2018 AIME II 详解

向下滚动即可查看来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 的精心整理的解答,打印PDF 解答,查看答案,或参加完整限时模拟考试

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

AABBCC 按此顺序位于一条直路上,且 AACC 的距离为 18001800 米。Ina 的速度是 Eve 的两倍,Paul 的速度是 Ina 的两倍。三名跑者同时开始跑步:Ina 从 AA 出发跑向 CC,Paul 从 BB 出发跑向 CC,Eve 从 CC 出发跑向 AA。当 Paul 遇到 Eve 时,他转身跑向 AA。Paul 和 Ina 同时到达 BB。求 AABB 的距离。

Points A,A, B,B, and CC lie in that order along a straight path where the distance from AA to CC is 18001800 meters. Ina runs twice as fast as Eve, and Paul runs twice as fast as Ina. The three runners start running at the same time with Ina starting at AA and running toward C,C, Paul starting at BB and running toward C,C, and Eve starting at CC and running toward A.A. When Paul meets Eve, he turns around and runs toward A.A. Paul and Ina both arrive at BB at the same time. Find the number of meters from AA to B.B.

知识点:相对速度路程、速度与时间一次方程
难度评级:1950
小提示:

AB=xAB = x。Paul 和 Eve 共同跑完从 BBCC 的间隔,所以 Paul 在转身前跑了其中的 45\frac{4}{5}

Let AB=x.AB = x. Paul and Eve together cover the gap from BB to C,C, so Paul runs 45\frac{4}{5} of it before turning around

大提示:

当 Paul 回到 BB 时,他已经跑了 85(1800x)\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x),而同一段时间内速度为他一半的 Ina 跑了 xx

When Paul is back at BB he has run 85(1800x),\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x), and in that same time Ina, at half his speed, has run xx

解答:

x=ABx = AB,则 BC=1800xBC = 1800 - x,设 Eve 的速度为 vv,则 Ina 的速度为 2v2v,Paul 的速度为 4v4v。Paul 和 Eve 分别从 BBCC 相向而跑,所以他们一起跑完相距 1800x1800 - x 米的路段,其中 Paul 跑了 45\frac{4}{5}。然后 Paul 沿原路跑回 BB,所以当他到达 BB 时,他总共跑了 85(1800x)\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x) 米。

Ina 同时到达 BB,她跑了 xx 米。因为 Paul 的速度是 Ina 的两倍,所以这段时间内 Paul 跑了 2x2x 米。因此 85(1800x)=2x\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x) = 2x\text{,}81800=18x8 \cdot 1800 = 18x,所以 x=800x = 800

Let x=AB,x = AB, so BC=1800x,BC = 1800 - x, and let Eve’s speed be v,v, so Ina runs at 2v2v and Paul at 4v.4v. Paul and Eve start at BB and CC running toward each other, so together they cover the 1800x1800 - x meters between them, with Paul covering 45\frac{4}{5} of it. Paul then retraces that distance back to B,B, so when he reaches BB he has run 85(1800x)\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x) meters in total.

Ina reaches BB at the same moment, having run xx meters. Since Paul runs twice as fast as Ina, he has run 2x2x meters in that time. Therefore 85(1800x)=2x,\frac{8}{5}(1800 - x) = 2x, which gives 81800=18x,8 \cdot 1800 = 18x, so x=800.x = 800.

2.

a0=2a_0 = 2a1=5a_1 = 5a2=8a_2 = 8,对 n>2n \gt 2,递归定义 ana_n4(an1+an2+an3)4(a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + a_{n-3}) 除以 1111 的余数。求 a2018a2020a2022a_{2018} \cdot a_{2020} \cdot a_{2022}

Let a0=2,a_0 = 2, a1=5,a_1 = 5, and a2=8,a_2 = 8, and for n>2n \gt 2 define ana_n recursively to be the remainder when 4(an1+an2+an3)4(a_{n-1} + a_{n-2} + a_{n-3}) is divided by 11.11. Find a2018a2020a2022.a_{2018} \cdot a_{2020} \cdot a_{2022}.

难度评级:1970
小提示:

逐项计算;每一项只依赖前三项,所以一旦某个连续三项的三元组重复,数列就开始周期重复

Compute terms one at a time; each term depends only on the previous three, so once a triple of consecutive terms repeats, the sequence is periodic

大提示:

这个数列的周期为 1010,所以把指标 2018201820202020202220221010 取余

The sequence repeats with period 10,10, so reduce the indices 2018,2018, 2020,2020, 20222022 modulo 1010

解答:

逐项计算得 2, 5, 8, 5, 6, 10, 7, 4, 7, 6, 2, 5, 8,  \begin{gathered} 2,\ 5,\ 8,\ 5,\ 6,\ 10,\ 7,\ 4,\ 7,\ 6,\ \\ 2,\ 5,\ 8,\ \ldots \end{gathered} 因为 (a10,a11,a12)(a_{10}, a_{11}, a_{12}) =(2,5,8)= (2, 5, 8) =(a0,a1,a2)= (a_0, a_1, a_2),且每一项只由前三项决定,所以数列以 1010 为周期。

因此 a2018=a8=7a_{2018} = a_8 = 7a2020=a0=2a_{2020} = a_0 = 2a2022=a2=8a_{2022} = a_2 = 8,乘积为 728=1127 \cdot 2 \cdot 8 = 112

Computing successive terms gives 2, 5, 8, 5, 6, 10, 7, 4, 7, 6, 2, 5, 8,  \begin{gathered} 2,\ 5,\ 8,\ 5,\ 6,\ 10,\ 7,\ 4,\ 7,\ 6,\ \\ 2,\ 5,\ 8,\ \ldots \end{gathered} Since (a10,a11,a12)(a_{10}, a_{11}, a_{12}) =(2,5,8)= (2, 5, 8) =(a0,a1,a2)= (a_0, a_1, a_2) and each term depends only on the previous three, the sequence is periodic with period 10.10.

Therefore a2018=a8=7,a_{2018} = a_8 = 7, a2020=a0=2,a_{2020} = a_0 = 2, and a2022=a2=8,a_{2022} = a_2 = 8, so the product is 728=112.7 \cdot 2 \cdot 8 = 112.

3.

求所有满足以下条件的正整数 b<1000b \lt 1000 的和:bb 进制整数 36b36_{b} 是完全平方数,且 bb 进制整数 27b27_{b} 是完全立方数。

Find the sum of all positive integers b<1000b \lt 1000 such that the base-bb integer 36b36_{b} is a perfect square and the base-bb integer 27b27_{b} is a perfect cube.

难度评级:2170
小提示:

条件说明 3b+63b + 6 是完全平方数,并且 2b+72b + 7 是完全立方数

The conditions say 3b+63b + 6 is a perfect square and 2b+72b + 7 is a perfect cube

大提示:

2b+72b + 7 是奇数且小于 20072007,所以只需要检查少数几个奇数立方数

2b+72b + 7 is odd and less than 2007,2007, so only a handful of odd cubes need to be checked

解答:

条件说明 3b+63b + 6 是完全平方数,并且 2b+72b + 7 是完全立方数。由于 2b+72b + 7 是奇数,且 b<1000b \lt 1000 使 2b+7<20072b + 7 \lt 2007,这个立方数只能是 11272712512534334372972913311331,给出 b=3b = -310105959168168361361662662

对这些正候选值,3b+63b + 6 分别为 36361831835105101089108919921992,其中只有 36=6236 = 6^2(对应 b=10b = 10)和 1089=3321089 = 33^2(对应 b=361b = 361)是完全平方数。所求和为 10+361=37110 + 361 = 371

The conditions say 3b+63b + 6 is a perfect square and 2b+72b + 7 is a perfect cube. Since 2b+72b + 7 is odd and b<1000b \lt 1000 forces 2b+7<2007,2b + 7 \lt 2007, the cube must be one of 1,1, 27,27, 125,125, 343,343, 729,729, 1331,1331, giving b=3,b = -3, 10,10, 59,59, 168,168, 361,361, 662.662.

