1988 AIME 第 10 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

10.

一个凸多面体的面包括 1212 个正方形、88 个正六边形和 66 个正八边形。在每个顶点处,恰有一个正方形、一个正六边形和一个正八边形相交。连接多面体顶点的线段中,有多少条位于多面体内部,而不是落在棱或面上?

A convex polyhedron has for its faces 1212 squares, 88 regular hexagons, and 66 regular octagons. At each vertex of the polyhedron one square, one hexagon, and one octagon meet. How many segments joining vertices of the polyhedron lie in the interior of the polyhedron rather than along an edge or a face?

答案:840
知识点:多面体双重计数组合
难度评级:2170
小提示:

分别对面与顶点、面与棱的关联进行双重计数,以求 VVEE

Double-count face-vertex and face-edge incidences to find VV and EE

大提示:

计算所有顶点对,再减去同处一面的顶点对,并修正对棱的重复计数

Count all vertex pairs, then subtract pairs lying together on a face, correcting the double count of edges

解答:

面与顶点的关联总数为 12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=14412(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144。每个顶点有三个面相交,所以 V=48V=48。同一个和式对每条棱计数两次,所以 E=72E=72

共有 (482)=1128\binom{48}{2}=1128 个顶点对。逐面计算顶点对得到 12(42)+8(62)+6(82)=36012\binom42+8\binom62+6\binom82=360。在此和式中,每条棱被计算两次,其他同面顶点对各计算一次,所以不同的边界顶点对共有 360E=288360-E=288。因此有 1128288=8401128-288=840 条连接线段位于内部。

The total number of face-vertex incidences is 12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144.12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144. Three faces meet at each vertex, so V=48.V=48. The same sum counts each edge twice, so E=72.E=72.

There are (482)=1128\binom{48}{2}=1128 vertex pairs. Summing pairs on faces gives 12(42)+8(62)+6(82)=360.12\binom42+8\binom62+6\binom82=360. Every edge was counted twice in this sum and every other same-face pair once, so the number of distinct boundary pairs is 360E=288.360-E=288. Hence 1128288=8401128-288=840 joining segments lie in the interior.

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