1988 AIME 真题

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1.

有一种市售的十按钮锁,只要以任意顺序按下正确的五个按钮即可打开。某把锁的密码为 {1,2,3,6,9}\{1,2,3,6,9\}。现将这种锁重新设计,使一至九个按钮组成的集合都可作为密码。这样会增加多少种密码?

One commercially available ten-button lock may be opened by depressing—in any order—the correct five buttons. One sample has {1,2,3,6,9}\{1,2,3,6,9\} as its combination. Suppose that these locks are redesigned so that sets of as many as nine buttons or as few as one button could serve as combinations. How many additional combinations would this allow?

答案:770
知识点:组合子集补集计数
难度评级:1630
小提示:

计算十个按钮的所有非空真子集

Count all nonempty proper subsets of the ten buttons

大提示:

减去原设计已经允许的五按钮密码

Subtract the five-button combinations that the original design already allowed

解答:

新设计允许除全集外的每个非空子集,共有 2102=10222^{10}-2=1022 种密码。原设计允许 (105)=252\binom{10}{5}=252 种。因此增加的密码数为 1022252=7701022-252=770

The redesigned lock permits every nonempty subset except the full set, giving 2102=10222^{10}-2=1022 combinations. The original lock permits (105)=252.\binom{10}{5}=252. Thus the number of additional combinations is 1022252=770.1022-252=770.

2.

对任意正整数 kk,令 f1(k)f_1(k) 表示 kk 的各位数字之和的平方。对 n2n\geq2,令 fn(k)=f1(fn1(k))f_n(k)=f_1(f_{n-1}(k))。求 f1988(11)f_{1988}(11)

For any positive integer k,k, let f1(k)f_1(k) denote the square of the sum of the digits of k.k. For n2,n\geq2, let fn(k)=f1(fn1(k)).f_n(k)=f_1(f_{n-1}(k)). Find f1988(11).f_{1988}(11).

答案:169
难度评级:1690
小提示:

计算前几次迭代,直到某个值重复出现

Compute the first several iterates until a value repeats

大提示:

经过开头的若干项后,数列在两个数之间交替

After the transient values, the sequence alternates between two numbers

解答:

迭代值依次从 4416164949169169256256 开始,随后为 169169256256\ldots。因此从第四次迭代起,偶数下标对应 169169,奇数下标对应 256256。因为 19881988 是偶数,所以 f1988(11)=169f_{1988}(11)=169

The iterates begin 4,4, 16,16, 49,49, 169,169, 256,256, followed by 169,169, 256,256, .\ldots. Thus from the fourth iterate onward, even indices give 169169 and odd indices give 256.256. Since 19881988 is even, f1988(11)=169.f_{1988}(11)=169.

3.

log2(log8x)=log8(log2x)\log_2(\log_8 x)=\log_8(\log_2 x),求 (log2x)2(\log_2 x)^2

Find (log2x)2(\log_2 x)^2 if log2(log8x)=log8(log2x).\log_2(\log_8 x)=\log_8(\log_2 x).

答案:27
难度评级:1860
小提示:

y=log2xy=\log_2x,并将所有以 88 为底的对数改写成以 22 为底

Set y=log2xy=\log_2x and rewrite every base-88 logarithm in base 22

大提示:

解出所得一次方程中的 log2y\log_2 y

Solve the resulting linear equation for log2y\log_2 y

解答:

y=log2x>0y=\log_2x\gt0。因为 log8x=y3\log_8x=\frac{y}{3},原方程化为 log2(y3)=13log2y\log_2(\frac{y}{3})=\frac13\log_2y\text{。}因而 23log2y=log23\frac23\log_2y=\log_23,所以 y=332=33y=3^{\frac{3}{2}}=3\sqrt3。因此 (log2x)2=y2=27(\log_2x)^2=y^2=27

Put y=log2x>0.y=\log_2x\gt0. Since log8x=y3,\log_8x=\frac{y}{3}, the equation becomes log2(y3)=13log2y.\log_2(\frac{y}{3})=\frac13\log_2y. Hence 23log2y=log23,\frac23\log_2y=\log_23, so y=332=33.y=3^{\frac{3}{2}}=3\sqrt3. Therefore (log2x)2=y2=27.(\log_2x)^2=y^2=27.

4.

设当 i=1i=122\ldotsnn 时,均有 xi<1|x_i|\lt1。并且

x1+x2++xn=19+x1+x2++xn\begin{aligned}&|x_1|+|x_2|+\cdots+|x_n|\\&=19+\bigl|x_1+x_2\\&\qquad+\cdots+x_n\bigr|\end{aligned}\text{。}

nn 的最小可能值是多少?