The corresponding values of 3b+63b + 6 for the positive candidates are 36,36, 183,183, 510,510, 1089,1089, 1992,1992, and only 36=6236 = 6^2 (for b=10b = 10) and 1089=3321089 = 33^2 (for b=361b = 361) are perfect squares. The requested sum is 10+361=371.10 + 361 = 371.

4.

在等角八边形 CAROLINECAROLINE 中,CA=RO=LI=NE=2CA = RO = LI = NE = \sqrt{2},且 AR=OL=IN=EC=1AR = OL = IN = EC = 1。自交八边形 CORNELIACORNELIA 围成六个不重叠的三角形区域。设 KKCORNELIACORNELIA 围成的面积,也就是这六个三角形区域的总面积。若 K=abK = \frac{a}{b},其中 aabb 是互质正整数,求 a+ba + b

In equiangular octagon CAROLINE,CAROLINE, CA=RO=LI=NE=2CA = RO = LI = NE = \sqrt{2} and AR=OL=IN=EC=1.AR = OL = IN = EC = 1. The self-intersecting octagon CORNELIACORNELIA encloses six non-overlapping triangular regions. Let KK be the area enclosed by CORNELIA,CORNELIA, that is, the total area of the six triangular regions. Then K=ab,K = \frac{a}{b}, where aa and bb are relatively prime positive integers. Find a+b.a + b.

难度评级:2640
小提示:

把八边形放在网格上:长度为 2\sqrt{2} 的边是单位正方形的对角线,因此八个顶点都可以是格点

Place the octagon on a grid: the 2\sqrt{2} sides are diagonals of unit squares, so all eight vertices are lattice points

大提示:

路径 CORNELIACORNELIA180180^\circ 旋转对称性;求线段 AIAIRNRN 和线段 COCO 以及彼此的交点

The path CORNELIACORNELIA has a 180180^\circ rotational symmetry; find where segments AIAI and RNRN cross segment COCO and each other

解答:

因为所有内角都是 135135^\circ,且长度为 2\sqrt{2} 的边是单位正方形的对角线,所以八边形可放在格点上:C=(0,0)C = (0, 0)A=(1,1)A = (1, 1)R=(2,1)R = (2, 1)O=(3,0)O = (3, 0)L=(3,1)L = (3, -1)I=(2,2)I = (2, -2)N=(1,2)N = (1, -2)E=(0,1)E = (0, -1)。路径 CORNELIACORNELIA(32,12)(\tfrac{3}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2})180180^\circ 旋转后不变。设 YYZZ 分别为 AIAIRNRNCOCO 的交点,并设 W=AIRNW = AI \cap RN。线段 AIAI 的斜率为 3-3,所以 Y=(43,0)Y = (\tfrac{4}{3}, 0),由对称性得 Z=(53,0)Z = (\tfrac{5}{3}, 0)W=(32,12)W = (\tfrac{3}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2})

六个封闭区域包括四个全等的角部三角形(如 CAYCAY)和两个全等的小三角形(如 YZWYZW)。三角形 CAYCAY 的底 CY=43CY = \tfrac{4}{3},高为 11,所以面积为 23\tfrac{2}{3}。三角形 YZWYZW 的底 YZ=13YZ = \tfrac{1}{3},高为 12\tfrac{1}{2},所以面积为 112\tfrac{1}{12}。因此 K=423+2112=83+16=176 \begin{aligned} K &= 4 \cdot \frac{2}{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{12} \\ &= \frac{8}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = \frac{17}{6} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a+b=17+6=23a + b = 17 + 6 = 23

Since the interior angles are all 135135^\circ and the 2\sqrt{2} sides are diagonals of unit squares, the octagon fits on a lattice: C=(0,0),C = (0, 0), A=(1,1),A = (1, 1), R=(2,1),R = (2, 1), O=(3,0),O = (3, 0), L=(3,1),L = (3, -1), I=(2,2),I = (2, -2), N=(1,2),N = (1, -2), E=(0,1).E = (0, -1). The path CORNELIACORNELIA is carried to itself by the 180180^\circ rotation about (32,12).(\tfrac{3}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2}). Let YY and ZZ be the points where AIAI and RNRN cross CO,CO, and let W=AIRN.W = AI \cap RN. Segment AIAI has slope 3,-3, so Y=(43,0),Y = (\tfrac{4}{3}, 0), and by symmetry Z=(53,0)Z = (\tfrac{5}{3}, 0) and W=(32,12).W = (\tfrac{3}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2}).

The six enclosed regions are the four congruent corner triangles like CAYCAY and the two small congruent triangles like YZW.YZW. Triangle CAYCAY has base CY=43CY = \tfrac{4}{3} and height 1,1, so its area is 23.\tfrac{2}{3}. Triangle YZWYZW has base YZ=13YZ = \tfrac{1}{3} and height 12,\tfrac{1}{2}, so its area is 112.\tfrac{1}{12}. Therefore K=423+2112=83+16=176, \begin{aligned} K &= 4 \cdot \frac{2}{3} + 2 \cdot \frac{1}{12} \\ &= \frac{8}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = \frac{17}{6}, \end{aligned} and a+b=17+6=23.a + b = 17 + 6 = 23.

5.

xxyyzz 为复数,满足 xy=80320ixy = -80 - 320iyz=60yz = 60zx=96+24izx = -96 + 24i,其中 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}。那么存在实数 aabb,使得 x+y+z=a+bix + y + z = a + bi。求 a2+b2a^2 + b^2

Suppose that x,x, y,y, and zz are complex numbers such that xy=80320i,xy = -80 - 320i, yz=60,yz = 60, and zx=96+24i,zx = -96 + 24i, where i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}. Then there are real numbers aa and bb such that x+y+z=a+bi.x + y + z = a + bi. Find a2+b2.a^2 + b^2.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

将三个方程相乘,以求出 (xyz)2(xyz)^2

Multiply all three equations together to find (xyz)2(xyz)^2

大提示:

(xyz)2=2402(16+30i)(xyz)^2 = 240^2(16 + 30i),且 16+30i16 + 30i 在复数中是完全平方;然后用 xyzxyz 分别除以给定的乘积

(xyz)2=2402(16+30i)(xyz)^2 = 240^2(16 + 30i) and 16+30i16 + 30i is a perfect square in the complex numbers; then divide xyzxyz by each given product

解答:

将三个方程相乘,得到 (xyz)2=(80320i)(60)(96+24i)=806024(14i)(4+i)=2402(16+30i) \begin{aligned} (xyz)^2 &= (-80 - 320i)(60) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (-96 + 24i) \\ &= 80 \cdot 60 \cdot 24 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \,(-1 - 4i)(-4 + i) \\ &= 240^2 (16 + 30i) \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 16+30i=(5+3i)216 + 30i = (5 + 3i)^2,所以 xyz=±240(5+3i)xyz = \pm 240(5 + 3i)

xyzxyz 分别除以给定的乘积,得 x=xyzyz=±(20+12i),y=xyzzx=±(1010i),z=xyzxy=±(3+3i) \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{xyz}{yz} = \pm(20 + 12i), \\ y &= \frac{xyz}{zx} = \pm(-10 - 10i), \\ z &= \frac{xyz}{xy} = \pm(-3 + 3i) \end{aligned}\text{,}且符号一致。因此 x+y+z=±(7+5i)x + y + z = \pm(7 + 5i),所以 (a,b)=±(7,5)(a, b) = \pm(7, 5),从而 a2+b2=49+25=74a^2 + b^2 = 49 + 25 = 74

Multiplying the three equations gives (xyz)2=(80320i)(60)(96+24i)=806024(14i)(4+i)=2402(16+30i). \begin{aligned} (xyz)^2 &= (-80 - 320i)(60) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (-96 + 24i) \\ &= 80 \cdot 60 \cdot 24 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \,(-1 - 4i)(-4 + i) \\ &= 240^2 (16 + 30i). \end{aligned} Since 16+30i=(5+3i)2,16 + 30i = (5 + 3i)^2, we get xyz=±240(5+3i).xyz = \pm 240(5 + 3i).

