2006 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

在凸六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 中,六条边全等,A\angle AD\angle D 是直角,且 B\angle BC\angle CE\angle EF\angle F 全等。这个六边形区域的面积为 2116(2+1)2116(\sqrt{2} + 1)。求 ABAB

In convex hexagon ABCDEF,ABCDEF, all six sides are congruent, A\angle A and D\angle D are right angles, and B,\angle B, C,\angle C, E,\angle E, and F\angle F are congruent. The area of the hexagonal region is 2116(2+1).2116(\sqrt{2} + 1). Find AB.AB.

知识点:面积分割角度和特殊直角三角形
难度评级:2110
小提示:

BBCCEEFF 都等于 135135^\circ。画出对角线 BFBFCECE

Each of angles B,B, C,C, E,E, FF measures 135.135^\circ. Draw diagonals BFBF and CE.CE.

大提示:

这些对角线把六边形分成两个等腰直角三角形和一个边长为 ABABAB2AB\sqrt{2} 的矩形。

These diagonals cut the hexagon into two right isosceles triangles and a rectangle with side lengths ABAB and AB2.AB\sqrt{2}.

解答:

六边形内角和为 720720^\circ,所以这四个全等角各为 7202904=135\frac{720 - 2 \cdot 90}{4} = 135 度。设 AB=xAB = x。对角线 BFBFCECE 截出等腰直角三角形 FABFABCDECDE,每个三角形的直角边为 xx,斜边为 x2x\sqrt{2},而 135135^\circ 的角保证剩下的部分 BCEFBCEF 是一个边长为 x2x\sqrt{2}xx 的矩形。

因此面积为 212x2+xx2=x2(1+2)=2116(2+1) \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}x^2 + x \cdot x\sqrt{2} \\ &= x^2(1 + \sqrt{2}) \\ &= 2116(\sqrt{2} + 1) \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 x2=2116x^2 = 2116,从而 AB=x=46AB = x = 46

The angles of a hexagon sum to 720,720^\circ, so each of the four congruent angles measures 7202904=135\frac{720 - 2 \cdot 90}{4} = 135 degrees. Let AB=x.AB = x. The diagonals BFBF and CECE cut off the right isosceles triangles FABFAB and CDE,CDE, each with legs xx and hypotenuse x2,x\sqrt{2}, and the 135135^\circ angles guarantee that the remaining piece BCEFBCEF is a rectangle with sides x2x\sqrt{2} and x.x.

Hence the area is 212x2+xx2=x2(1+2)=2116(2+1), \begin{aligned} &2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}x^2 + x \cdot x\sqrt{2} \\ &= x^2(1 + \sqrt{2}) \\ &= 2116(\sqrt{2} + 1), \end{aligned} so x2=2116x^2 = 2116 and AB=x=46.AB = x = 46.

2.

一个面积为正的三角形的三边长分别为 log1012\log_{10} 12log1075\log_{10} 75log10n\log_{10} n,其中 nn 是正整数。求 nn 的可能取值个数。

The lengths of the sides of a triangle with positive area are log1012,\log_{10} 12, log1075,\log_{10} 75, and log10n,\log_{10} n, where nn is a positive integer. Find the number of possible values for n.n.

难度评级:1890
小提示:

三条边长必须满足三角形不等式;其中两个条件会从两侧限制 log10n\log_{10} n

The three lengths must satisfy the triangle inequality; two of the three conditions bound log10n\log_{10} n from both sides.

大提示:

log75log12\log 75 - \log 12 <logn<\lt \log n \lt log75+log12\log 75 + \log 12,所以 254<n<900\frac{25}{4} \lt n \lt 900

log75log12\log 75 - \log 12 <logn<\lt \log n \lt log75+log12,\log 75 + \log 12, so 254<n<900.\frac{25}{4} \lt n \lt 900.

解答:

三角形不等式要求 logn<log12+log75=log900\log n \lt \log 12 + \log 75 = \log 900,以及 log12+logn>log75\log 12 + \log n \gt \log 75,即 logn>log75log12=log254\log n \gt \log 75 - \log 12 = \log \frac{25}{4}。剩下的不等式 log75+logn>log12\log 75 + \log n \gt \log 12 自动成立,因为 n1n \ge 175>1275 \gt 12

因此 254<n<900\frac{25}{4} \lt n \lt 900,对整数来说就是 7n8997 \le n \le 899。共有 8997+1=893899 - 7 + 1 = 893 个可能的 nn 值。

The triangle inequality requires logn<log12+log75=log900\log n \lt \log 12 + \log 75 = \log 900 and log12+logn>log75,\log 12 + \log n \gt \log 75, that is logn>log75log12=log254.\log n \gt \log 75 - \log 12 = \log \frac{25}{4}. The remaining inequality, log75+logn>log12,\log 75 + \log n \gt \log 12, is automatic because n1n \ge 1 and 75>12.75 \gt 12.

So 254<n<900,\frac{25}{4} \lt n \lt 900, which for integers means 7n899.7 \le n \le 899. That gives 8997+1=893899 - 7 + 1 = 893 possible values of n.n.

3.

PP 为前 100100 个正奇数的乘积。求最大的整数 kk,使得 PP 能被 3k3^k 整除。

Let PP be the product of the first 100100 positive odd integers. Find the largest integer kk such that PP is divisible by 3k.3^k.

难度评级:2150
小提示:

数一数 1,3,5,,1991, 3, 5, \ldots, 199 中有多少个能被 33 整除,再数能被 9927278181 整除的个数。

Count how many of 1,3,5,,1991, 3, 5, \ldots, 199 are divisible by 3,3, then by 9,9, by 27,27, and by 81.81.

大提示:

每一层可整除性都会给每个保留下来的项多贡献一个因子 33,所以 kk 是这四个计数之和。

Each divisibility layer adds one more factor of 33 per surviving term, so kk is the sum of the four counts.