Suppose that xi<1|x_i|\lt1 for i=1,i=1, 2,2, ,\ldots, n.n. Suppose further that

x1+x2++xn=19+x1+x2++xn.\begin{aligned}&|x_1|+|x_2|+\cdots+|x_n|\\&=19+\bigl|x_1+x_2\\&\qquad+\cdots+x_n\bigr|.\end{aligned}

What is the smallest possible value of n?n?

答案:20
难度评级:1920
小提示:

PP 为正项之和,NN 为负项绝对值之和

Let PP be the sum of the positive terms and NN the sum of the absolute values of the negative terms

大提示:

左边减去最后一个绝对值等于 2min(P,N)2\min(P,N)

The left side minus the final absolute value equals 2min(P,N)2\min(P,N)

解答:

PP 为正的 xix_i 之和,NN 为负的 xix_i 的绝对值之和。于是 P+NPN=2min(P,N)=19\begin{aligned}P+N-|P-N|&=2\min(P,N)\\&=19\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 PPNN 都至少为 9.59.5。因为每个 xi<1|x_i|\lt1,正、负两类各至少需要 1010 项,从而 n20n\geq20。取十项等于 0.950.95,另十项等于 0.95-0.95,即可取到等号,所以最小值为 2020

Let PP be the sum of the positive xix_i and NN the sum of the absolute values of the negative xi.x_i. Then P+NPN=2min(P,N)=19,\begin{aligned}P+N-|P-N|&=2\min(P,N)\\&=19,\end{aligned} so both PP and NN are at least 9.5.9.5. Because every xi<1,|x_i|\lt1, each sign requires at least 1010 terms, giving n20.n\geq20. Equality is attainable with ten terms equal to 0.950.95 and ten equal to 0.95,-0.95, so the minimum is 20.20.

5.

109910^{99} 的正因数中随机选择一个,它是 108810^{88} 的整数倍的概率写成最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n}。求 m+nm+n

Let mn,\frac{m}{n}, in lowest terms, be the probability that a randomly chosen positive divisor of 109910^{99} is an integer multiple of 1088.10^{88}. Find m+n.m+n.

答案:634
难度评级:1770
小提示:

将每个因数写成 2a5b2^a5^b

Write every divisor as 2a5b2^a5^b

大提示:

计算满足 a88a\geq88b88b\geq88 的指数对数目,并约分所得概率

Count exponent pairs with a88a\geq88 and b88b\geq88 and reduce the resulting probability

解答:

每个因数都形如 2a5b2^a5^b,其中 0a990\leq a\leq990b990\leq b\leq99,所以共有 1002=10000100^2=10000 个因数。若它是 108810^{88} 的倍数,则必须有 88a9988\leq a\leq9988b9988\leq b\leq99,共有 122=14412^2=144 个因数。概率为 14410000=9625\frac{144}{10000}=\frac{9}{625},所以 m+n=9+625=634m+n=9+625=634

Every divisor is 2a5b2^a5^b with 0a990\leq a\leq99 and 0b99,0\leq b\leq99, so there are 1002=10000100^2=10000 divisors. A multiple of 108810^{88} requires 88a9988\leq a\leq99 and 88b99,88\leq b\leq99, giving 122=14412^2=144 divisors. The probability is 14410000=9625,\frac{144}{10000}=\frac{9}{625}, and m+n=9+625=634.m+n=9+625=634.

6.

可以在下图 5×55\times5 方格的二十一个空格中填入正整数,使每一行和每一列中的数都成等差数列。求标有星号 ()(*) 的空格中必须填入的数。

It is possible to place positive integers into the vacant twenty-one squares of the 5×55\times5 square shown below so that the numbers in each row and column form arithmetic sequences. Find the number that must occupy the vacant square marked by the asterisk ().(*).