Dividing xyzxyz by each given product yields x=xyzyz=±(20+12i),y=xyzzx=±(1010i),z=xyzxy=±(3+3i), \begin{aligned} x &= \frac{xyz}{yz} = \pm(20 + 12i), \\ y &= \frac{xyz}{zx} = \pm(-10 - 10i), \\ z &= \frac{xyz}{xy} = \pm(-3 + 3i), \end{aligned} with matching signs. Hence x+y+z=±(7+5i),x + y + z = \pm(7 + 5i), so (a,b)=±(7,5)(a, b) = \pm(7, 5) and a2+b2=49+25=74.a^2 + b^2 = 49 + 25 = 74.

6.

从区间 [20,18][-20, 18] 中随机均匀选取一个实数 aa。多项式 x4+2ax3+(2a2)x2+(4a+3)x2 \begin{aligned} &x^4 + 2ax^3 + (2a - 2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (-4a + 3)x - 2 \end{aligned} 的根全为实数的概率可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A real number aa is chosen randomly and uniformly from the interval [20,18].[-20, 18]. The probability that the roots of the polynomial x4+2ax3+(2a2)x2+(4a+3)x2 \begin{aligned} &x^4 + 2ax^3 + (2a - 2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (-4a + 3)x - 2 \end{aligned} are all real can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

寻找对所有 aa 都成立的根:x=1x = 1x=2x = -2 始终都是根

Look for roots that work for every a:a: both x=1x = 1 and x=2x = -2 are always roots

大提示:

提出因式 (x1)(x+2)(x - 1)(x + 2) 后,二次式 x2+(2a1)x+1x^2 + (2a - 1)x + 1 有实根恰好当 (2a1)24(2a - 1)^2 \ge 4

After factoring out (x1)(x+2),(x - 1)(x + 2), the quadratic x2+(2a1)x+1x^2 + (2a - 1)x + 1 has real roots exactly when (2a1)24(2a - 1)^2 \ge 4

解答:

按是否含有 aa 分组:(x42x2+3x2)+2a(x3+x22x)=(x1)(x+2)(x2x+1)+2ax(x1)(x+2) \begin{aligned} &(x^4 - 2x^2 + 3x - 2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2a(x^3 + x^2 - 2x) \\ &= (x - 1)(x + 2)(x^2 - x + 1) \\ &\quad {}+ 2ax(x - 1)(x + 2) \end{aligned}\text{,}所以该多项式分解为 (x1)(x+2)(x - 1)(x + 2) (x2+(2a1)x+1)\cdot \left(x^2 + (2a - 1)x + 1\right)

四个根全为实数,恰好当二次因式有实根,即 (2a1)240(2a - 1)^2 - 4 \ge 0,也就是 a12a \le -\frac{1}{2}a32a \ge \frac{3}{2}。在 [20,18][-20, 18] 中被排除的区间 (12,32)\left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right) 长度为 22,整个区间长度为 3838,所以概率为 3638=1819\frac{36}{38} = \frac{18}{19}。所求和为 18+19=3718 + 19 = 37

Group the terms by whether they involve a:a: (x42x2+3x2)+2a(x3+x22x)=(x1)(x+2)(x2x+1)+2ax(x1)(x+2), \begin{aligned} &(x^4 - 2x^2 + 3x - 2) \\ &\quad {}+ 2a(x^3 + x^2 - 2x) \\ &= (x - 1)(x + 2)(x^2 - x + 1) \\ &\quad {}+ 2ax(x - 1)(x + 2), \end{aligned} so the polynomial factors as (x1)(x+2)(x - 1)(x + 2) (x2+(2a1)x+1).\cdot \left(x^2 + (2a - 1)x + 1\right).

All four roots are real exactly when the quadratic factor has real roots, i.e. when (2a1)240,(2a - 1)^2 - 4 \ge 0, which means a12a \le -\frac{1}{2} or a32.a \ge \frac{3}{2}. The excluded interval (12,32)\left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right) has length 22 inside [20,18],[-20, 18], which has length 38,38, so the probability is 3638=1819.\frac{36}{38} = \frac{18}{19}. The requested sum is 18+19=37.18 + 19 = 37.

7.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=9AB = 9BC=53BC = 5\sqrt{3}AC=12AC = 12。点 A=P0A = P_0P1P_1P2P_2\ldotsP2450=BP_{2450} = B 位于线段 AB\overline{AB} 上,且对 k=1k = 122\ldots24492449,点 PkP_k 位于 Pk1P_{k-1}Pk+1P_{k+1} 之间。点 A=Q0A = Q_0Q1Q_1Q2Q_2\ldotsQ2450=CQ_{2450} = C 位于线段 AC\overline{AC} 上,且对 k=1k = 122\ldots24492449,点 QkQ_k 位于 Qk1Q_{k-1}Qk+1Q_{k+1} 之间。此外,每条线段 PkQk\overline{P_kQ_k}k=1k = 122\ldots24492449,都平行于 BC\overline{BC}。这些线段把三角形分成 24502450 个区域,其中有 24492449 个梯形和 11 个三角形。所有 24502450 个区域面积相等。求线段 PkQk\overline{P_kQ_k}k=1k = 122\ldots24502450 中长度为有理数的线段数。

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=9,AB = 9, BC=53,BC = 5\sqrt{3}, and AC=12.AC = 12. Points A=P0,A = P_0, P1,P_1, P2,P_2, ,\ldots, P2450=BP_{2450} = B are on segment AB\overline{AB} with PkP_k between Pk1P_{k-1} and Pk+1P_{k+1} for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 2449,2449, and points A=Q0,A = Q_0, Q1,Q_1, Q2,Q_2, ,\ldots, Q2450=CQ_{2450} = C are on segment AC\overline{AC} with QkQ_k between Qk1Q_{k-1} and Qk+1Q_{k+1} for k=1,k = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 2449.2449. Furthermore, each segment PkQk,\overline{P_kQ_k}, k=1,k = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 2449,2449, is parallel to BC.\overline{BC}. The segments cut the triangle into 24502450 regions, consisting of 24492449 trapezoids and 11 triangle. Each of the 24502450 regions has the same area. Find the number of segments PkQk,\overline{P_kQ_k}, k=1,k = 1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 2450,2450, that have rational length.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

各区域面积相等,所以三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k 的面积是整个三角形的 k2450\frac{k}{2450},长度按面积比的平方根缩放

The regions have equal areas, so triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k has area k2450\frac{k}{2450} of the whole, and lengths scale as the square root of the area ratio

大提示:

PkQk=53k2450=6k14P_kQ_k = 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} = \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14},它为有理数恰好当 6k6k 是完全平方数