解答:

P=135199P = 1 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdots 199,所以 kk 是因子 33 的总个数,统计范围是不超过 199199 的奇数。33 的奇数倍为 31,33,,3653 \cdot 1, 3 \cdot 3, \ldots, 3 \cdot 65,共有 3333 个。99 的奇数倍为 91,,9219 \cdot 1, \ldots, 9 \cdot 21,共有 1111 个。2727 的奇数倍为 27,81,135,18927, 81, 135, 189,共有 44 个。8181 的奇数倍中,不超过 199199 的唯一一个是 8181 本身,而且没有 243243 的倍数。

每一层都贡献一个额外的因子 33,所以 k=33+11+4+1=49k = 33 + 11 + 4 + 1 = 49

P=135199,P = 1 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdots 199, so kk is the total number of factors of 33 among the odd numbers up to 199.199. The odd multiples of 33 are 31,33,,365,3 \cdot 1, 3 \cdot 3, \ldots, 3 \cdot 65, and there are 3333 of them. The odd multiples of 99 are 91,,921:9 \cdot 1, \ldots, 9 \cdot 21: 1111 of them. The odd multiples of 2727 are 27,81,135,189:27, 81, 135, 189: 44 of them. The only odd multiple of 8181 at most 199199 is 8181 itself, and there are no multiples of 243.243.

Each layer contributes one additional factor of 3,3, so k=33+11+4+1=49.k = 33 + 11 + 4 + 1 = 49.

4.

(a1,a2,a3,,a12)(a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_{12})(1,2,3,,12)(1, 2, 3, \ldots, 12) 的一个排列,满足 a1>a2>a3>a4>a5>a6a_1 \gt a_2 \gt a_3 \gt a_4 \gt a_5 \gt a_6a6<a7<a8<a9<a10<a11<a12 \begin{aligned} &a_6 \lt a_7 \lt a_8 \lt a_9 \\ &\lt a_{10} \lt a_{11} \lt a_{12} \end{aligned}\text{。}这样的排列的一个例子是 (6,5,4,3,2,1,7,8,9,10,11,12)(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)。求这类排列的个数。

Let (a1,a2,a3,,a12)(a_1, a_2, a_3, \ldots, a_{12}) be a permutation of (1,2,3,,12)(1, 2, 3, \ldots, 12) for which a1>a2>a3>a4>a5>a6a_1 \gt a_2 \gt a_3 \gt a_4 \gt a_5 \gt a_6 and a6<a7<a8<a9<a10<a11<a12. \begin{aligned} &a_6 \lt a_7 \lt a_8 \lt a_9 \\ &\lt a_{10} \lt a_{11} \lt a_{12}. \end{aligned} An example of such a permutation is (6,5,4,3,2,1,7,8,9,10,11,12).(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12). Find the number of such permutations.

难度评级:2180
小提示:

a6a_6 小于其他十一个项,所以 a6=1a_6 = 1

a6a_6 is less than all eleven other terms, so a6=1.a_6 = 1.

大提示:

一旦选出剩余 1111 个数中的哪五个填入前五个位置,两半的顺序就都被确定了。

Once you choose which five of the remaining 1111 numbers fill the first five slots, the order of both halves is forced.

解答:

a6a_6 小于这个排列中的其他所有项,所以 a6=1a_6 = 1。现在从剩余 1111 个数中选择五个占据位置 1155:它们必须按递减顺序出现,所以排列方式被确定;其余六个数必须按递增顺序填入位置 771212,这也被确定。

每一种五个数的选择都给出唯一一个合法排列,所以总数为 (115)=462\binom{11}{5} = 462

The term a6a_6 is smaller than every other term of the permutation, so a6=1.a_6 = 1. Now choose which five of the remaining 1111 numbers occupy positions 11 through 5:5: they must appear in decreasing order, so their arrangement is forced, and the other six numbers must fill positions 77 through 1212 in increasing order, which is also forced.

Every choice of the five numbers gives exactly one valid permutation, so the count is (115)=462.\binom{11}{5} = 462.

5.

掷一个特定的不公平六面骰子,六个面编号为 112233445566,出现面 FF 的概率大于 16\frac{1}{6},出现与面 FF 相对的面的概率小于 16\frac{1}{6},出现其他每个面的概率都是 16\frac{1}{6},且每一对相对面的数字之和都是 77。掷两个这样的骰子时,得到点数和为 77 的概率是 47288\frac{47}{288}。已知出现面 FF 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n

When rolling a certain unfair six-sided die with faces numbered 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, and 6,6, the probability of obtaining face FF is greater than 16,\frac{1}{6}, the probability of obtaining the face opposite face FF is less than 16,\frac{1}{6}, the probability of obtaining each of the other faces is 16,\frac{1}{6}, and the sum of the numbers on each pair of opposite faces is 7.7. When two such dice are rolled, the probability of obtaining a sum of 77 is 47288.\frac{47}{288}. Given that the probability of obtaining face FF is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2350
小提示:

将面 FF 的概率写成 16+x\frac{1}{6} + x,则相对面的概率为 16x\frac{1}{6} - x

Write the probability of face FF as 16+x,\frac{1}{6} + x, so the opposite face has probability 16x.\frac{1}{6} - x.

大提示:

点数和为 77 总是来自一对相对面:4(16)24\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 +2(16+x)(16x)+ 2\left(\frac{1}{6} + x\right)\left(\frac{1}{6} - x\right) =47288= \frac{47}{288}

A sum of 77 always comes from a pair of opposite faces: 4(16)24\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 +2(16+x)(16x)+ 2\left(\frac{1}{6} + x\right)\left(\frac{1}{6} - x\right) =47288.= \frac{47}{288}.

解答:

设出现面 FF 的概率为 16+x\frac{1}{6} + x,则与 FF 相对的面概率为 16x\frac{1}{6} - x(六个概率之和必须为 11)。由于相对面的数字之和为 77,点数和为 77 恰好发生在两个骰子显示一对相对面时。在六个有序的和为 77 的结果中,四个只用普通面,两个把 FF 与它的相对面配对。因此 47288=4(16)2+2(16+x)(16x)=162x2 \begin{aligned} \frac{47}{288} &= 4\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2\left(\frac{1}{6} + x\right)\left(\frac{1}{6} - x\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{6} - 2x^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 16=48288\frac{1}{6} = \frac{48}{288},得到 2x2=12882x^2 = \frac{1}{288},所以 x=124x = \frac{1}{24}。面 FF 的概率为 16+124=524\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{24} = \frac{5}{24},且 m+n=5+24=29m + n = 5 + 24 = 29

Let the probability of face FF be 16+x,\frac{1}{6} + x, so the face opposite FF has probability 16x\frac{1}{6} - x (the six probabilities must sum to 11). Since opposite faces sum to 7,7, a total of 77 occurs exactly when the two dice show a pair of opposite faces. Of the six ordered pairs that sum to 7,7, four use only ordinary faces, and two pair FF with its opposite. Thus 47288=4(16)2+2(16+x)(16x)=162x2. \begin{aligned} \frac{47}{288} &= 4\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2\left(\frac{1}{6} + x\right)\left(\frac{1}{6} - x\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{6} - 2x^2. \end{aligned}

Since 16=48288,\frac{1}{6} = \frac{48}{288}, this gives 2x2=1288,2x^2 = \frac{1}{288}, so x=124.x = \frac{1}{24}. The probability of face FF is 16+124=524,\frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{24} = \frac{5}{24}, and m+n=5+24=29.m + n = 5 + 24 = 29.

