2007 AIME I 第 6 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

6.

一只青蛙被放在数轴原点,并按如下规则移动:每次移动时,青蛙前进到坐标更大的整数点中最近的 33 的倍数,或前进到坐标更大的整数点中最近的 1313 的倍数。一个移动序列是由合法移动对应的坐标组成的序列,从 00 开始,以 3939 结束。例如,0033661313151526263939 是一个移动序列。青蛙可能有多少个移动序列?

A frog is placed at the origin on the number line, and moves according to the following rule: in a given move, the frog advances to either the closest point with a greater integer coordinate that is a multiple of 3,3, or to the closest point with a greater integer coordinate that is a multiple of 13.13. A move sequence is a sequence of coordinates which correspond to valid moves, beginning with 0,0, and ending with 39.39. For example, 0,0, 3,3, 6,6, 13,13, 15,15, 26,26, 3939 is a move sequence. How many move sequences are possible for the frog?

答案:169
知识点:乘法原理分类讨论
难度评级:2430
小提示:

在标志点 13132626 处分段:分别计算每一段的路径数并相乘

Split the journey at the landmarks 1313 and 26:26: count routes for each segment and multiply

大提示:

55 条路径连接相邻的 1313 的倍数,而有 44 条路径跨过一段并跳过中间那个 1313 的倍数

There are 55 routes between consecutive multiples of 13,13, and 44 routes across a stretch that skips the multiple of 1313 in the middle

解答:

在标志点 13132626 处分段。从 00 出发时,青蛙沿 33 的倍数上升,并可跳到 1313,起跳点可为 003366991212 中的任一点,所以共有 55 条从 001313 的路径;同理,有 55 条从 13132626 的路径(跳到 2626 时可从 13131515181821212424 起跳),也有 55 条从 26263939 的路径。若完全跳过 1313,青蛙必须每次选择 33 的倍数选项经过 121512 \to 15,然后跳到 2626,起跳点为 1515181821212424 中的一点:这给出 44 条从 002626 且避开 1313 的路径。同理,有 44 条从 13133939 且避开 2626 的路径,也有 44 条从 003939 且同时避开二者的路径。

合并各段:经过两个标志点的路径数为 555=1255 \cdot 5 \cdot 5 = 125;只经过 1313 的为 54=205 \cdot 4 = 20;只经过 2626 的为 45=204 \cdot 5 = 20;两者都不经过的为 44。总数为 125+20+20+4=169125 + 20 + 20 + 4 = 169

Split the journey at the landmarks 1313 and 26.26. From 00 the frog climbs the multiples of 33 and may jump to 1313 from any of 0,0, 3,3, 6,6, 9,9, 12,12, giving 55 routes from 00 to 13;13; likewise there are 55 routes from 1313 to 2626 (jump to 2626 from 13,13, 15,15, 18,18, 21,21, 2424) and 55 from 2626 to 39.39. To skip 1313 entirely the frog must take the multiple-of-33 option every time through 1215,12 \to 15, then jump to 2626 from one of 15,15, 18,18, 21,21, 24:24: 44 routes from 00 to 2626 avoiding 13.13. Similarly there are 44 routes from 1313 to 3939 avoiding 26,26, and 44 from 00 to 3939 avoiding both.

Combining the segments: through both landmarks, 555=125;5 \cdot 5 \cdot 5 = 125; through 1313 only, 54=20;5 \cdot 4 = 20; through 2626 only, 45=20;4 \cdot 5 = 20; through neither, 4.4. The total is 125+20+20+4=169.125 + 20 + 20 + 4 = 169.

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