PkQk=53k2450=6k14,P_kQ_k = 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} = \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14}, which is rational exactly when 6k6k is a perfect square

解答:

因为 24502450 个区域面积相等,三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k(前 kk 个区域的并集)的面积是三角形 ABCABCk2450\frac{k}{2450}。每个三角形 APkQkAP_kQ_k 都与 ABCABC 相似,长度按面积比的平方根缩放,所以 PkQk=53k2450=53k352=6k14 \begin{aligned} P_kQ_k &= 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} \\ &= 5\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{k}}{35\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14} \end{aligned}\text{。}

这为有理数恰好当 6k6k 是完全平方数,也就是当且仅当 k=6j2k = 6j^2,其中 jj 为正整数。条件 6j224506j^2 \le 2450 给出 j2408j^2 \le 408,所以 j=1,2,,20j = 1, 2, \ldots, 20。共有 2020 条这样的线段。

Since the 24502450 regions have equal areas, triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k (the union of the first kk regions) has area k2450\frac{k}{2450} of triangle ABC.ABC. Each triangle APkQkAP_kQ_k is similar to ABC,ABC, and lengths scale as the square root of areas, so PkQk=53k2450=53k352=6k14. \begin{aligned} P_kQ_k &= 5\sqrt{3}\,\sqrt{\frac{k}{2450}} \\ &= 5\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{k}}{35\sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{6k}}{14}. \end{aligned}

This is rational exactly when 6k6k is a perfect square, which happens exactly when k=6j2k = 6j^2 for a positive integer j.j. The condition 6j224506j^2 \le 2450 gives j2408,j^2 \le 408, so j=1,2,,20.j = 1, 2, \ldots, 20. There are 2020 such segments.

8.

一只青蛙位于坐标平面的原点。从点 (x,y)(x, y) 出发,青蛙可以跳到 (x+1,y)(x + 1, y)(x+2,y)(x + 2, y)(x,y+1)(x, y + 1)(x,y+2)(x, y + 2) 中任一点。求青蛙从 (0,0)(0, 0) 出发并最终到达 (4,4)(4, 4) 的不同跳跃序列个数。

A frog is positioned at the origin in the coordinate plane. From the point (x,y),(x, y), the frog can jump to any of the points (x+1,y),(x + 1, y), (x+2,y),(x + 2, y), (x,y+1),(x, y + 1), or (x,y+2).(x, y + 2). Find the number of distinct sequences of jumps in which the frog begins at (0,0)(0, 0) and ends at (4,4).(4, 4).

难度评级:2920
小提示:

向右的跳跃由若干 +1+1+2+2 组成且总和为 44,所以作为多重集合只能是 {1,1,1,1}\{1,1,1,1\}{1,1,2}\{1,1,2\},或 {2,2}\{2,2\},向上的跳跃同理

The rightward jumps are +1+1s and +2+2s summing to 4,4, so as a multiset they are {1,1,1,1},\{1,1,1,1\}, {1,1,2},\{1,1,2\}, or {2,2},\{2,2\}, and likewise for the upward jumps

大提示:

对每一对多重集合,所有跳跃的排列数是一个多项式系数;把九种情况相加

For each pair of multisets, the number of ways to order all the jumps is a multinomial coefficient; add up the nine cases

解答:

水平跳跃是若干长度为 1122 的步长,总和为 44,所以作为多重集合只能是 {1,1,1,1}\{1,1,1,1\}{1,1,2}\{1,1,2\},或 {2,2}\{2,2\},竖直跳跃也一样。对任意一对多重集合,所有跳跃的任意排列都是有效序列,排列数就是合并后多重集合的多项式系数。

九种情况给出 (84)=70,7!4!2!=105,6!4!2!=15 \begin{aligned} &\binom{8}{4} = 70, \\ &\quad \frac{7!}{4!\,2!} = 105, \\ &\quad \frac{6!}{4!\,2!} = 15 \end{aligned}\text{,}6!2!2!=180,5!2!2!=30,(42)=6 \begin{aligned} &\frac{6!}{2!\,2!} = 180, \\ &\quad \frac{5!}{2!\,2!} = 30, \\ &\quad \binom{4}{2} = 6 \end{aligned}\text{。}其中 10510515153030 各出现两次。

总数为 70+2105+21570 + 2 \cdot 105 + 2 \cdot 15 +180+230+6+ 180 + 2 \cdot 30 + 6 =556= 556

The horizontal jumps are steps of 11 or 22 summing to 4,4, so as a multiset they are {1,1,1,1},\{1,1,1,1\}, {1,1,2},\{1,1,2\}, or {2,2},\{2,2\}, and the same holds for the vertical jumps. For any choice of the two multisets, every ordering of all the jumps is a valid sequence, and the number of orderings is the multinomial coefficient of the combined multiset.

The nine cases give (84)=70,7!4!2!=105,6!4!2!=15, \begin{aligned} &\binom{8}{4} = 70, \\ &\quad \frac{7!}{4!\,2!} = 105, \\ &\quad \frac{6!}{4!\,2!} = 15, \end{aligned} 6!2!2!=180,5!2!2!=30,(42)=6. \begin{aligned} &\frac{6!}{2!\,2!} = 180, \\ &\quad \frac{5!}{2!\,2!} = 30, \\ &\quad \binom{4}{2} = 6. \end{aligned} The values 105,105, 15,15, and 3030 each occur twice.

The total is 70+2105+21570 + 2 \cdot 105 + 2 \cdot 15 +180+230+6+ 180 + 2 \cdot 30 + 6 =556.= 556.

9.

八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的边长满足 AB=CD=EF=GH=10AB = CD = EF = GH = 10,且 BC=DE=FG=HA=11BC = DE = FG = HA = 11。它由一个 23×2723 \times 27 矩形的四个角各切去一个 66-88-1010 三角形形成,其中边 AH\overline{AH} 位于矩形的一条短边上,如图所示。设 JJAH\overline{AH} 的中点,并作线段 JB\overline{JB}JC\overline{JC}JD\overline{JD}JE\overline{JE}JF\overline{JF}JG\overline{JG},把八边形分成 77 个三角形。求以这 77 个三角形的重心为顶点的凸多边形面积。

Octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH with side lengths AB=CD=EF=GH=10AB = CD = EF = GH = 10 and BC=DE=FG=HA=11BC = DE = FG = HA = 11 is formed by removing four 66-88-1010 triangles from the corners of a 23×2723 \times 27 rectangle with side AH\overline{AH} on a short side of the rectangle, as shown. Let JJ be the midpoint of AH,\overline{AH}, and partition the octagon into 77 triangles by drawing segments JB,\overline{JB}, JC,\overline{JC}, JD,\overline{JD}, JE,\overline{JE}, JF,\overline{JF}, and JG.\overline{JG}. Find the area of the convex polygon whose vertices are the centroids of these 77 triangles.