6.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 11。点 EEFF 分别在 BC\overline{BC}CD\overline{CD} 上,使得 AEF\triangle AEF 是等边三角形。一个以 BB 为顶点的正方形的边与 ABCDABCD 的边平行,且有一个顶点在 AE\overline{AE} 上。这个小正方形的边长为 abc\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aabbcc 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Square ABCDABCD has sides of length 1.1. Points EE and FF are on BC\overline{BC} and CD,\overline{CD}, respectively, so that AEF\triangle AEF is equilateral. A square with vertex BB has sides that are parallel to those of ABCDABCD and a vertex on AE.\overline{AE}. The length of a side of this smaller square is abc,\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

BE=tBE = t,等边条件 AE=EFAE = EF 给出 1+t2=2(1t)21 + t^2 = 2(1 - t)^2,所以 t=23t = 2 - \sqrt{3}

If BE=t,BE = t, the equilateral condition AE=EFAE = EF gives 1+t2=2(1t)2,1 + t^2 = 2(1 - t)^2, so t=23.t = 2 - \sqrt{3}.

大提示:

AA 放在原点,直线 AEAEy=(23)xy = (2 - \sqrt{3})x,小正方形的远端顶点 (1q,q)(1 - q, q) 必须落在这条直线上。

With AA at the origin, line AEAE is y=(23)x,y = (2 - \sqrt{3})x, and the small square’s far corner (1q,q)(1 - q, q) must lie on it.

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(1,0)B = (1, 0)C=(1,1)C = (1, 1)D=(0,1)D = (0, 1)。由等边三角形关于对角线 AC\overline{AC} 的对称性,有 BE=DFBE = DF。令 BE=tBE = t,则 CE=CF=1tCE = CF = 1 - t。于是 AE2=1+t2AE^2 = 1 + t^2EF2=2(1t)2EF^2 = 2(1 - t)^2,令二者相等得到 t24t+1=0t^2 - 4t + 1 = 0,所以 t=23t = 2 - \sqrt{3}(取小于 11 的根)。

因此 E=(1,23)E = (1,\, 2 - \sqrt{3}),直线 AEAEy=(23)xy = (2 - \sqrt{3})x。若小正方形的边长为 qq,则它与 BB 相对的顶点是 (1q,q)(1 - q,\, q),该点必须在直线 AEAE 上:q=(23)(1q)q=2333=(23)(3+3)6=336 \begin{aligned} q &= (2 - \sqrt{3})(1 - q) \\ &\Longrightarrow q = \frac{2 - \sqrt{3}}{3 - \sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{(2 - \sqrt{3})(3 + \sqrt{3})}{6} \\ &= \frac{3 - \sqrt{3}}{6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 a=3a = 3b=3b = 3c=6c = 6,且 a+b+c=12a + b + c = 12

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(1,0),B = (1, 0), C=(1,1),C = (1, 1), D=(0,1).D = (0, 1). By the symmetry of the equilateral triangle across diagonal AC,\overline{AC}, we have BE=DF.BE = DF. Let BE=t,BE = t, so CE=CF=1t.CE = CF = 1 - t. Then AE2=1+t2AE^2 = 1 + t^2 and EF2=2(1t)2,EF^2 = 2(1 - t)^2, and setting them equal gives t24t+1=0,t^2 - 4t + 1 = 0, so t=23t = 2 - \sqrt{3} (taking the root less than 11).

Thus E=(1,23),E = (1,\, 2 - \sqrt{3}), and line AEAE is y=(23)x.y = (2 - \sqrt{3})x. If the smaller square has side q,q, its vertex opposite BB is (1q,q),(1 - q,\, q), which must lie on line AE:AE: q=(23)(1q)q=2333=(23)(3+3)6=336. \begin{aligned} q &= (2 - \sqrt{3})(1 - q) \\ &\Longrightarrow q = \frac{2 - \sqrt{3}}{3 - \sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{(2 - \sqrt{3})(3 + \sqrt{3})}{6} \\ &= \frac{3 - \sqrt{3}}{6}. \end{aligned}

So a=3,a = 3, b=3,b = 3, c=6,c = 6, and a+b+c=12.a + b + c = 12.

7.

求正整数有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 的个数,使得 a+b=1000a + b = 1000,并且 aabb 的十进制表示中都不含数字零。

Find the number of ordered pairs of positive integers (a,b)(a, b) such that a+b=1000a + b = 1000 and neither aa nor bb has a zero digit.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

改为数不合格的数对。若 aa 的个位是 00,则 bb 的个位也是零,可写成 a=10ra = 10rb=10sb = 10s,其中 r+s=100r + s = 100

Count the bad pairs instead. If aa ends in 0,0, then so does b,b, giving a=10r,a = 10r, b=10sb = 10s with r+s=100.r + s = 100.

大提示:

如果两个数的个位都不是 00,那么零数字只能是中间一位,形式为 h0uh0u;此时另一个数的十位为 99

If neither number ends in 0,0, a zero digit can only be a middle digit h0uh0u — and then the other number’s tens digit is 9.9.