答案:142
难度评级:2030
小提示:

0044 依次标记各行和各列

Index the rows and columns from 00 through 44

大提示:

行和列均为等差数列的方格具有 A+Bi+Cj+DijA+Bi+Cj+Dij 的形式

A grid whose rows and columns are arithmetic has the form A+Bi+Cj+DijA+Bi+Cj+Dij

解答:

0044 标记各行和各列。行列条件说明一般项为 A+Bi+Cj+DijA+Bi+Cj+Dij。图中四个已知值给出 A+4B=0,A+B+C+D=74,A+2B+4C+8D=186,A+3B+2C+6D=103\begin{aligned}A+4B&=0,\\A+B+C+D&=74,\\A+2B+4C+8D&=186,\\A+3B+2C+6D&=103\end{aligned}\text{。}解得 A=52A=52B=13B=-13C=30C=30,且 D=5D=5。星号位于 (i,j)=(0,3)(i,j)=(0,3),所以其值为 A+3C=52+90=142A+3C=52+90=142

Index rows and columns from 00 to 4.4. The row and column conditions give the general entry A+Bi+Cj+Dij.A+Bi+Cj+Dij. The four shown values yield A+4B=0,A+B+C+D=74,A+2B+4C+8D=186,A+3B+2C+6D=103.\begin{aligned}A+4B&=0,\\A+B+C+D&=74,\\A+2B+4C+8D&=186,\\A+3B+2C+6D&=103.\end{aligned} Solving gives A=52,A=52, B=13,B=-13, C=30,C=30, and D=5.D=5. The asterisk is at (i,j)=(0,3),(i,j)=(0,3), so its value is A+3C=52+90=142.A+3C=52+90=142.

7.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,tanCAB=227\tan\angle CAB=\frac{22}{7},且从 AA 作出的高将 BCBC 分成长度为 331717 的两段。求三角形 ABCABC 的面积。

In triangle ABC,ABC, tanCAB=227,\tan\angle CAB=\frac{22}{7}, and the altitude from AA divides BCBC into segments of length 33 and 17.17. What is the area of triangle ABC?ABC?

答案:110
难度评级:1870
小提示:

设高的长度为 hh,并将垂足置于原点

Let the altitude have length hh and place its foot at the origin

大提示:

用叉积除以点积表示两条边向量夹角的正切

Use cross product over dot product to express the tangent of the angle between the two side vectors

解答:

设高为 hh。从 AA 指向 BCBC 两端点的向量可取为 (3,h)(-3,-h)(17,h)(17,-h)。因此 tanCAB=20hh251=227\tan\angle CAB=\frac{20h}{h^2-51}=\frac{22}{7}\text{。}从而 11h270h561=011h^2-70h-561=0,其正根为 h=11h=11。因为 BC=3+17=20BC=3+17=20,面积为 12(20)(11)=110\frac12(20)(11)=110

Let the altitude length be h.h. From A,A, vectors to the endpoints of BCBC may be taken as (3,h)(-3,-h) and (17,h).(17,-h). Therefore tanCAB=20hh251=227.\tan\angle CAB=\frac{20h}{h^2-51}=\frac{22}{7}. Thus 11h270h561=0,11h^2-70h-561=0, whose positive root is h=11.h=11. Since BC=3+17=20,BC=3+17=20, the area is 12(20)(11)=110.\frac12(20)(11)=110.

8.

定义在正整数有序对集合上的函数 ff,满足下列性质:

f(x,x)=x,f(x,y)=f(y,x),(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y)\begin{gathered}f(x,x)=x,\\f(x,y)=f(y,x),\\(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y)\end{gathered}\text{。}

计算 f(14,52)f(14,52)

The function f,f, defined on the set of ordered pairs of positive integers, satisfies the following properties:

f(x,x)=x,f(x,y)=f(y,x),(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y).\begin{gathered}f(x,x)=x,\\f(x,y)=f(y,x),\\(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y).\end{gathered}

Calculate f(14,52).f(14,52).

答案:364
难度评级:2270
小提示:

y>xy\gt x 时,将第三个性质应用于 (x,yx)(x,y-x)

Apply the third property to (x,yx)(x,y-x) when y>xy\gt x

大提示:

将所得的减法规则与 lcm(x,y)\operatorname{lcm}(x,y) 的相同规则比较

Compare the resulting subtraction rule with the same rule for lcm(x,y)\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)

解答:

y>xy\gt x 时,将第三个性质应用于 (x,yx)(x,y-x),得到 f(x,y)=yyxf(x,yx)f(x,y)=\frac{y}{y-x}f(x,y-x)\text{。}最小公倍数也满足相同关系,因为 gcd(x,y)=gcd(x,yx)\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(x,y-x)。因此,欧几里得算法每进行一次减法,商 f(x,y)lcm(x,y)\frac{f(x,y)}{\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)} 都保持不变。在对角线上,该商等于 f(g,g)g=1\frac{f(g,g)}{g}=1,所以 f(x,y)=lcm(x,y)f(x,y)=\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)。因而 f(14,52)=1452gcd(14,52)=364\begin{aligned}f(14,52)&=\frac{14\cdot52}{\gcd(14,52)}\\&=364\end{aligned}\text{。}