难度评级:2920
小提示:

每个三角形都有共同顶点 JJ,所以每个重心都位于从 JJ 到对边中点的线段上,且位于这条线段的三分之二处

Every triangle has vertex J,J, so each centroid lies two-thirds of the way from JJ to the midpoint of the opposite side

大提示:

重心七边形是那些中点组成的七边形以 JJ 为中心、按 23\frac{2}{3} 倍缩放所得,所以它的面积是中点七边形面积的 49\frac{4}{9}

The centroid heptagon is the heptagon of those midpoints dilated by 23\frac{2}{3} about J,J, so its area is 49\frac{4}{9} of the midpoint heptagon’s area

解答:

77 个三角形都以 JJ 为一个顶点。三角形 JVWJVW 的重心位于从 JJVW\overline{VW} 中点的线段上,且位于这条线段的三分之二处。因此,重心七边形是由 AB,BC,,GH\overline{AB}, \overline{BC}, \ldots, \overline{GH} 的中点构成的七边形 SSJJ 为中心、按 23\frac{2}{3} 的比例缩放所得的图形,其面积为 49[S]\frac{4}{9}[S]

放置矩形,使 A=(0,6)A = (0, 6)B=(8,0)B = (8, 0)C=(19,0)C = (19, 0)D=(27,6)D = (27, 6)E=(27,17)E = (27, 17)F=(19,23)F = (19, 23)G=(8,23)G = (8, 23)H=(0,17)H = (0, 17),所以 J=(0,232)J = (0, \tfrac{23}{2})。这些中点为 (4,3)(4, 3)(272,0)(\tfrac{27}{2}, 0)(23,3)(23, 3)(27,232)(27, \tfrac{23}{2})(23,20)(23, 20)(272,23)(\tfrac{27}{2}, 23)(4,20)(4, 20)。在 x=4x = 4x=272x = \tfrac{27}{2}x=23x = 23 处的竖直截段长度分别为 171723231717,将 SS 分成两个高为 192\tfrac{19}{2} 的梯形和一个高为 44 的三角形:[S]=217+232192+1742=380+34=414 \begin{aligned} [S] &= 2 \cdot \frac{17 + 23}{2} \cdot \frac{19}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{17 \cdot 4}{2} \\ &= 380 + 34 = 414 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所求面积为 49414=184\frac{4}{9} \cdot 414 = 184

Each of the 77 triangles has JJ as a vertex, and the centroid of a triangle JVWJVW lies on the segment from JJ to the midpoint of VW,\overline{VW}, two-thirds of the way out. So the centroid heptagon is the image of the heptagon SS formed by the midpoints of AB,BC,,GH\overline{AB}, \overline{BC}, \ldots, \overline{GH} under a dilation centered at JJ with ratio 23,\frac{2}{3}, and its area is 49[S].\frac{4}{9}[S].

Place the rectangle with A=(0,6),A = (0, 6), B=(8,0),B = (8, 0), C=(19,0),C = (19, 0), D=(27,6),D = (27, 6), E=(27,17),E = (27, 17), F=(19,23),F = (19, 23), G=(8,23),G = (8, 23), H=(0,17),H = (0, 17), so J=(0,232).J = (0, \tfrac{23}{2}). The midpoints are (4,3),(4, 3), (272,0),(\tfrac{27}{2}, 0), (23,3),(23, 3), (27,232),(27, \tfrac{23}{2}), (23,20),(23, 20), (272,23),(\tfrac{27}{2}, 23), (4,20).(4, 20). The vertical segments at x=4,x = 4, x=272,x = \tfrac{27}{2}, and x=23x = 23 have lengths 17,17, 23,23, and 17,17, cutting SS into two trapezoids of height 192\tfrac{19}{2} and a triangle of height 4:4: [S]=217+232192+1742=380+34=414. \begin{aligned} [S] &= 2 \cdot \frac{17 + 23}{2} \cdot \frac{19}{2} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{17 \cdot 4}{2} \\ &= 380 + 34 = 414. \end{aligned}

The requested area is 49414=184.\frac{4}{9} \cdot 414 = 184.

10.

求从 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 映到 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 的函数 f(x)f(x) 的个数,使得对 {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} 中所有 xx 都有 f(f(x))=f(f(f(x)))f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x)))

Find the number of functions f(x)f(x) from {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} to {1,2,3,4,5}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\} that satisfy f(f(x))=f(f(f(x)))f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x))) for all xx in {1,2,3,4,5}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 5\}.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

这个条件说明 fff \circ f 的每个值都是 ff 的不动点。按元素需要经过多少次 ff 才到达不动点来分类

The condition says every value of fff \circ f is a fixed point of f.f. Classify elements by how many applications of ff they need to reach a fixed point.

大提示:

若有 ii 个不动点,又有 jj 个其他元素直接映到这些不动点,则剩下的 5ij5 - i - j 个元素必须映到这 jj 个元素;用二项式系数按情况计数

With ii fixed points and jj further elements mapping straight to them, the remaining 5ij5 - i - j elements must map to those j;j; count each case with binomial coefficients

解答:

f(f(x))=f(f(f(x)))f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x))) 反复应用 ff 可知,该条件等价于对每个 xxf(f(x))f(f(x)) 都是 ff 的不动点。因此元素分层排列:先是一个非空的 ii 个不动点集合,然后是 jj 个映到不动点、但本身不是不动点的元素,剩下的 5ij5 - i - j 个元素每个都必须映到这 jj 个中间层元素之一。

对给定的 iijj(5i)\binom{5}{i} 种方式选不动点,(5ij)\binom{5-i}{j} 种方式选中间层,iji^j 种方式把中间层映到不动点,剩余元素有 j5ijj^{\,5-i-j} 种映法。把 (5i)(5ij)ijj5ij\binom{5}{i}\binom{5-i}{j}\, i^j \, j^{\,5-i-j} 对所有有效的 i1i \ge 1j1j \ge 1 求和,再加上 i=5i = 5 的恒等函数情形,得到 20+120+60+5+60+240+80+60+90+20+1=756 \begin{aligned} &20 + 120 + 60 + 5 \\ &\quad {}+ 60 + 240 + 80 \\ &\quad {}+ 60 + 90 + 20 + 1 = 756 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Applying ff to f(f(x))=f(f(f(x)))f(f(x)) = f(f(f(x))) repeatedly shows the condition means that f(f(x))f(f(x)) is a fixed point of ff for every x.x. So the elements organize into levels: a nonempty set of ii fixed points, then jj elements whose image is a fixed point (but which are not fixed), and the remaining 5ij5 - i - j elements, each of which must map to one of the jj middle elements.

For given ii and jj there are (5i)\binom{5}{i} choices of fixed points, (5ij)\binom{5-i}{j} choices of the middle level, iji^j maps from the middle level to the fixed points, and j5ijj^{\,5-i-j} maps for the rest. Summing (5i)(5ij)ijj5ij\binom{5}{i}\binom{5-i}{j}\, i^j \, j^{\,5-i-j} over the valid pairs (all i1,i \ge 1, j1,j \ge 1, plus the identity case i=5i = 5) gives 20+120+60+5+60+240+80+60+90+20+1=756. \begin{aligned} &20 + 120 + 60 + 5 \\ &\quad {}+ 60 + 240 + 80 \\ &\quad {}+ 60 + 90 + 20 + 1 = 756. \end{aligned}

11.

112233445566 的排列个数,使得对每个满足 1k51 \le k \le 5kk,排列的前 kk 项中至少有一项大于 kk

Find the number of permutations of 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 66 such that for each kk with 1k5,1 \le k \le 5, at least one of the first kk terms of the permutation is greater than k.k.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

条件失败恰好发生在某个长度 k5k \le 5 的前缀是 {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\} 的一个排列时

The condition fails exactly when some prefix of length k5k \le 5 is a permutation of {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\}

大提示:

ckc_k 表示 1,,k1, \ldots, k 的排列中没有更短的这种前缀的个数;因为每个排列都有唯一的最短这种前缀,所以 kck(nk)!=n!\sum_k c_k (n-k)! = n!

