2006 AIME II 第 7 题

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7.

求正整数有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 的个数,使得 a+b=1000a + b = 1000,并且 aabb 的十进制表示中都不含数字零。

Find the number of ordered pairs of positive integers (a,b)(a, b) such that a+b=1000a + b = 1000 and neither aa nor bb has a zero digit.

答案:738
知识点:数字补集计数分类讨论
难度评级:2510
小提示:

改为数不合格的数对。若 aa 的个位是 00,则 bb 的个位也是零,可写成 a=10ra = 10rb=10sb = 10s,其中 r+s=100r + s = 100

Count the bad pairs instead. If aa ends in 0,0, then so does b,b, giving a=10r,a = 10r, b=10sb = 10s with r+s=100.r + s = 100.

大提示:

如果两个数的个位都不是 00,那么零数字只能是中间一位,形式为 h0uh0u;此时另一个数的十位为 99

If neither number ends in 0,0, a zero digit can only be a middle digit h0uh0u — and then the other number’s tens digit is 9.9.

解答:

总共有 999999 个数对(a=1,,999a = 1, \ldots, 999);数其中不合格的。若 aa 的个位为 00,则 bb 的个位也为零,写成 a=10ra = 10rb=10sb = 10s 得到 r+s=100r + s = 100,且 1r991 \le r \le 99:共有 9999 个不合格数对。

现在假设两个数的个位都非零。此时一个数含有零数字,当且仅当它是形如 h0uh0u 的三位数,其中 h,u{1,,9}h, u \in \{1, \ldots, 9\}(个位非零的一位数或两位数没有零数字)。若 a=h0ua = h0u,则 b=1000ab = 1000 - a =100(9h)+90= 100(9 - h) + 90 +(10u)+ (10 - u) 的十位为 99,所以 bb 不会也是这种形式。因此这里的不合格数对正好是 a,ba, b 中恰有一个等于 h0uh0u:共有 81+81=16281 + 81 = 162 个。

不合格数对总数为 99+162=26199 + 162 = 261,所以答案是 999261=738999 - 261 = 738

There are 999999 pairs in all (a=1,,999a = 1, \ldots, 999); count the forbidden ones. If aa has units digit 0,0, so does b,b, and writing a=10r,a = 10r, b=10sb = 10s gives r+s=100r + s = 100 with 1r99:1 \le r \le 99: that is 9999 forbidden pairs.

Now suppose both units digits are nonzero. Then a number in the pair has a zero digit exactly when it is a three-digit number of the form h0uh0u with h,u{1,,9}h, u \in \{1, \ldots, 9\} (a one- or two-digit number with nonzero units digit has no zero digit). If a=h0u,a = h0u, then b=1000ab = 1000 - a =100(9h)+90= 100(9 - h) + 90 +(10u)+ (10 - u) has tens digit 9,9, so bb is not also of that form. Hence the forbidden pairs here are those where exactly one of a,ba, b equals h0u:h0u: 81+81=16281 + 81 = 162 pairs.

The total number of forbidden pairs is 99+162=261,99 + 162 = 261, so the answer is 999261=738.999 - 261 = 738.

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