For y>x,y\gt x, the third property applied to (x,yx)(x,y-x) gives f(x,y)=yyxf(x,yx).f(x,y)=\frac{y}{y-x}f(x,y-x). The least common multiple obeys the identical relation, because gcd(x,y)=gcd(x,yx).\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(x,y-x). Hence the quotient f(x,y)lcm(x,y)\frac{f(x,y)}{\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)} is unchanged by each subtraction step of the Euclidean algorithm. On the diagonal it equals f(g,g)g=1,\frac{f(g,g)}{g}=1, so f(x,y)=lcm(x,y).f(x,y)=\operatorname{lcm}(x,y). Therefore f(14,52)=1452gcd(14,52)=364.\begin{aligned}f(14,52)&=\frac{14\cdot52}{\gcd(14,52)}\\&=364.\end{aligned}

9.

求立方的末三位为 888888 的最小正整数。

Find the smallest positive integer whose cube ends in 888.888.

答案:192
难度评级:1880
小提示:

个位数字说明该数必形如 10a+210a+2

The units digit forces the number to have the form 10a+210a+2

大提示:

先将 (10a+2)3888(mod1000)(10a+2)^3\equiv888\pmod{1000}125125 化简

Reduce (10a+2)3888(mod1000)(10a+2)^3\equiv888\pmod{1000} first modulo 125125

解答:

将该数写成 10a+210a+2。把所需同余式模 125125 展开并除以 55,得到 20a2a10(mod25)20a^2-a-1\equiv0\pmod{25}\text{。}先模 55 化简,得 a4(mod5)a\equiv4\pmod5;再代入 a=4+5ba=4+5b,得 b3(mod5)b\equiv3\pmod5。因此 a19(mod25)a\equiv19\pmod{25},最小候选值为 10(19)+2=19210(19)+2=192。它是偶数,所以其立方也满足 0(mod8)0\pmod8,且确有 1923=7,077,888192^3=7{,}077{,}888

Write the number as 10a+2.10a+2. Expanding the required congruence modulo 125125 and dividing by 55 gives 20a2a10(mod25).20a^2-a-1\equiv0\pmod{25}. Reducing first modulo 55 gives a4(mod5);a\equiv4\pmod5; substituting a=4+5ba=4+5b then gives b3(mod5).b\equiv3\pmod5. Thus a19(mod25),a\equiv19\pmod{25}, and the smallest candidate is 10(19)+2=192.10(19)+2=192. It is even, so its cube is also 0(mod8),0\pmod8, and indeed 1923=7,077,888.192^3=7{,}077{,}888.

10.

一个凸多面体的面包括 1212 个正方形、88 个正六边形和 66 个正八边形。在每个顶点处,恰有一个正方形、一个正六边形和一个正八边形相交。连接多面体顶点的线段中,有多少条位于多面体内部,而不是落在棱或面上?

A convex polyhedron has for its faces 1212 squares, 88 regular hexagons, and 66 regular octagons. At each vertex of the polyhedron one square, one hexagon, and one octagon meet. How many segments joining vertices of the polyhedron lie in the interior of the polyhedron rather than along an edge or a face?

答案:840
难度评级:2170
小提示:

分别对面与顶点、面与棱的关联进行双重计数,以求 VVEE

Double-count face-vertex and face-edge incidences to find VV and EE

大提示:

计算所有顶点对,再减去同处一面的顶点对,并修正对棱的重复计数

Count all vertex pairs, then subtract pairs lying together on a face, correcting the double count of edges

解答:

面与顶点的关联总数为 12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=14412(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144。每个顶点有三个面相交,所以 V=48V=48。同一个和式对每条棱计数两次,所以 E=72E=72

共有 (482)=1128\binom{48}{2}=1128 个顶点对。逐面计算顶点对得到 12(42)+8(62)+6(82)=36012\binom42+8\binom62+6\binom82=360。在此和式中,每条棱被计算两次,其他同面顶点对各计算一次,所以不同的边界顶点对共有 360E=288360-E=288。因此有 1128288=8401128-288=840 条连接线段位于内部。

The total number of face-vertex incidences is 12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144.12(4)+8(6)+6(8)=144. Three faces meet at each vertex, so V=48.V=48. The same sum counts each edge twice, so E=72.E=72.