Let ckc_k count permutations of 1,,k1, \ldots, k with no shorter such prefix; then kck(nk)!=n!\sum_k c_k (n-k)! = n! since every permutation has a unique shortest one

解答:

条件失败恰好当存在某个 k5k \le 5,使前 kk 项是 {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\} 的一个排列。对 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的一个排列,令 kk 为前缀恰好是 {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\} 的最小长度(全长 nn 总是可行),并令 cnc_n 为这个最小的 kk 等于 nn 的排列数。我们要求的是 c6c_6

每个 1,,n1, \ldots, n 的排列都唯一分解为长度 kk 的最小前缀(有 ckc_k 种选择),后接剩余 nkn - k 个数的任意排列,所以 k=1nck(nk)!=n!\sum_{k=1}^{n} c_k \,(n-k)! = n!\text{。}c1=1c_1 = 1 开始,得到 c2=1c_2 = 1c3=3c_3 = 3c4=13c_4 = 13c5=71c_5 = 71,并且 c6=720(1201+241+63+213+171)=720259=461 \begin{aligned} c_6 &= 720 \\ &\quad {}- \tiny(120 \cdot 1 + 24 \cdot 1 + 6 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 13 + 1 \cdot 71) \\ &= 720 - 259 = 461 \end{aligned}\text{。}

The condition fails exactly when the first kk terms are a permutation of {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\} for some k5.k \le 5. For a permutation of 1,,n,1, \ldots, n, let kk be the smallest length for which the prefix is {1,,k}\{1, \ldots, k\} (the full length nn always works), and let cnc_n be the number of permutations whose smallest such kk is n.n. We want c6.c_6.

Every permutation of 1,,n1, \ldots, n decomposes uniquely as a minimal prefix of length kk (ckc_k choices) followed by any arrangement of the remaining nkn - k values, so k=1nck(nk)!=n!.\sum_{k=1}^{n} c_k \,(n-k)! = n!. Starting from c1=1,c_1 = 1, this gives c2=1,c_2 = 1, c3=3,c_3 = 3, c4=13,c_4 = 13, c5=71,c_5 = 71, and c6=720(1201+241+63+213+171)=720259=461. \begin{aligned} c_6 &= 720 \\ &\quad {}- \tiny(120 \cdot 1 + 24 \cdot 1 + 6 \cdot 3 + 2 \cdot 13 + 1 \cdot 71) \\ &= 720 - 259 = 461. \end{aligned}

12.

ABCDABCD 为凸四边形,且 AB=CD=10AB = CD = 10BC=14BC = 14AD=265AD = 2\sqrt{65}。假设 ABCDABCD 的对角线交于点 PP,并且三角形 APBAPBCPDCPD 的面积之和等于三角形 BPCBPCAPDAPD 的面积之和。求四边形 ABCDABCD 的面积。

Let ABCDABCD be a convex quadrilateral with AB=CD=10,AB = CD = 10, BC=14,BC = 14, and AD=265.AD = 2\sqrt{65}. Assume that the diagonals of ABCDABCD intersect at point P,P, and that the sum of the areas of triangles APBAPB and CPDCPD equals the sum of the areas of triangles BPCBPC and APD.APD. Find the area of quadrilateral ABCD.ABCD.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

将每个三角形的面积写成其两条边段长度之积的一半再乘以 sinθ\sin\theta,其中 θ\thetaPP 处的一个角;面积条件可分解为 (APCP)(DPBP)=0(AP - CP)(DP - BP) = 0

Write each triangle’s area as one-half the product of its two side segments and sinθ,\sin\theta, where θ\theta is an angle at P;P; the area condition factors as (APCP)(DPBP)=0(AP - CP)(DP - BP) = 0

大提示:

AP=CPAP = CP,并在以 PP 为顶点的四个三角形中都使用余弦定理;利用 PP 处的角互补,成对相加和相减

Take AP=CPAP = CP and apply the law of cosines to all four triangles at P;P; add and subtract in pairs, using that the angles at PP are supplementary

解答:

a=APa = APb=BPb = BPc=CPc = CPd=DPd = DP,并设 θ=CPD\theta = \angle CPD。由于 sin(πθ)=sinθ\sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta,等面积条件 12(ab+cd)sinθ\frac{1}{2}(ab + cd)\sin\theta =12(ad+bc)sinθ= \frac{1}{2}(ad + bc)\sin\theta 化简为 (ac)(db)=0(a - c)(d - b) = 0。由对称性,不妨设 a=ca = c

在三角形 BPCBPCAPBAPB 中用余弦定理(它们在 PP 处的角互补),得到 a2+b2+2abcosθ=196a^2 + b^2 + 2ab\cos\theta = 196a2+b22abcosθ=100a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos\theta = 100,所以 a2+b2=148a^2 + b^2 = 148,且 abcosθ=24ab\cos\theta = 24。同理,三角形 APDAPDCPDCPD 给出 a2+d2=180a^2 + d^2 = 180adcosθ=40ad\cos\theta = 40。相除得 db=53\frac{d}{b} = \frac{5}{3},而相减得 d2b2=32d^2 - b^2 = 32;于是 b=32b = 3\sqrt{2}d=52d = 5\sqrt{2}a2=130a^2 = 130,并且 cos2θ=24213018=1665\cos^2\theta = \frac{24^2}{130 \cdot 18} = \frac{16}{65},所以 sinθ=765\sin\theta = \frac{7}{\sqrt{65}}

总面积为 12(a+c)(b+d)sinθ=a(b+d)sinθ=13082765=112 \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}(a + c)(b + d) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin\theta \\ &= a(b + d)\sin\theta \\ &= \sqrt{130} \cdot 8\sqrt{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{7}{\sqrt{65}} \\ &= 112 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let a=AP,a = AP, b=BP,b = BP, c=CP,c = CP, d=DP,d = DP, and let θ=CPD.\theta = \angle CPD. Since sin(πθ)=sinθ,\sin(\pi - \theta) = \sin\theta, the equal-area condition 12(ab+cd)sinθ\frac{1}{2}(ab + cd)\sin\theta =12(ad+bc)sinθ= \frac{1}{2}(ad + bc)\sin\theta simplifies to (ac)(db)=0.(a - c)(d - b) = 0. By symmetry assume a=c.a = c.

The law of cosines in triangles BPCBPC and APBAPB (whose angles at PP are supplementary) gives a2+b2+2abcosθ=196a^2 + b^2 + 2ab\cos\theta = 196 and a2+b22abcosθ=100,a^2 + b^2 - 2ab\cos\theta = 100, so a2+b2=148a^2 + b^2 = 148 and abcosθ=24.ab\cos\theta = 24. Similarly triangles APDAPD and CPDCPD give a2+d2=180a^2 + d^2 = 180 and adcosθ=40.ad\cos\theta = 40. Dividing, db=53,\frac{d}{b} = \frac{5}{3}, while subtracting gives d2b2=32;d^2 - b^2 = 32; hence b=32,b = 3\sqrt{2}, d=52,d = 5\sqrt{2}, a2=130,a^2 = 130, and cos2θ=24213018=1665,\cos^2\theta = \frac{24^2}{130 \cdot 18} = \frac{16}{65}, so sinθ=765.\sin\theta = \frac{7}{\sqrt{65}}.

The total area is 12(a+c)(b+d)sinθ=a(b+d)sinθ=13082765=112. \begin{aligned} \frac{1}{2}(a + c)(b + d) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin\theta \\ &= a(b + d)\sin\theta \\ &= \sqrt{130} \cdot 8\sqrt{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{7}{\sqrt{65}} \\ &= 112. \end{aligned}

13.

