1988 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
有一种市售的十按钮锁,只要以任意顺序按下正确的五个按钮即可打开。某把锁的密码为 。现将这种锁重新设计,使一至九个按钮组成的集合都可作为密码。这样会增加多少种密码?
One commercially available ten-button lock may be opened by depressing—in any order—the correct five buttons. One sample has as its combination. Suppose that these locks are redesigned so that sets of as many as nine buttons or as few as one button could serve as combinations. How many additional combinations would this allow?
小提示:
计算十个按钮的所有非空真子集
Count all nonempty proper subsets of the ten buttons
大提示:
减去原设计已经允许的五按钮密码
Subtract the five-button combinations that the original design already allowed
解答:
新设计允许除全集外的每个非空子集,共有 种密码。原设计允许 种。因此增加的密码数为 。
The redesigned lock permits every nonempty subset except the full set, giving combinations. The original lock permits Thus the number of additional combinations is
2.
对任意正整数 ,令 表示 的各位数字之和的平方。对 ,令 。求 。
For any positive integer let denote the square of the sum of the digits of For let Find
小提示:
计算前几次迭代,直到某个值重复出现
Compute the first several iterates until a value repeats
大提示:
经过开头的若干项后,数列在两个数之间交替
After the transient values, the sequence alternates between two numbers
解答:
迭代值依次从 、、、、 开始,随后为 、、。因此从第四次迭代起,偶数下标对应 ,奇数下标对应 。因为 是偶数,所以 。
The iterates begin followed by Thus from the fourth iterate onward, even indices give and odd indices give Since is even,
3.
4.
设当 、、、 时,均有 。并且
的最小可能值是多少?
Suppose that for Suppose further that
What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
令 为正项之和, 为负项绝对值之和
Let be the sum of the positive terms and the sum of the absolute values of the negative terms
大提示:
左边减去最后一个绝对值等于
The left side minus the final absolute value equals
解答:
令 为正的 之和, 为负的 的绝对值之和。于是 所以 和 都至少为 。因为每个 ,正、负两类各至少需要 项,从而 。取十项等于 ,另十项等于 ,即可取到等号,所以最小值为 。
Let be the sum of the positive and the sum of the absolute values of the negative Then so both and are at least Because every each sign requires at least terms, giving Equality is attainable with ten terms equal to and ten equal to so the minimum is
5.
从 的正因数中随机选择一个,它是 的整数倍的概率写成最简分数 。求 。
Let in lowest terms, be the probability that a randomly chosen positive divisor of is an integer multiple of Find
小提示:
将每个因数写成
Write every divisor as
大提示:
计算满足 且 的指数对数目,并约分所得概率
Count exponent pairs with and and reduce the resulting probability
解答:
每个因数都形如 ,其中 且 ,所以共有 个因数。若它是 的倍数,则必须有 且 ,共有 个因数。概率为 ,所以 。
Every divisor is with and so there are divisors. A multiple of requires and giving divisors. The probability is and
6.
可以在下图 方格的二十一个空格中填入正整数,使每一行和每一列中的数都成等差数列。求标有星号 的空格中必须填入的数。
It is possible to place positive integers into the vacant twenty-one squares of the square shown below so that the numbers in each row and column form arithmetic sequences. Find the number that must occupy the vacant square marked by the asterisk
小提示:
从 到 依次标记各行和各列
Index the rows and columns from through
大提示:
行和列均为等差数列的方格具有 的形式
A grid whose rows and columns are arithmetic has the form
解答:
从 到 标记各行和各列。行列条件说明一般项为 。图中四个已知值给出 解得 、、,且 。星号位于 ,所以其值为 。
Index rows and columns from to The row and column conditions give the general entry The four shown values yield Solving gives and The asterisk is at so its value is
7.
在三角形 中,,且从 作出的高将 分成长度为 和 的两段。求三角形 的面积。
In triangle and the altitude from divides into segments of length and What is the area of triangle
小提示:
设高的长度为 ,并将垂足置于原点
Let the altitude have length and place its foot at the origin
大提示:
用叉积除以点积表示两条边向量夹角的正切
Use cross product over dot product to express the tangent of the angle between the two side vectors
解答:
设高为 。从 指向 两端点的向量可取为 和 。因此 从而 ,其正根为 。因为 ,面积为 。
Let the altitude length be From vectors to the endpoints of may be taken as and Therefore Thus whose positive root is Since the area is
8.