There are (482)=1128\binom{48}{2}=1128 vertex pairs. Summing pairs on faces gives 12(42)+8(62)+6(82)=360.12\binom42+8\binom62+6\binom82=360. Every edge was counted twice in this sum and every other same-face pair once, so the number of distinct boundary pairs is 360E=288.360-E=288. Hence 1128288=8401128-288=840 joining segments lie in the interior.

11.

w1w_1w2w_2\ldotswnw_n 为复数。若复平面内的一条直线 LL 包含点(复数)z1z_1z2z_2\ldotsznz_n,使得下式成立,就称 LL 为点 w1w_1w2w_2\ldotswnw_n 的平均线:

k=1n(zkwk)=0\sum_{k=1}^n(z_k-w_k)=0\text{。}

对于 w1=32+170iw_1=32+170iw2=7+64iw_2=-7+64iw3=9+200iw_3=-9+200iw4=1+27iw_4=1+27iw5=14+43iw_5=-14+43i,存在唯一一条 yy 轴截距为 33 的平均线。求这条平均线的斜率。

Let w1,w_1, w2,w_2, ,\ldots, wnw_n be complex numbers. A line LL in the complex plane is called a mean line for the points w1,w_1, w2,w_2, ,\ldots, wnw_n if LL contains points (complex numbers) z1,z_1, z2,z_2, ,\ldots, znz_n such that

k=1n(zkwk)=0.\sum_{k=1}^n(z_k-w_k)=0.

For the numbers w1=32+170i,w_1=32+170i, w2=7+64i,w_2=-7+64i, w3=9+200i,w_3=-9+200i, w4=1+27i,w_4=1+27i, and w5=14+43i,w_5=-14+43i, there is a unique mean line with yy-intercept 3.3. Find the slope of this mean line.

答案:163
知识点:复数重心斜率
难度评级:1970
小提示:

利用等式 (zkwk)=0\sum(z_k-w_k)=0 比较两组点的平均值

Average the equation (zkwk)=0\sum(z_k-w_k)=0

大提示:

平均线恰好是经过给定各点重心的直线

A mean line is exactly a line through the centroid of the given points

解答:

该条件说明 zkz_k 的平均值等于 wkw_k 的平均值。因为所有 zkz_k 都在 LL 上,所以它们的平均值也在 LL 上;反之,对于任何经过该平均值的直线,只需令所有 zkz_k 都等于该点即可。重心满足 xˉ=3279+1145=35,yˉ=170+64+200+27+435=5045\begin{aligned}\bar x&=\frac{32-7-9+1-14}{5}=\frac35,\\\bar y&=\frac{170+64+200+27+43}{5}\\&=\frac{504}{5}\end{aligned}\text{。}经过该点与 (0,3)(0,3) 的直线斜率为 (50453)35=163\frac{\bigl(\frac{504}{5}-3\bigr)}{\frac35}=163

The condition says that the average of the zkz_k equals the average of the wk.w_k. Since all zkz_k lie on L,L, their average lies on L;L; conversely, any line through the average works by taking all zkz_k equal to that point. The centroid satisfies xˉ=3279+1145=35,yˉ=170+64+200+27+435=5045.\begin{aligned}\bar x&=\frac{32-7-9+1-14}{5}=\frac35,\\\bar y&=\frac{170+64+200+27+43}{5}\\&=\frac{504}{5}.\end{aligned} The line through this point and (0,3)(0,3) has slope (50453)35=163.\frac{\bigl(\frac{504}{5}-3\bigr)}{\frac35}=163.

12.

PP 为三角形 ABCABC 的内点,从各顶点作经过 PP 的直线并延伸至对边。令 aabbccdd 表示图中所示线段的长度。若 a+b+c=43a+b+c=43,且 d=3d=3,求乘积 abcabc

Let PP be an interior point of triangle ABCABC and extend lines from the vertices through PP to the opposite sides. Let a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd denote the lengths of the segments indicated in the figure. Find the product abcabc if a+b+c=43a+b+c=43 and d=3.d=3.

