2004 AIME I 第 10 题

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10.

一个半径为 11 的圆被随机放入一个 1515 乘 3636 的矩形 ABCDABCD 中,且圆完全位于矩形内部。已知该圆不会碰到对角线 AC‾\overline{AC} 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n。

A circle of radius 11 is randomly placed in a 1515-by-3636 rectangle ABCDABCD so that the circle lies completely within the rectangle. Given that the probability that the circle will not touch diagonal AC‾\overline{AC} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

答案:817
知识点:几何概率坐标几何距离公式
难度评级:2790
小提示:

圆心在一个 34×1334 \times 13 的矩形中均匀分布;圆避开对角线恰好等价于圆心到该直线的距离大于 11

The circle’s center is uniform over a 34×1334 \times 13 rectangle, and the circle misses the diagonal exactly when the center is more than 11 from that line

大提示:

有利区域是两条与对角线平行且距离为 11 的直线切出的两个直角三角形;每个三角形的直角边为 3030 和 252\frac{25}{2}

The favorable region is two right triangles cut off by the lines parallel to the diagonal at distance 1;1; each has legs 3030 and 252\frac{25}{2}

解答:

设 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)、B=(36,0)B = (36, 0)、C=(36,15)C = (36, 15)。为使圆位于矩形内,圆心必须在矩形 [1,35]×[1,14][1, 35] \times [1, 14] 中,其面积为 34⋅13=44234 \cdot 13 = 442,且圆心在其中均匀分布。对角线 AC‾\overline{AC} 位于直线 5x−12y=05x - 12y = 0 上;圆避开它恰好等价于圆心到该直线的距离 ∣5x−12y∣13\frac{|5x - 12y|}{13} 大于 11,即 ∣5x−12y∣>13|5x - 12y| \gt 13。

直线 5x−12y=135x - 12y = 13 与 y=1y = 1 交于 x=5x = 5,与 x=35x = 35 交于 y=272y = \frac{27}{2},所以对角线下方的有利区域是顶点为 (5,1)(5, 1)、(35,1)(35, 1)、(35,272)(35, \tfrac{27}{2}) 的直角三角形,直角边为 3030 和 252\frac{25}{2},面积为 12⋅30⋅252=3752\frac{1}{2} \cdot 30 \cdot \frac{25}{2} = \frac{375}{2}。将图形旋转 180∘180^\circ,旋转中心为位于对角线上的矩形中心 (18,152)(18, \tfrac{15}{2}),会把内矩形和对角线映到自身,所以对角线上方区域面积相同。

概率为 375442\frac{375}{442},又因为 442=2⋅13⋅17442 = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 17 与 375=3⋅53375 = 3 \cdot 5^3,没有公因数,所以 m+n=375+442=817m + n = 375 + 442 = 817。

Place A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(36,0),B = (36, 0), C=(36,15).C = (36, 15). For the circle to lie in the rectangle, its center must lie in the rectangle [1,35]×[1,14],[1, 35] \times [1, 14], of area 34⋅13=442,34 \cdot 13 = 442, and the center is uniformly distributed there. The diagonal AC‾\overline{AC} lies on the line 5x−12y=0,5x - 12y = 0, and the circle misses it exactly when the center’s distance ∣5x−12y∣13\frac{|5x - 12y|}{13} exceeds 1,1, that is, ∣5x−12y∣>13.|5x - 12y| \gt 13.

The line 5x−12y=135x - 12y = 13 meets y=1y = 1 at x=5x = 5 and x=35x = 35 at y=272,y = \frac{27}{2}, so below the diagonal the favorable region is the right triangle with vertices (5,1),(5, 1), (35,1),(35, 1), (35,272),(35, \tfrac{27}{2}), with legs 3030 and 252\frac{25}{2} and area 12⋅30⋅252=3752.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 30 \cdot \frac{25}{2} = \frac{375}{2}. Rotating 180∘180^\circ about the rectangle’s center (18,152),(18, \tfrac{15}{2}), which lies on the diagonal, maps the inner rectangle and the diagonal to themselves, so the region above the diagonal has the same area.

The probability is 375442,\frac{375}{442}, and since 442=2⋅13⋅17442 = 2 \cdot 13 \cdot 17 shares no factor with 375=3⋅53,375 = 3 \cdot 5^3, we get m+n=375+442=817.m + n = 375 + 442 = 817.

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