2007 AIME I 第 7 题

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7.

令 N=∑k=11000k⋅(⌈log⁡2k⌉−⌊log⁡2k⌋)。\begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{1000} k \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\lceil \log_{\sqrt{2}} k \rceil - \lfloor \log_{\sqrt{2}} k \rfloor\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。(这里 ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor 表示小于或等于 xx 的最大整数,⌈x⌉\lceil x \rceil 表示大于或等于 xx 的最小整数。)

Let N=∑k=11000k⋅(⌈log⁡2k⌉−⌊log⁡2k⌋).\begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{1000} k \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\lceil \log_{\sqrt{2}} k \rceil - \lfloor \log_{\sqrt{2}} k \rfloor\right). \end{aligned} Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000. (Here ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x,x, and ⌈x⌉\lceil x \rceil denotes the least integer that is greater than or equal to x.x.)

答案:477
知识点:取整函数对数2的幂求和
难度评级:2410
小提示:

⌈x⌉−⌊x⌋\lceil x \rceil - \lfloor x \rfloor 等于 11,除非 xx 是整数;此时它等于 00

⌈x⌉−⌊x⌋\lceil x \rceil - \lfloor x \rfloor equals 11 unless xx is an integer, when it equals 00

大提示:

对整数 kk,log⁡2k\log_{\sqrt{2}} k 是整数当且仅当 kk 是 22 的幂,所以要从所有整数的和中减去 22 的幂;这里所有整数的和是 1+2+⋯+10001 + 2 + \cdots + 1000

For integers k,k, log⁡2k\log_{\sqrt{2}} k is an integer exactly when kk is a power of 2,2, so subtract the powers of 22 from 1+2+⋯+10001 + 2 + \cdots + 1000

解答:

差 ⌈x⌉−⌊x⌋\lceil x \rceil - \lfloor x \rfloor 在参数不是整数时等于 11,而当 xx 是整数时等于 00。现在,log⁡2k\log_{\sqrt{2}} k 是整数当且仅当 k=(2)jk = (\sqrt{2})^j,其中 jj 为某个整数;要使 kk 为整数,jj 必须为偶数,也就是说 kk 必须是 22 的幂。不超过 10001000 的这些幂为 20,21,…,29=5122^0, 2^1, \ldots, 2^9 = 512。

因此 N=∑k=11000k−∑j=092j=1000⋅10012−1023=500500−1023=499477,\begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{1000} k - \sum_{j=0}^{9} 2^j \\ &= \frac{1000 \cdot 1001}{2} - 1023 \\ &= 500500 - 1023 = 499477 \end{aligned}\text{,}除以 10001000 的余数为 477477。

The difference ⌈x⌉−⌊x⌋\lceil x \rceil - \lfloor x \rfloor equals 11 when xx is not an integer and 00 when it is. Now log⁡2k\log_{\sqrt{2}} k is an integer exactly when k=(2)jk = (\sqrt{2})^j for some integer j,j, and for kk to be an integer, jj must be even — that is, kk must be a power of 2.2. The powers at most 10001000 are 20,21,…,29=512.2^0, 2^1, \ldots, 2^9 = 512.

Therefore N=∑k=11000k−∑j=092j=1000⋅10012−1023=500500−1023=499477,\begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{1000} k - \sum_{j=0}^{9} 2^j \\ &= \frac{1000 \cdot 1001}{2} - 1023 \\ &= 500500 - 1023 = 499477, \end{aligned} and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 477.477.

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