2008 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

设 ABCDABCD 为等腰梯形,AD‾∥BC‾\overline{AD} \parallel \overline{BC},且较长底边 AD‾\overline{AD} 处的角为 π3\frac{\pi}{3}。两条对角线的长度为 102110\sqrt{21}。点 EE 到顶点 AA 和 DD 的距离分别为 10710\sqrt{7} 和 30730\sqrt{7}。令 FF 为从 CC 到 AD‾\overline{AD} 的高的垂足。距离 EFEF 可写成 mnm\sqrt{n} 的形式,其中 mm 和 nn 为正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n。

Let ABCDABCD be an isosceles trapezoid with AD‾∥BC‾\overline{AD} \parallel \overline{BC} whose angle at the longer base AD‾\overline{AD} is π3.\frac{\pi}{3}. The diagonals have length 1021,10\sqrt{21}, and point EE is at distances 10710\sqrt{7} and 30730\sqrt{7} from vertices AA and D,D, respectively. Let FF be the foot of the altitude from CC to AD‾.\overline{AD}. The distance EFEF can be expressed in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:32
知识点:梯形正弦定理三角不等式极限情形界定
难度评级:2990
小提示:

三角不等式给出 307=DE≤DA+AE30\sqrt{7} = DE \le DA + AE,所以 DA≥207DA \ge 20\sqrt{7}

The triangle inequality gives 307=DE≤DA+AE,30\sqrt{7} = DE \le DA + AE, so DA≥207DA \ge 20\sqrt{7}

大提示:

在三角形 ACDACD 中用正弦定理得 DA=207sin⁡∠DCA≤207DA = 20\sqrt{7}\sin\angle DCA \le 20\sqrt{7},所以处处取等:∠DCA=90∘\angle DCA = 90^\circ,且 EE 在射线 DADA 上、位于 AA 的外侧

The Law of Sines in triangle ACDACD gives DA=207sin⁡∠DCA≤207,DA = 20\sqrt{7}\sin\angle DCA \le 20\sqrt{7}, so equality holds everywhere: ∠DCA=90∘\angle DCA = 90^\circ and EE lies on ray DADA beyond AA

解答:

由三角不等式,307=DE30\sqrt{7} = DE ≤DA+AE\le DA + AE =DA+107= DA + 10\sqrt{7},所以 DA≥207DA \ge 20\sqrt{7}。另一方面,在三角形 ACDACD 中,DD 处的角为 π3\frac{\pi}{3},且 AC=1021AC = 10\sqrt{21},所以正弦定理给出 DA=ACsin⁡∠DCAsin⁡π3=102132sin⁡∠DCA=207sin⁡∠DCA≤207。 \begin{aligned} DA &= \frac{AC \sin\angle DCA}{\sin\frac{\pi}{3}} \\ &= \frac{10\sqrt{21}}{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}\sin\angle DCA \\ &= 20\sqrt{7}\sin\angle DCA \\ &\le 20\sqrt{7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

两个界迫使 DA=207DA = 20\sqrt{7},所以 ∠DCA=90∘\angle DCA = 90^\circ,并且三角不等式取等说明 EE 在直线 ADAD 上,且 AA 在 DD 与 EE 之间。由直角三角形,DC=DA2−AC2DC = \sqrt{DA^2 - AC^2} =2800−2100= \sqrt{2800 - 2100} =107= 10\sqrt{7},又因为 ∠CDF=60∘\angle CDF = 60^\circ,垂足满足 DF=DCcos⁡60∘=57DF = DC\cos 60^\circ = 5\sqrt{7}。

点 FF 和 EE 在直线 ADAD 上且位于 DD 的同侧,所以 EF=DE−DFEF = DE - DF =307−57= 30\sqrt{7} - 5\sqrt{7} =257= 25\sqrt{7},因此 m+n=25+7=32m + n = 25 + 7 = 32。

By the triangle inequality, 307=DE30\sqrt{7} = DE ≤DA+AE\le DA + AE =DA+107,= DA + 10\sqrt{7}, so DA≥207.DA \ge 20\sqrt{7}. On the other hand, in triangle ACDACD the angle at DD is π3\frac{\pi}{3} and AC=1021,AC = 10\sqrt{21}, so the Law of Sines gives DA=ACsin⁡∠DCAsin⁡π3=102132sin⁡∠DCA=207sin⁡∠DCA≤207. \begin{aligned} DA &= \frac{AC \sin\angle DCA}{\sin\frac{\pi}{3}} \\ &= \frac{10\sqrt{21}}{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}\sin\angle DCA \\ &= 20\sqrt{7}\sin\angle DCA \\ &\le 20\sqrt{7}. \end{aligned}

Both bounds force DA=207,DA = 20\sqrt{7}, so ∠DCA=90∘,\angle DCA = 90^\circ, and equality in the triangle inequality means EE lies on line ADAD with AA between DD and E.E. From the right triangle, DC=DA2−AC2DC = \sqrt{DA^2 - AC^2} =2800−2100= \sqrt{2800 - 2100} =107,= 10\sqrt{7}, and since ∠CDF=60∘,\angle CDF = 60^\circ, the foot satisfies DF=DCcos⁡60∘=57.DF = DC\cos 60^\circ = 5\sqrt{7}.

Points FF and EE are on line ADAD on the same side of D,D, so EF=DE−DFEF = DE - DF =307−57= 30\sqrt{7} - 5\sqrt{7} =257,= 25\sqrt{7}, and m+n=25+7=32.m + n = 25 + 7 = 32.

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