解答:

总共有 999999 个数对(a=1,,999a = 1, \ldots, 999);数其中不合格的。若 aa 的个位为 00,则 bb 的个位也为零,写成 a=10ra = 10rb=10sb = 10s 得到 r+s=100r + s = 100,且 1r991 \le r \le 99:共有 9999 个不合格数对。

现在假设两个数的个位都非零。此时一个数含有零数字,当且仅当它是形如 h0uh0u 的三位数,其中 h,u{1,,9}h, u \in \{1, \ldots, 9\}(个位非零的一位数或两位数没有零数字)。若 a=h0ua = h0u,则 b=1000ab = 1000 - a =100(9h)+90= 100(9 - h) + 90 +(10u)+ (10 - u) 的十位为 99,所以 bb 不会也是这种形式。因此这里的不合格数对正好是 a,ba, b 中恰有一个等于 h0uh0u:共有 81+81=16281 + 81 = 162 个。

不合格数对总数为 99+162=26199 + 162 = 261,所以答案是 999261=738999 - 261 = 738

There are 999999 pairs in all (a=1,,999a = 1, \ldots, 999); count the forbidden ones. If aa has units digit 0,0, so does b,b, and writing a=10r,a = 10r, b=10sb = 10s gives r+s=100r + s = 100 with 1r99:1 \le r \le 99: that is 9999 forbidden pairs.

Now suppose both units digits are nonzero. Then a number in the pair has a zero digit exactly when it is a three-digit number of the form h0uh0u with h,u{1,,9}h, u \in \{1, \ldots, 9\} (a one- or two-digit number with nonzero units digit has no zero digit). If a=h0u,a = h0u, then b=1000ab = 1000 - a =100(9h)+90= 100(9 - h) + 90 +(10u)+ (10 - u) has tens digit 9,9, so bb is not also of that form. Hence the forbidden pairs here are those where exactly one of a,ba, b equals h0u:h0u: 81+81=16281 + 81 = 162 pairs.

The total number of forbidden pairs is 99+162=261,99 + 162 = 261, so the answer is 999261=738.999 - 261 = 738.

8.

有无限多个全等的彩纸等边三角形。每个三角形都是纯色,并且纸的两面颜色相同。用其中四个纸三角形按图所示拼成一个大的等边三角形。如果不能通过平移、旋转和/或反射把一个大三角形放到另一个上面并使对应的小三角形颜色相同,则认为这两个大三角形可区分。已知可选的三角形有六种不同颜色,可以构造多少个可区分的大等边三角形?

There is an unlimited supply of congruent equilateral triangles made of colored paper. Each triangle is a solid color with the same color on both sides of the paper. A large equilateral triangle is constructed from four of these paper triangles as shown. Two large triangles are considered distinguishable if it is not possible to place one on the other, using translations, rotations, and/or reflections, so that their corresponding small triangles are of the same color. Given that there are six different colors of triangles from which to choose, how many distinguishable large equilateral triangles can be constructed?

难度评级:2390
小提示:

旋转和反射可以任意置换三个角上的三角形,所以只有中心颜色和角上颜色的多重集合重要。

Rotations and reflections can permute the three corner triangles arbitrarily, so only the center color and the multiset of corner colors matter.

大提示:

数从六种颜色中选三个角上颜色的多重集合:全相同、恰有两个相同、全不同。然后乘以中心颜色的选择数。

Count the multisets of three corner colors from six: all alike, exactly two alike, all different. Then multiply by the choices for the center.

解答:

大三角形的旋转和反射能实现三个角上三角形的任意置换,同时固定中心三角形。因此两个大三角形不可区分,当且仅当它们有相同的中心颜色以及相同的三个角上颜色的多重集合。

从六种颜色中数角上颜色的多重集合:三个全相同有 66 种,恰有两个相同有 65=306 \cdot 5 = 30 种(选择重复颜色和另一个不同颜色),三个全不同有 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 种。总共 6+30+20=566 + 30 + 20 = 56 个多重集合。

中心颜色可独立选择 66 种,所以总数为 656=3366 \cdot 56 = 336

The rotations and reflections of the large triangle realize every permutation of the three corner triangles while fixing the center triangle. So two large triangles are indistinguishable exactly when they have the same center color and the same multiset of three corner colors.

Count the multisets of corner colors from six colors: all three the same (66 ways), exactly two the same (65=306 \cdot 5 = 30 ways, choosing the repeated color and then the different one), or all three different ((63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 ways). That is 6+30+20=566 + 30 + 20 = 56 multisets.

With 66 independent choices for the center color, the total is 656=336.6 \cdot 56 = 336.

9.

C1\mathcal{C}_1C2\mathcal{C}_2C3\mathcal{C}_3 的圆心分别为 (0,0)(0, 0)(12,0)(12, 0)(24,0)(24, 0),半径分别为 112244。直线 t1t_1C1\mathcal{C}_1C2\mathcal{C}_2 的一条公内切线,且斜率为正;直线 t2t_2C2\mathcal{C}_2C3\mathcal{C}_3 的一条公内切线,且斜率为负。已知直线 t1t_1t2t_2 相交于 (x,y)(x, y),且 x=pqrx = p - q\sqrt{r},其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,且 rr 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 p+q+rp + q + r

Circles C1,\mathcal{C}_1, C2,\mathcal{C}_2, and C3\mathcal{C}_3 have their centers at (0,0),(0, 0), (12,0),(12, 0), and (24,0),(24, 0), and have radii 1,1, 2,2, and 4,4, respectively. Line t1t_1 is a common internal tangent to C1\mathcal{C}_1 and C2\mathcal{C}_2 and has a positive slope, and line t2t_2 is a common internal tangent to C2\mathcal{C}_2 and C3\mathcal{C}_3 and has a negative slope. Given that lines t1t_1 and t2t_2 intersect at (x,y),(x, y), and that x=pqr,x = p - q\sqrt{r}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime, find p+q+r.p + q + r.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

公内切线与两圆心连线相交于按半径之比分割该线段的点。

A common internal tangent crosses the segment joining the centers at the point that divides it in the ratio of the radii.

大提示:

t1t_1y=x415y = \frac{x - 4}{\sqrt{15}}t2t_2y=x163y = -\frac{x - 16}{\sqrt{3}};令它们相等并有理化。

t1t_1 is y=x415y = \frac{x - 4}{\sqrt{15}} and t2t_2 is y=x163;y = -\frac{x - 16}{\sqrt{3}}; set them equal and rationalize.