定义在正整数有序对集合上的函数 ,满足下列性质:
计算 。
The function defined on the set of ordered pairs of positive integers, satisfies the following properties:
Calculate
小提示:
当 时,将第三个性质应用于
Apply the third property to when
大提示:
将所得的减法规则与 的相同规则比较
Compare the resulting subtraction rule with the same rule for
解答:
当 时,将第三个性质应用于 ,得到 最小公倍数也满足相同关系,因为 。因此,欧几里得算法每进行一次减法,商 都保持不变。在对角线上,该商等于 ,所以 。因而
For the third property applied to gives The least common multiple obeys the identical relation, because Hence the quotient is unchanged by each subtraction step of the Euclidean algorithm. On the diagonal it equals so Therefore
9.
求立方的末三位为 的最小正整数。
Find the smallest positive integer whose cube ends in
小提示:
个位数字说明该数必形如
The units digit forces the number to have the form
大提示:
先将 模 化简
Reduce first modulo
解答:
将该数写成 。把所需同余式模 展开并除以 ,得到 先模 化简,得 ;再代入 ,得 。因此 ,最小候选值为 。它是偶数,所以其立方也满足 ,且确有 。
Write the number as Expanding the required congruence modulo and dividing by gives Reducing first modulo gives substituting then gives Thus and the smallest candidate is It is even, so its cube is also and indeed
10.
一个凸多面体的面包括 个正方形、 个正六边形和 个正八边形。在每个顶点处,恰有一个正方形、一个正六边形和一个正八边形相交。连接多面体顶点的线段中,有多少条位于多面体内部,而不是落在棱或面上?
A convex polyhedron has for its faces squares, regular hexagons, and regular octagons. At each vertex of the polyhedron one square, one hexagon, and one octagon meet. How many segments joining vertices of the polyhedron lie in the interior of the polyhedron rather than along an edge or a face?
小提示:
分别对面与顶点、面与棱的关联进行双重计数,以求 和
Double-count face-vertex and face-edge incidences to find and
大提示:
计算所有顶点对,再减去同处一面的顶点对,并修正对棱的重复计数
Count all vertex pairs, then subtract pairs lying together on a face, correcting the double count of edges
解答:
面与顶点的关联总数为 。每个顶点有三个面相交,所以 。同一个和式对每条棱计数两次,所以 。
共有 个顶点对。逐面计算顶点对得到 。在此和式中,每条棱被计算两次,其他同面顶点对各计算一次,所以不同的边界顶点对共有 。因此有 条连接线段位于内部。
The total number of face-vertex incidences is Three faces meet at each vertex, so The same sum counts each edge twice, so
There are vertex pairs. Summing pairs on faces gives Every edge was counted twice in this sum and every other same-face pair once, so the number of distinct boundary pairs is Hence joining segments lie in the interior.
11.
设 、、、 为复数。若复平面内的一条直线 包含点(复数)、、、,使得下式成立,就称 为点 、、、 的平均线:
对于 、、、 和 ,存在唯一一条 轴截距为 的平均线。求这条平均线的斜率。
Let be complex numbers. A line in the complex plane is called a mean line for the points if contains points (complex numbers) such that
For the numbers and there is a unique mean line with -intercept Find the slope of this mean line.
小提示:
利用等式 比较两组点的平均值
Average the equation
大提示:
平均线恰好是经过给定各点重心的直线
A mean line is exactly a line through the centroid of the given points
解答:
该条件说明 的平均值等于 的平均值。因为所有 都在 上,所以它们的平均值也在 上;反之,对于任何经过该平均值的直线,只需令所有 都等于该点即可。重心满足 经过该点与 的直线斜率为 。
The condition says that the average of the equals the average of the Since all lie on their average lies on conversely, any line through the average works by taking all equal to that point. The centroid satisfies The line through this point and has slope
12.
