1993 AIME 第 10 题

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10.

欧拉公式指出,对于有 VV 个顶点、EE 条棱和 FF 个面的凸多面体,有 VE+F=2V-E+F=2。某个凸多面体有 3232 个面,每个面都是三角形或五边形。在它的 VV 个顶点中的每一个处,都有 TT 个三角形面和 PP 个五边形面相交。求 100P+10T+V100P+10T+V 的值。

Euler’s formula states that for a convex polyhedron with VV vertices, EE edges, and FF faces, VE+F=2.V-E+F=2. A particular convex polyhedron has 3232 faces, each of which is either a triangle or a pentagon. At each of its VV vertices, TT triangular faces and PP pentagonal faces meet. What is the value of 100P+10T+V?100P+10T+V?

答案:250
知识点:双重计数欧拉多面体公式多面体
难度评级:2500
小提示:

xx 为三角形面的个数,并分别对面与棱、面与顶点的关联数进行计数

Let xx be the number of triangular faces and count face-edge and face-vertex incidences

大提示:

用欧拉公式将 xx 表示为 VV 的式子,再得到关于 VV 的两个整除条件

Use Euler’s formula to express xx in terms of VV, then obtain two divisibility conditions on VV

解答:

xx 为三角形面的个数,则五边形面有 32x32-x 个,并且 E=3x+5(32x)2=80xE=\frac{3x+5(32-x)}2=80-x\text{。}由欧拉公式得 V+x=50V+x=50。对面与顶点的关联数进行计数,可得 TV=3x=1503V,PV=5(32x)=5V90\begin{aligned}TV&=3x=150-3V,\\PV&=5(32-x)=5V-90\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 V(T+3)=150V(T+3)=150,且 V(5P)=90V(5-P)=90。又因为 18V5018\leq V\leq50,所以在这个范围内,1501509090 唯一的公因数是 V=30V=30。于是 T=2T=2P=2P=2,从而 100P+10T+V=250100P+10T+V=250

Let xx be the number of triangular faces, so there are 32x32-x pentagons and E=3x+5(32x)2=80x.E=\frac{3x+5(32-x)}2=80-x. Euler’s formula gives V+x=50.V+x=50. Counting face-vertex incidences yields TV=3x=1503V,PV=5(32x)=5V90.\begin{aligned}TV&=3x=150-3V,\\PV&=5(32-x)=5V-90.\end{aligned} Hence V(T+3)=150V(T+3)=150 and V(5P)=90.V(5-P)=90. Also 18V50,18\leq V\leq50, so the only common divisor of 150150 and 9090 in that range is V=30.V=30. Then T=2T=2 and P=2,P=2, giving 100P+10T+V=250.100P+10T+V=250.

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