解答:

公内切线与两圆心的连线相交于按半径之比分割该线段的点。对于 C1\mathcal{C}_1C2\mathcal{C}_2,该点为 (4,0)(4, 0),与圆心 (0,0)(0, 0) 相距 44。若 t1t_1xx 轴所成的角为 θ\theta,则 sinθ=14\sin\theta = \frac{1}{4},所以 tanθ=115\tan\theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{15}},且 t1t_1 的方程为 y=115(x4)y = \frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}(x - 4)。对于 C2\mathcal{C}_2C3\mathcal{C}_3,该点为 (16,0)(16, 0),与圆心 (12,0)(12, 0) 相距 44。此时 sinθ=24=12\sin\theta = \frac{2}{4} = \frac{1}{2},所以斜率为 13-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}},且 t2t_2 的方程为 y=13(x16)y = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(x - 16)

令两式相等并乘以 15\sqrt{15},得到 x4=5(x16)x - 4 = -\sqrt{5}\,(x - 16),所以 x(1+5)=4+165x(1 + \sqrt{5}) = 4 + 16\sqrt{5},且 x=4+1651+5=(4+165)(51)4=761254=1935 \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{4 + 16\sqrt{5}}{1 + \sqrt{5}} \\ &= \frac{(4 + 16\sqrt{5})(\sqrt{5} - 1)}{4} \\ &= \frac{76 - 12\sqrt{5}}{4} \\ &= 19 - 3\sqrt{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 p+q+r=19+3+5=27p + q + r = 19 + 3 + 5 = 27

A common internal tangent meets the segment between the centers at the point dividing it in the ratio of the radii. For C1\mathcal{C}_1 and C2\mathcal{C}_2 that point is (4,0),(4, 0), at distance 44 from (0,0).(0, 0). If t1t_1 makes angle θ\theta with the xx-axis, then sinθ=14,\sin\theta = \frac{1}{4}, so tanθ=115\tan\theta = \frac{1}{\sqrt{15}} and t1t_1 is y=115(x4).y = \frac{1}{\sqrt{15}}(x - 4). For C2\mathcal{C}_2 and C3\mathcal{C}_3 the point is (16,0),(16, 0), at distance 44 from (12,0);(12, 0); here sinθ=24=12,\sin\theta = \frac{2}{4} = \frac{1}{2}, so the slope is 13-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} and t2t_2 is y=13(x16).y = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}(x - 16).

Setting the two expressions equal and multiplying by 15\sqrt{15} gives x4=5(x16),x - 4 = -\sqrt{5}\,(x - 16), so x(1+5)=4+165x(1 + \sqrt{5}) = 4 + 16\sqrt{5} and x=4+1651+5=(4+165)(51)4=761254=1935. \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{4 + 16\sqrt{5}}{1 + \sqrt{5}} \\ &= \frac{(4 + 16\sqrt{5})(\sqrt{5} - 1)}{4} \\ &= \frac{76 - 12\sqrt{5}}{4} \\ &= 19 - 3\sqrt{5}. \end{aligned}

Thus p+q+r=19+3+5=27.p + q + r = 19 + 3 + 5 = 27.

10.

七支球队参加一项足球锦标赛,每支球队与其他每支球队恰好比赛一次。没有平局,每支球队在每场比赛中获胜的概率都是 50%50\%,且各场比赛结果相互独立。每场比赛中,胜者得 11 分,负者得 00 分。用总积分决定球队排名。在锦标赛第一场比赛中,球队 AA 击败球队 BB。球队 AA 最终积分高于球队 BB 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Seven teams play a soccer tournament in which each team plays every other team exactly once. No ties occur, each team has a 50%50\% chance of winning each game it plays, and the outcomes of the games are independent. In each game, the winner is awarded 11 point and the loser gets 00 points. The total points are accumulated to decide the ranks of the teams. In the first game of the tournament, team AA beats team B.B. The probability that team AA finishes with more points than team BB is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

AA 开始时领先一分,且不会再与 BB 比赛,所以 AA 最终领先恰好等价于 AA 在剩余 55 场中获胜场数不少于 BB

AA starts one point ahead and never plays BB again, so AA finishes ahead exactly when AA wins at least as many of its 55 remaining games as BB does.

大提示:

剩余胜场数相等的概率为 k(5k)2210\sum_k \frac{\binom{5}{k}^2}{2^{10}};由对称性,其他结果在两队之间平分。

The chance the remaining win counts are equal is k(5k)2210;\sum_k \frac{\binom{5}{k}^2}{2^{10}}; by symmetry the other outcomes split evenly between the teams.

解答:

球队 AABB 各还剩 55 场比赛,彼此之间没有比赛,所以所有 2525=10242^5 \cdot 2^5 = 1024 种结果等可能。由于 AA 已领先一分,AA 最终积分更高恰好发生在 AA 剩余获胜场数至少与 BB 一样多时。

胜场数相等的结果数为 k=05(5k)2=(105)=252\sum_{k=0}^{5} \binom{5}{k}^2 = \binom{10}{5} = 252\text{。}由对称性,其余 1024252=7721024 - 252 = 772 种结果平均分为 AA 胜场更多和 BB 胜场更多两类。

所以概率为 252+3861024=6381024=319512\frac{252 + 386}{1024} = \frac{638}{1024} = \frac{319}{512},且 m+n=319+512=831m + n = 319 + 512 = 831

Teams AA and BB each have 55 games left, none against each other, so all 2525=10242^5 \cdot 2^5 = 1024 outcomes are equally likely. Since AA already leads by one point, AA finishes with more points exactly when AA wins at least as many remaining games as BB does.

The number of outcomes with equal win counts is k=05(5k)2=(105)=252.\sum_{k=0}^{5} \binom{5}{k}^2 = \binom{10}{5} = 252. By symmetry, the other 1024252=7721024 - 252 = 772 outcomes split evenly between AA winning more and BB winning more.

So the probability is 252+3861024=6381024=319512,\frac{252 + 386}{1024} = \frac{638}{1024} = \frac{319}{512}, and m+n=319+512=831.m + n = 319 + 512 = 831.

11.

一个数列定义如下:a1=a2=a3=1a_1 = a_2 = a_3 = 1,且对所有正整数 nnan+3=an+2+an+1+ana_{n+3} = a_{n+2} + a_{n+1} + a_n。已知 a28=6090307a_{28} = 6090307a29=11201821a_{29} = 11201821,且 a30=20603361a_{30} = 20603361,求 k=128ak\sum_{k=1}^{28} a_k 除以 10001000 的余数。

A sequence is defined as follows: a1=a2=a3=1,a_1 = a_2 = a_3 = 1, and, for all positive integers n,n, an+3=an+2+an+1+an.a_{n+3} = a_{n+2} + a_{n+1} + a_n. Given that a28=6090307,a_{28} = 6090307, a29=11201821,a_{29} = 11201821, and a30=20603361,a_{30} = 20603361, find the remainder when k=128ak\sum_{k=1}^{28} a_k is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

计算前几个部分和,并将它们与数列本身比较,从中找出规律。

Compute the first several partial sums and compare them with the sequence itself to spot a pattern.