设 为三角形 的内点,从各顶点作经过 的直线并延伸至对边。令 、、、 表示图中所示线段的长度。若 ,且 ,求乘积 。
Let be an interior point of triangle and extend lines from the vertices through to the opposite sides. Let and denote the lengths of the segments indicated in the figure. Find the product if and
小提示:
用比值 、、 表示 的三个重心坐标
Express the three barycentric coordinates of using the ratios
大提示:
使用 ,并作对称展开
Use and expand symmetrically
解答:
沿从 出发的塞瓦线, 处的重心坐标为 ,其他顶点同理。因为三个坐标之和为 ,且 ,所以 令 、,且 。清除分母得 因此 ,所以 。
Along the cevian from the barycentric coordinate at is and similarly at the other vertices. Since the three coordinates sum to and Put and Clearing denominators gives Therefore so
13.
若整数 和 使 是 的因式,求 。
Find if and are integers such that is a factor of
小提示:
模 时,各次幂满足
Modulo powers satisfy
大提示:
令一次余式的两个系数都等于零,并使用卡西尼恒等式
Set both coefficients of the linear remainder equal to zero and use Cassini’s identity
解答:
模 时,由 得 。因此余式为 两个系数都必须为零。由卡西尼恒等式,系数矩阵的行列式为 再由克莱姆法则得 。
Modulo the relation gives Hence the remainder is Both coefficients must vanish. The determinant of the coefficient matrix is by Cassini’s identity. Cramer’s rule then gives
14.
设 为 的图像,并以 表示 关于直线 的反射图像。将 的方程写成
求乘积 。
Let be the graph of and denote by the reflection of in the line Let the equation of be written in the form
Find the product
小提示:
求由 张成的直线的反射矩阵
Find the reflection matrix for the line spanned by
大提示:
因为反射是自身的逆变换,将反射后的坐标代入
Because reflection is its own inverse, substitute the reflected coordinates into
解答:
关于由 张成的直线的反射矩阵为 因此,当点 位于 上时,它对应于坐标为 和 的 上一点。代入 ,得到 即 。因此 、,且 。
Reflection in the line spanned by has matrix Thus a point on came from and on Substituting gives or Hence and
15.
在办公室里,一天中的不同时刻,老板会交给秘书一封待打字的信,并每次都把信放在秘书收件箱中信堆的最上面。秘书有空时,就从最上面取下一封信并打字。当天共有九封信要打,老板依次按 、、、、、、、、 的顺序送来。
离开去吃午饭时,秘书告诉同事信 已经打完,但没有透露上午打字工作的其他情况。同事想知道九封信中哪些留到午饭后打,以及它们将按什么顺序打。根据以上信息,午饭后的打字顺序共有多少种可能?(没有任何信剩下也是一种可能。)
In an office at various times during the day, the boss gives the secretary a letter to type, each time putting the letter on top of the pile in the secretary’s in-box. When there is time, the secretary takes the top letter off the pile and types it. There are nine letters to be typed during the day, and the boss delivers them in the order
While leaving for lunch, the secretary tells a colleague that letter has already been typed, but says nothing else about the morning’s typing. The colleague wonders which of the nine letters remain to be typed after lunch and in what order they will be typed. Based upon the above information, how many such after-lunch typing orders are possible? (That there are no letters left to be typed is one of the possibilities.)
小提示:
信 打完后, 中剩余的信以后必须按递减顺序打
After has been typed, any remaining letters among must later be typed in decreasing order
大提示:
根据 是午饭前已经打完,还是仍需插入之后的顺序,分情况讨论
Separate the cases according to whether was typed before lunch or remains to be inserted into the later order
解答:
信 打完后, 的任意子集都可能留在信堆中,而剩余的信以后必须按递减顺序打。如果 已经打完,选择该子集便给出 种可能顺序。
如果 留下,则从七封编号较小的信中选 封,并把 插入它们递减顺序中的任意 个位置之一。共有 种。每种顺序都可通过恰当安排上午的送信与打字过程实现,所以总数为 。
Any subset of can remain in the stack after has been typed, and those remaining letters must later be typed in decreasing order. If was already typed, choosing that subset gives possible orders.
If remains, choose of the seven smaller letters and insert into any of the positions in their decreasing order. This gives Every such order can be realized by suitable morning choices, so the total is