 + 90 + 144 = 324 个排列。

所求个数为 720324=396720 - 324 = 396

A function from a finite set onto itself is a bijection, so π\pi is a permutation of six elements, and the condition says π6\pi^6 is the identity. A permutation satisfies π6=id\pi^6 = \mathrm{id} exactly when every cycle in its cycle decomposition has length dividing 6.6. Among the possible lengths 11 through 6,6, only 44 and 55 fail to divide 6.6.

We subtract the permutations containing a 44-cycle or a 55-cycle from 6!=720.6! = 720. Cycle type 4+1+14+1+1 gives 6!42!=90,\frac{6!}{4 \cdot 2!} = 90, type 4+24+2 gives 6!42=90,\frac{6!}{4 \cdot 2} = 90, and type 5+15+1 gives 6!5=144,\frac{6!}{5} = 144, for 90+90+144=32490 + 90 + 144 = 324 excluded permutations.

The count is 720324=396.720 - 324 = 396.

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