Misha 掷一枚标准且公平的六面骰子,直到她在连续三次掷骰中按顺序掷出 11-22-33 为止。她掷骰次数为奇数的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Misha rolls a standard, fair six-sided die until she rolls 11-22-33 in that order on three consecutive rolls. The probability that she will roll the die an odd number of times is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

aabbcc 分别为从全新状态、已经掷出一个 11、已经掷出 11-22 后最终总掷骰次数为奇数的概率;按下一次掷骰分类

Let a,a, b,b, cc be the probabilities of finishing in an odd total number of rolls starting fresh, starting after a 1,1, and starting after 11-2;2; condition on the next roll

大提示:

一次无关掷骰会翻转奇偶性,所以会出现 1a1 - a1b1 - b 这样的项;例如 a=16b+56(1a)a = \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{5}{6}(1 - a)

A stray roll flips parity, so terms like 1a1 - a and 1b1 - b appear; for example a=16b+56(1a)a = \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{5}{6}(1 - a)

解答:

aa 为总掷骰次数为奇数的概率;令 bb 为已经先掷出一个 11 时这个概率,令 cc 为已经先掷出 11-22 时这个概率(每种情况下都从已经掷出的骰数开始计数)。按下一次掷骰分类,并注意当计数重新开始时,已经用掉的掷骰次数会翻转所需奇偶性。从全新状态开始:若掷出 11,转到状态 bb;否则用掉一次掷骰,之后需要偶数次续程。已有一个 11 时:若再掷出 11,说明第一次掷骰作废,需要 bb 型的偶数次续程;若掷出 22,转到 cc;否则浪费前两次掷骰。已有 11-22 时:若掷出 33,以 33 次掷骰结束(奇数);若掷出 11,带着浪费的两次掷骰重回 bb 状态;否则浪费三次掷骰。因此 a=16b+56(1a),b=16(1b)+16c+46a,c=16b+16+46(1a) \begin{aligned} a &= \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{5}{6}(1 - a), \\ b &= \frac{1}{6}(1 - b) + \frac{1}{6}c + \frac{4}{6}a, \\ c &= \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{4}{6}(1 - a) \end{aligned}\text{。}

第一个方程给出 b=11a5b = 11a - 5;把第三个方程代入第二个方程得 41b=11+20a41b = 11 + 20a,所以 41(11a5)=11+20a41(11a - 5) = 11 + 20a,从而 431a=216431a = 216a=216431a = \frac{216}{431}。因为 431431 是质数,所以 m+n=216+431=647m + n = 216 + 431 = 647

Let aa be the probability that the total number of rolls is odd; let bb be that probability given that the first roll is a 1,1, and cc given that the first two rolls are 11-22 (in each case counting all rolls). Condition on the next roll, noting that whenever the count restarts, the rolls already used flip the required parity. Starting fresh: a 11 leads to state b;b; anything else uses one roll, after which an even continuation is needed. After a 1:1: another 11 means the first roll is wasted, needing an even continuation of the bb-type; a 22 leads to c;c; anything else wastes both rolls. After 11-2:2: a 33 finishes in 33 rolls (odd); a 11 restarts at the bb-state with two wasted rolls; anything else wastes all three. Thus a=16b+56(1a),b=16(1b)+16c+46a,c=16b+16+46(1a). \begin{aligned} a &= \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{5}{6}(1 - a), \\ b &= \frac{1}{6}(1 - b) + \frac{1}{6}c + \frac{4}{6}a, \\ c &= \frac{1}{6}b + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{4}{6}(1 - a). \end{aligned}

The first equation gives b=11a5;b = 11a - 5; substituting the third into the second yields 41b=11+20a,41b = 11 + 20a, so 41(11a5)=11+20a,41(11a - 5) = 11 + 20a, giving 431a=216431a = 216 and a=216431.a = \frac{216}{431}. Since 431431 is prime, m+n=216+431=647.m + n = 216 + 431 = 647.

14.

三角形 ABCABC 的内切圆 ω\omegaBC\overline{BC} 相切于 XX。设 YXY \neq XAX\overline{AX}ω\omega 的另一个交点。点 PPQQ 分别位于 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 上,使得 PQ\overline{PQ}YY 处与 ω\omega 相切。已知 AP=3AP = 3PB=4PB = 4AC=8AC = 8,且 AQ=mnAQ = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The incircle ω\omega of triangle ABCABC is tangent to BC\overline{BC} at X.X. Let YXY \neq X be the other intersection of AX\overline{AX} with ω.\omega. Points PP and QQ lie on AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, so that PQ\overline{PQ} is tangent to ω\omega at Y.Y. Assume that AP=3,AP = 3, PB=4,PB = 4, AC=8,AC = 8, and AQ=mn,AQ = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

设内切圆与 ABAB 相切于 ZZACAC 相切于 WW。在 YYXX 处用切线-弦定角可得 AYP=YXC\angle AYP = \angle YXC;在三角形 APYAPYABXABX 中使用正弦定理

Let the incircle touch ABAB at ZZ and ACAC at W.W. Tangent-chord angles at YY and XX show AYP=YXC;\angle AYP = \angle YXC; use the law of sines in triangles APYAPY and ABXABX

大提示:

AZAZAPAPABAB 的调和平均数:2AZ=1AP+1AB\frac{2}{AZ} = \frac{1}{AP} + \frac{1}{AB},类似地 2AW=1AQ+1AC\frac{2}{AW} = \frac{1}{AQ} + \frac{1}{AC},且 AW=AZAW = AZ

AZAZ is the harmonic mean of APAP and AB:AB: 2AZ=1AP+1AB,\frac{2}{AZ} = \frac{1}{AP} + \frac{1}{AB}, and likewise 2AW=1AQ+1AC\frac{2}{AW} = \frac{1}{AQ} + \frac{1}{AC} with AW=AZAW = AZ

解答:

ω\omegaAB\overline{AB} 相切于 ZZAC\overline{AC} 相切于 WW,并设 α=BAX\alpha = \angle BAXβ=AXC\beta = \angle AXC。切线 PQPQ 与弦 XYXY 所成的角等于切线 BCBC 与弦 XYXY 所成的角,所以 QYX=YXC=β\angle QYX = \angle YXC = \beta,再由对顶角得 AYP=β\angle AYP = \beta。在三角形 APYAPY 中用正弦定理得 PY=APsinαsinβPY = AP\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta},又由切线长相等 PZ=PYPZ = PY,所以 AZAP=1+PYAP=1+sinαsinβ\frac{AZ}{AP} = 1 + \frac{PY}{AP} = 1 + \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}。在三角形 ABXABX 中,由于 AXB=180β\angle AXB = 180^\circ - \beta,同理 BX=ABsinαsinβBX = AB\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta},且 BZ=BXBZ = BX,于是 AZAB=1sinαsinβ\frac{AZ}{AB} = 1 - \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}

将两个关系相加,得 AZAP+AZAB=2\frac{AZ}{AP} + \frac{AZ}{AB} = 2。由于 AP=3AP = 3AB=7AB = 7,得到 AZ(13+17)=2AZ\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{7}\right) = 2,因此 AZ=215AZ = \frac{21}{5}。在边 ACAC 上作同样论证(在三角形 AQYAQYACXACX 中使用 XAC\angle XAC),得 AWAQ+AWAC=2\frac{AW}{AQ} + \frac{AW}{AC} = 2。又因为从 AA 引出的两条切线等长,AW=AZ=215AW = AZ = \frac{21}{5}。因此 1AQ=102118=59168\frac{1}{AQ} = \frac{10}{21} - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{59}{168}\text{,}所以 AQ=16859AQ = \frac{168}{59}m+n=168+59=227m + n = 168 + 59 = 227

Let ω\omega touch AB\overline{AB} at ZZ and AC\overline{AC} at W,W, and set α=BAX\alpha = \angle BAX and β=AXC.\beta = \angle AXC. The tangent-chord angle between PQPQ and chord XYXY equals the one between BCBC and XY,XY, so QYX=YXC=β,\angle QYX = \angle YXC = \beta, and vertical angles give AYP=β.\angle AYP = \beta. In triangle APYAPY the law of sines gives PY=APsinαsinβ,PY = AP\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}, and by equal tangents PZ=PY,PZ = PY, so AZAP=1+PYAP=1+sinαsinβ.\frac{AZ}{AP} = 1 + \frac{PY}{AP} = 1 + \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}. In triangle ABX,ABX, since AXB=180β,\angle AXB = 180^\circ - \beta, similarly BX=ABsinαsinβ,BX = AB\,\frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}, and BZ=BXBZ = BX gives AZAB=1sinαsinβ.\frac{AZ}{AB} = 1 - \frac{\sin\alpha}{\sin\beta}.