大提示:

用递推式归纳可得 2Sn=an+2+an2S_n = a_{n+2} + a_n

Induction using the recurrence shows 2Sn=an+2+an.2S_n = a_{n+2} + a_n.

解答:

Sn=a1++anS_n = a_1 + \cdots + a_n。我们断言 2Sn=an+2+an2S_n = a_{n+2} + a_n,对 n=1n = 1 成立,因为 2=1+12 = 1 + 1。若它对 nn 成立,则 2Sn+1=2Sn+2an+1=an+2+2an+1+an=an+3+an+1 \begin{aligned} 2S_{n+1} &= 2S_n + 2a_{n+1} \\ &= a_{n+2} + 2a_{n+1} + a_n \\ &= a_{n+3} + a_{n+1} \end{aligned} 这一步用到了递推式,归纳因而完成。

因此 S28=a30+a282S_{28} = \frac{a_{30} + a_{28}}{2} =20603361+60903072= \frac{20603361 + 6090307}{2} =13346834= 13346834,除以 10001000 的余数为 834834

Let Sn=a1++an.S_n = a_1 + \cdots + a_n. We claim 2Sn=an+2+an,2S_n = a_{n+2} + a_n, which holds for n=1n = 1 since 2=1+1.2 = 1 + 1. If it holds for n,n, then 2Sn+1=2Sn+2an+1=an+2+2an+1+an=an+3+an+1 \begin{aligned} 2S_{n+1} &= 2S_n + 2a_{n+1} \\ &= a_{n+2} + 2a_{n+1} + a_n \\ &= a_{n+3} + a_{n+1} \end{aligned} by the recurrence, completing the induction.

Therefore S28=a30+a282S_{28} = \frac{a_{30} + a_{28}}{2} =20603361+60903072= \frac{20603361 + 6090307}{2} =13346834,= 13346834, whose remainder upon division by 10001000 is 834.834.

12.

等边 ABC\triangle ABC 内接于半径为 22 的圆。将 AB\overline{AB} 经过 BB 延长到点 DD,使 AD=13AD = 13,并将 AC\overline{AC} 经过 CC 延长到点 EE,使 AE=11AE = 11。过 DD,作直线 1\ell_1 平行于 AE\overline{AE},过 EE,作直线 2\ell_2 平行于 AD\overline{AD}。令 FF1\ell_12\ell_2 的交点。令 GG 为圆上与 AAFF 共线且不同于 AA 的点。已知 CBG\triangle CBG 的面积可表示为 pqr\frac{p\sqrt{q}}{r},其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,pprr 互质,且 qq 不被任何质数的平方整除,求 p+q+rp + q + r

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle of radius 2.2. Extend AB\overline{AB} through BB to point DD so that AD=13,AD = 13, and extend AC\overline{AC} through CC to point EE so that AE=11.AE = 11. Through D,D, draw a line 1\ell_1 parallel to AE,\overline{AE}, and through E,E, draw a line 2\ell_2 parallel to AD.\overline{AD}. Let FF be the intersection of 1\ell_1 and 2.\ell_2. Let GG be the point on the circle that is collinear with AA and FF and distinct from A.A. Given that the area of CBG\triangle CBG can be expressed in the form pqr,\frac{p\sqrt{q}}{r}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers, pp and rr are relatively prime, and qq is not divisible by the square of any prime, find p+q+r.p + q + r.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

ADFEADFE 是平行四边形,所以 ADF=120\angle ADF = 120^\circ;用余弦定理求出 [ADF][ADF]AFAF

ADFEADFE is a parallelogram, so ADF=120;\angle ADF = 120^\circ; find [ADF][ADF] and AFAF by the law of cosines.

大提示:

圆周角说明 CBGAFD\triangle CBG \sim \triangle AFD,相似比为 BC:AFBC : AF,其中 BC=23BC = 2\sqrt{3}

Inscribed angles show CBGAFD,\triangle CBG \sim \triangle AFD, with ratio BC:AFBC : AF where BC=23.BC = 2\sqrt{3}.

解答:

根据构造,ADFEADFE 是平行四边形,其中 AD=13AD = 13DF=AE=11DF = AE = 11,且 ADF=180DAE\angle ADF = 180^\circ - \angle DAE =120= 120^\circ。因此 [ADF]=121311sin120[ADF] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 13 \cdot 11 \sin 120^\circ =14334= \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4},由余弦定理,AF2=132+11221311cos120=169+121+143=433 \begin{aligned} AF^2 &= 13^2 + 11^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 11 \cos 120^\circ \\ &= 169 + 121 + 143 \\ &= 433 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 GG 在圆上,圆周角给出 GCB=GAB=FAD\angle GCB = \angle GAB = \angle FAD(都截同一段弧 GBGB)以及 CBG=CAG\angle CBG = \angle CAG(都截同一段弧 CGCG);并且 CAG=AFD\angle CAG = \angle AFD,因为 AEDF\overline{AE} \parallel \overline{DF}。所以 CBGAFD\triangle CBG \sim \triangle AFD,相似比为 CBAF\frac{CB}{AF}。内接于半径 22 的圆的等边三角形边长为 BC=23BC = 2\sqrt{3}

因此 [CBG]=(23433)214334=1243314334=4293433 \begin{aligned} [CBG] &= \left(\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{433}}\right)^2 \cdot \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4} \\ &= \frac{12}{433} \cdot \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4} \\ &= \frac{429\sqrt{3}}{433} \end{aligned}\text{,}p+q+rp + q + r =429+3+433= 429 + 3 + 433 =865= 865

By construction ADFEADFE is a parallelogram with AD=13,AD = 13, DF=AE=11,DF = AE = 11, and ADF=180DAE\angle ADF = 180^\circ - \angle DAE =120.= 120^\circ. Hence [ADF]=121311sin120[ADF] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 13 \cdot 11 \sin 120^\circ =14334,= \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4}, and by the law of cosines, AF2=132+11221311cos120=169+121+143=433. \begin{aligned} AF^2 &= 13^2 + 11^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 11 \cos 120^\circ \\ &= 169 + 121 + 143 \\ &= 433. \end{aligned}

Since GG lies on the circle, inscribed angles give GCB=GAB=FAD\angle GCB = \angle GAB = \angle FAD (both subtend arc GBGB) and CBG=CAG\angle CBG = \angle CAG (both subtend arc CGCG); and CAG=AFD\angle CAG = \angle AFD because AEDF.\overline{AE} \parallel \overline{DF}. So CBGAFD\triangle CBG \sim \triangle AFD with ratio CBAF.\frac{CB}{AF}. The side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of radius 22 is BC=23.BC = 2\sqrt{3}.

Therefore [CBG]=(23433)214334=1243314334=4293433, \begin{aligned} [CBG] &= \left(\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{433}}\right)^2 \cdot \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4} \\ &= \frac{12}{433} \cdot \frac{143\sqrt{3}}{4} \\ &= \frac{429\sqrt{3}}{433}, \end{aligned} and p+q+rp + q + r =429+3+433= 429 + 3 + 433 =865.= 865.

13.

有多少个整数 NN 小于 10001000 可以写成 jj 个连续正奇数之和,并且这样的表示恰好对应 55j1j \ge 1 的取值?

How many integers NN less than 10001000 can be written as the sum of jj consecutive positive odd integers for exactly 55 values of j1?j \ge 1?

难度评级:3160
小提示:

连续奇数之和是平方差:它等于 m2k2=(mk)(m+k)m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k)

A sum of consecutive odd numbers is a difference of squares: it equals m2k2=(mk)(m+k).m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k).

大提示:

因此要数分解 N=abN = ab,其中 aba \le b 且二者同奇偶。当 NN(奇数情形)或 N4\frac{N}{4}(偶数情形)有 991010 个因数时,恰有五个这样的分解。

So count factorizations N=abN = ab with aba \le b of equal parity: exactly five occur when NN (odd case) or N4\frac{N}{4} (even case) has 99 or 1010 divisors.

解答:

从第 (k+1)(k+1) 个到第 mm 个正奇数的和为 m2k2=(mk)(m+k)m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k)。令 a=mka = m - kb=m+kb = m + k,则 NN 的表示与分解 N=abN = ab 一一对应,其中 aba \le ba,ba, b 同奇偶(此时 m=a+b2m = \frac{a + b}{2}k=ba2k = \frac{b - a}{2})。所以我们需要 NN 恰有 55 个这样的分解。

如果 NN 是奇数,每一对因数都可行,所以 NN 需要有 991010 个因数,即 N=p8N = p^8p9p^9p2q2p^2q^2pq4pq^4,其中 p,qp, q 是不同奇质数。小于 10001000 时,p8p^8p9p^9 不可能,p2q2p^2 q^2 给出 225225441441,而 pq4pq^4 给出 3453^4 \cdot 53473^4 \cdot 734113^4 \cdot 11:共五个奇数值。

如果 NN 是偶数,两个因数都必须为偶数,所以 N=4MN = 4M,这些分解对应于 MM 的因数对,没有奇偶限制;我们需要 M<250M \lt 250 且有 991010 个因数。有 99 个因数的数为 3636100100196196225225;有 1010 个因数的数(形如 pq4pq^4)为 3243 \cdot 2^45245 \cdot 2^47247 \cdot 2^4112411 \cdot 2^4132413 \cdot 2^42342 \cdot 3^4。这给出 4+6=104 + 6 = 10 个偶数值,总计 5+10=155 + 10 = 15

The sum of the (k+1)(k+1)th through mmth positive odd integers is m2k2=(mk)(m+k).m^2 - k^2 = (m - k)(m + k). Writing a=mka = m - k and b=m+k,b = m + k, the representations of NN correspond exactly to the factorizations N=abN = ab with aba \le b and a,ba, b of the same parity (then m=a+b2,m = \frac{a + b}{2}, k=ba2k = \frac{b - a}{2}). So we need NN to have exactly 55 such factorizations.

If NN is odd, every divisor pair works, so NN needs 99 or 1010 divisors, i.e. N=p8,N = p^8, p9,p^9, p2q2,p^2q^2, or pq4pq^4 with p,qp, q distinct odd primes. Below 1000,1000, p8p^8 and p9p^9 are impossible, p2q2p^2 q^2 gives 225225 and 441,441, and pq4pq^4 gives 345,3^4 \cdot 5, 347,3^4 \cdot 7, 3411:3^4 \cdot 11: five odd values.

If NN is even, both factors must be even, so N=4MN = 4M and the factorizations correspond to divisor pairs of M,M, with no parity restriction; we need M<250M \lt 250 with 99 or 1010 divisors. With 99 divisors: 36,36, 100,100, 196,196, 225.225. With 1010 divisors (pq4pq^4): 324,3 \cdot 2^4, 524,5 \cdot 2^4, 724,7 \cdot 2^4, 1124,11 \cdot 2^4, 1324,13 \cdot 2^4, 234.2 \cdot 3^4. That is 4+6=104 + 6 = 10 even values, for a total of 5+10=15.5 + 10 = 15.

14.

SnS_n 为从 1110n10^n(含端点)所有整数的非零数字的倒数之和。求最小的正整数 nn,使得 SnS_n 是整数。

Let SnS_n be the sum of the reciprocals of the nonzero digits of the integers from 11 to 10n,10^n, inclusive. Find the smallest positive integer nn for which SnS_n is an integer.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

用前导零补齐:在小于 10n10^n 的整数中,每个数字出现次数相同,所以每个非零数字出现 n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} 次。

Pad with leading zeros: among the integers below 10n,10^n, every digit appears equally often — each nonzero digit n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} times.

大提示:

1+12++19=712925201 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9} = \frac{7129}{2520},所以需要 n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} 能被 25202520 整除;检查 25202520 中哪些因子无法由 1010 的幂提供。

1+12++19=71292520,1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9} = \frac{7129}{2520}, so you need n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} to be divisible by 25202520 — check which factors of 25202520 the power of 1010 cannot supply.