Adding the two relations, AZAP+AZAB=2,\frac{AZ}{AP} + \frac{AZ}{AB} = 2, so with AP=3AP = 3 and AB=7AB = 7 we get AZ(13+17)=2,AZ\left(\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{7}\right) = 2, hence AZ=215.AZ = \frac{21}{5}. The identical argument on side ACAC (using XAC\angle XAC in triangles AQYAQY and ACXACX) gives AWAQ+AWAC=2,\frac{AW}{AQ} + \frac{AW}{AC} = 2, and AW=AZ=215AW = AZ = \frac{21}{5} by equal tangents from A.A. Therefore 1AQ=102118=59168,\frac{1}{AQ} = \frac{10}{21} - \frac{1}{8} = \frac{59}{168}, so AQ=16859AQ = \frac{168}{59} and m+n=168+59=227.m + n = 168 + 59 = 227.

15.

求从 {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} 映到整数集的函数 ff 的个数,使得 f(0)=0f(0) = 0f(6)=12f(6) = 12,并且xyf(x)f(y)3xy \begin{aligned} |x - y| &\le |f(x) - f(y)| \\ &\le 3|x - y| \end{aligned} {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} 中所有 xxyy 都成立。

Find the number of functions ff from {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\} to the integers such that f(0)=0,f(0) = 0, f(6)=12,f(6) = 12, and xyf(x)f(y)3xy \begin{aligned} |x - y| &\le |f(x) - f(y)| \\ &\le 3|x - y| \end{aligned} for all xx and yy in {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}.\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

相邻函数值之差的绝对值为 1122,或 33,且六个差的总和为 1212;证明至多有一个差为负

Consecutive values differ by 1,1, 2,2, or 33 in absolute value and the six differences sum to 12;12; show at most one difference can be negative

大提示:

分三种情况处理:没有下降;下降发生在端点;下降发生在内部,此时它被迫是 1-1,且两侧都是 +3+3

Handle three cases: no decrease; a decrease at either end; an interior decrease, which is forced to be 1-1 flanked by two +3+3s

解答:

di=f(i)f(i1)d_i = f(i) - f(i-1),所以每个 di{1,2,3}|d_i| \in \{1, 2, 3\},且 d1++d6=12d_1 + \cdots + d_6 = 12。若有 kk 个差为负,则总和最多为 3(6k)k=184k3(6 - k) - k = 18 - 4k,所以 k1k \le 1。若没有差为负,则满足 a+b+c=6a + b + c = 6a+2b+3c=12a + 2b + 3c = 12 的解(其中 a,b,ca, b, c 分别计数 112233 的个数)为 (0,6,0)(0,6,0)(1,4,1)(1,4,1)(2,2,2)(2,2,2)(3,0,3)(3,0,3)。所有这些排列都满足任意两点条件,给出 (60,6,0)+(61,4,1)+(62,2,2)+(63,0,3)=1+30+90+20=141 \begin{aligned} &\binom{6}{0,6,0} + \binom{6}{1,4,1} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{6}{2,2,2} + \binom{6}{3,0,3} \\ &= 1 + 30 + 90 + 20 = 141 \end{aligned}\text{。}

d1<0d_1 \lt 0,则 f(2)2|f(2)| \ge 2f(2)d1+3f(2) \le d_1 + 3,迫使 d1=1d_1 = -1d2=3d_2 = 3;剩余四个差为正且和为 1010,给出 (41,0,3)+(40,2,2)=4+6=10\binom{4}{1,0,3} + \binom{4}{0,2,2} = 4 + 6 = 10 个函数,而 d6<0d_6 \lt 0 的情况对称:两端合计 2020 个。最后,若对某个 n=1,2,3,4n = 1, 2, 3, 4dn+1<0d_{n+1} \lt 0,则条件 f(n+1)f(n1)2|f(n+1) - f(n-1)| \ge 2f(n+2)f(n)2|f(n+2) - f(n)| \ge 2 迫使 dn+1=1d_{n+1} = -1dn=dn+2=3d_n = d_{n+2} = 3。另外三个差为正且和为 77,可以是两个 33 和一个 11,或一个 33 和两个 22,每种各有 33 种顺序:所以这 44 个位置中每个都有 66 种方式,共 2424 个函数。

总数为 141+20+24=185141 + 20 + 24 = 185

Let di=f(i)f(i1),d_i = f(i) - f(i-1), so each di{1,2,3}|d_i| \in \{1, 2, 3\} and d1++d6=12.d_1 + \cdots + d_6 = 12. If kk of the differences were negative, the sum would be at most 3(6k)k=184k,3(6 - k) - k = 18 - 4k, so k1.k \le 1. If no difference is negative, the solutions of a+b+c=6,a + b + c = 6, a+2b+3c=12a + 2b + 3c = 12 (with a,b,ca, b, c counting 11s, 22s, 33s) are (0,6,0),(0,6,0), (1,4,1),(1,4,1), (2,2,2),(2,2,2), (3,0,3),(3,0,3), and all such orderings satisfy every pair condition, giving (60,6,0)+(61,4,1)+(62,2,2)+(63,0,3)=1+30+90+20=141. \begin{aligned} &\binom{6}{0,6,0} + \binom{6}{1,4,1} \\ &\quad {}+ \binom{6}{2,2,2} + \binom{6}{3,0,3} \\ &= 1 + 30 + 90 + 20 = 141. \end{aligned}

If d1<0,d_1 \lt 0, then f(2)2|f(2)| \ge 2 with f(2)d1+3f(2) \le d_1 + 3 forces d1=1d_1 = -1 and d2=3;d_2 = 3; the remaining four differences are positive and sum to 10,10, giving (41,0,3)+(40,2,2)=4+6=10\binom{4}{1,0,3} + \binom{4}{0,2,2} = 4 + 6 = 10 functions, and the case d6<0d_6 \lt 0 is symmetric: 2020 in all. Finally, if dn+1<0d_{n+1} \lt 0 for some n=1,2,3,4,n = 1, 2, 3, 4, the pair conditions f(n+1)f(n1)2|f(n+1) - f(n-1)| \ge 2 and f(n+2)f(n)2|f(n+2) - f(n)| \ge 2 force dn+1=1d_{n+1} = -1 and dn=dn+2=3.d_n = d_{n+2} = 3. The other three differences are positive and sum to 7,7, achievable as two 33s and a 11 or a 33 and two 22s, each in 33 orders: 66 ways for each of the 44 positions, or 2424 functions.

The total is 141+20+24=185.141 + 20 + 24 = 185.