解答:

0010n110^n - 1 的整数写成带前导零的 nn 位字符串。在这 nn 个数位中的每一个上,每个数字出现的次数都相同,所以每个非零数字共出现 n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} 次。再计入数字 11,它来自 10n10^n 本身,得到 Sn=1+n10n1(1+12++19)=1+71292520n10n1 \begin{aligned} S_n &= 1 \\ &\quad {}+ n \\ &\quad {}\cdot 10^{n-1}\small\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9}\right) \\ &= 1 + \frac{7129}{2520}\, n \cdot 10^{n-1} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 gcd(7129,2520)=1\gcd(7129, 2520) = 1,该和是整数当且仅当 n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} 能被 25202520 整除。现在 2520=2332572520 = 2^3 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7,且当 n4n \ge 4 时,因子 10n110^{n-1} 提供 2352^3 \cdot 5,剩下条件 nn 能被 6363 整除(1010 的幂不含因子 3377)。对于 n=1,2,3n = 1, 2, 3,乘积 1,20,3001, 20, 300 都不是 25202520 的倍数。

因此最小解为 n=63n = 63

Write the integers from 00 to 10n110^n - 1 as nn-digit strings with leading zeros. Each of the nn digit positions takes each digit value equally often, so each nonzero digit appears n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} times. Adding the digit 11 of 10n10^n itself, Sn=1+n10n1(1+12++19)=1+71292520n10n1. \begin{aligned} S_n &= 1 \\ &\quad {}+ n \\ &\quad {}\cdot 10^{n-1}\small\left(1 + \frac{1}{2} + \cdots + \frac{1}{9}\right) \\ &= 1 + \frac{7129}{2520}\, n \cdot 10^{n-1}. \end{aligned}

Since gcd(7129,2520)=1,\gcd(7129, 2520) = 1, the sum is an integer exactly when n10n1n \cdot 10^{n-1} is divisible by 2520.2520. Now 2520=233257,2520 = 2^3 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 5 \cdot 7, and for n4n \ge 4 the factor 10n110^{n-1} supplies 235,2^3 \cdot 5, leaving the condition that nn be divisible by 6363 (a power of 1010 has no factors of 33 or 77). For n=1,2,3n = 1, 2, 3 the products 1,20,3001, 20, 300 are not multiples of 2520.2520.

The smallest solution is therefore n=63.n = 63.

15.

已知 xxyyzz 是实数,且满足 x=y2116+z2116x = \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} + \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{16}}\text{,}y=z2125+x2125y = \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{25}} + \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{25}}\text{,}z=x2136+y2136z = \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{36}} + \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{36}}\text{。}又已知 x+y+z=mnx + y + z = \frac{m}{\sqrt{n}},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Given that x,x, y,y, and zz are real numbers that satisfy x=y2116+z2116,x = \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} + \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{16}}, y=z2125+x2125,y = \sqrt{z^2 - \frac{1}{25}} + \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{25}}, z=x2136+y2136,z = \sqrt{x^2 - \frac{1}{36}} + \sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{36}}, and that x+y+z=mn,x + y + z = \frac{m}{\sqrt{n}}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} 理解为一个直角三角形的直角边,其中斜边为 yy,另一条直角边为 14\frac{1}{4}

Interpret y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} as a leg of a right triangle with hypotenuse yy and other leg 14.\frac{1}{4}.

大提示:

构造一个边长为 xxyyzz 的三角形,其高分别为 14\frac{1}{4}15\frac{1}{5}16\frac{1}{6}。则 x=8Kx = 8Ky=10Ky = 10Kz=12Kz = 12K,其中面积为 KK;使用海伦公式。

Build a triangle with sides x,x, y,y, zz whose altitudes are 14,\frac{1}{4}, 15,\frac{1}{5}, 16.\frac{1}{6}. Then x=8K,x = 8K, y=10K,y = 10K, z=12Kz = 12K with area K;K; use Heron.

解答:

每个根式 y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} 都可看作一个直角三角形的直角边,其中斜边为 yy,另一条直角边为 14\frac{1}{4}。因此第一个方程表示:在一个三角形 XYZXYZ 中,令 x=YZx = YZy=ZXy = ZXz=XYz = XY,从 XX 作出的高为 14\frac{1}{4},且高的垂足把 YZYZ 分成两个根式长度。其他方程说明到边 yyzz 的高分别为 15\frac{1}{5}16\frac{1}{6}

KK 为这个三角形的面积,则 K=12x14K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot x \cdot \frac{1}{4} 给出 x=8Kx = 8K,同理 y=10Ky = 10Kz=12Kz = 12K。它们与 8,10,128, 10, 12 成比例,且 82+102>1228^2 + 10^2 \gt 12^2,所以三角形为锐角三角形,高的垂足确实落在边内。海伦公式配合 s=15Ks = 15K 给出 K2=15K7K5K3K=1575K4 \begin{aligned} K^2 &= 15K \cdot 7K \cdot 5K \cdot 3K \\ &= 1575K^4 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 K2=11575K^2 = \frac{1}{1575},且 K=1157K = \frac{1}{15\sqrt{7}}

于是 x+y+z=30K=27x + y + z = 30K = \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}},所以 m+n=2+7=9m + n = 2 + 7 = 9

Each radical y2116\sqrt{y^2 - \frac{1}{16}} is the leg of a right triangle with hypotenuse yy and other leg 14.\frac{1}{4}. So the first equation says: in a triangle XYZXYZ with x=YZ,x = YZ, y=ZX,y = ZX, z=XY,z = XY, the altitude from XX has length 14,\frac{1}{4}, and its foot splits YZYZ into the two radical lengths. The other equations say the altitudes to sides yy and zz are 15\frac{1}{5} and 16.\frac{1}{6}.

If KK is the area of this triangle, then K=12x14K = \frac{1}{2} \cdot x \cdot \frac{1}{4} gives x=8K,x = 8K, and likewise y=10Ky = 10K and z=12K.z = 12K. These are proportional to 8,10,12,8, 10, 12, and 82+102>122,8^2 + 10^2 \gt 12^2, so the triangle is acute and the altitude feet do land inside the sides. Heron’s formula with s=15Ks = 15K gives K2=15K7K5K3K=1575K4, \begin{aligned} K^2 &= 15K \cdot 7K \cdot 5K \cdot 3K \\ &= 1575K^4, \end{aligned} so K2=11575K^2 = \frac{1}{1575} and K=1157.K = \frac{1}{15\sqrt{7}}.

Then x+y+z=30K=27,x + y + z = 30K = \frac{2}{\sqrt{7}}, so m+n=2+7=9.m + n = 2 + 7 = 9.