答案:441
难度评级:2380
小提示:

用比值 a:da:db:db:dc:dc:d 表示 PP 的三个重心坐标

Express the three barycentric coordinates of PP using the ratios a:d,a:d, b:d,b:d, c:dc:d

大提示:

使用 3a+3+3b+3+3c+3=1\frac3{a+3}+\frac3{b+3}+\frac3{c+3}=1,并作对称展开

Use 3a+3+3b+3+3c+3=1\frac3{a+3}+\frac3{b+3}+\frac3{c+3}=1 and expand symmetrically

解答:

沿从 AA 出发的塞瓦线,AA 处的重心坐标为 da+d\frac{d}{a+d},其他顶点同理。因为三个坐标之和为 11,且 d=3d=3,所以 3a+3+3b+3+3c+3=1\frac3{a+3}+\frac3{b+3}+\frac3{c+3}=1\text{。}s1=a+b+c=43s_1=a+b+c=43s2=ab+bc+cas_2=ab+bc+ca,且 s3=abcs_3=abc。清除分母得 3(s2+6s1+27)=s3+3s2+9s1+27\begin{aligned}3(s_2+6s_1+27)&=s_3+3s_2\\&\quad+9s_1+27\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 s3=9s1+54s_3=9s_1+54,所以 s3=9(43)+54=441s_3=9(43)+54=441

Along the cevian from A,A, the barycentric coordinate at AA is da+d,\frac{d}{a+d}, and similarly at the other vertices. Since the three coordinates sum to 11 and d=3,d=3, 3a+3+3b+3+3c+3=1.\frac3{a+3}+\frac3{b+3}+\frac3{c+3}=1. Put s1=a+b+c=43,s_1=a+b+c=43, s2=ab+bc+ca,s_2=ab+bc+ca, and s3=abc.s_3=abc. Clearing denominators gives 3(s2+6s1+27)=s3+3s2+9s1+27.\begin{aligned}3(s_2+6s_1+27)&=s_3+3s_2\\&\quad+9s_1+27.\end{aligned} Therefore s3=9s1+54,s_3=9s_1+54, so s3=9(43)+54=441.s_3=9(43)+54=441.

13.

若整数 aabb 使 x2x1x^2-x-1ax17+bx16+1ax^{17}+bx^{16}+1 的因式,求 aa

Find aa if aa and bb are integers such that x2x1x^2-x-1 is a factor of ax17+bx16+1.ax^{17}+bx^{16}+1.

答案:987
难度评级:2380
小提示:

x2x1x^2-x-1 时,各次幂满足 xn=Fnx+Fn1x^n=F_nx+F_{n-1}

Modulo x2x1,x^2-x-1, powers satisfy xn=Fnx+Fn1x^n=F_nx+F_{n-1}

大提示:

令一次余式的两个系数都等于零,并使用卡西尼恒等式

Set both coefficients of the linear remainder equal to zero and use Cassini’s identity

解答:

x2x1x^2-x-1 时,由 x2=x+1x^2=x+1xn=Fnx+Fn1x^n=F_nx+F_{n-1}。因此余式为 r(x)=(1597a+987b)x+(987a+610b+1)\begin{aligned}r(x)={}&(1597a+987b)x\\&+(987a+610b+1)\end{aligned}\text{。}两个系数都必须为零。由卡西尼恒等式,系数矩阵的行列式为 1597(610)9872=11597(610)-987^2=1\text{。}再由克莱姆法则得 a=987a=987

Modulo x2x1,x^2-x-1, the relation x2=x+1x^2=x+1 gives xn=Fnx+Fn1.x^n=F_nx+F_{n-1}. Hence the remainder is r(x)=(1597a+987b)x+(987a+610b+1).\begin{aligned}r(x)={}&(1597a+987b)x\\&+(987a+610b+1).\end{aligned} Both coefficients must vanish. The determinant of the coefficient matrix is 1597(610)9872=11597(610)-987^2=1 by Cassini’s identity. Cramer’s rule then gives a=987.a=987.

14.

CCxy=1xy=1 的图像,并以 CC^* 表示 CC 关于直线 y=2xy=2x 的反射图像。将 CC^* 的方程写成

12x2+bxy+cy2+d=012x^2+bxy+cy^2+d=0\text{。}

求乘积 bcbc

Let CC be the graph of xy=1,xy=1, and denote by CC^* the reflection of CC in the line y=2x.y=2x. Let the equation of CC^* be written in the form

12x2+bxy+cy2+d=0.12x^2+bxy+cy^2+d=0.

Find the product bc.bc.

答案:84
难度评级:2170
小提示:

求由 (1,2)(1,2) 张成的直线的反射矩阵

Find the reflection matrix for the line spanned by (1,2)(1,2)

大提示:

因为反射是自身的逆变换,将反射后的坐标代入 uv=1uv=1

Because reflection is its own inverse, substitute the reflected coordinates into uv=1uv=1

解答:

关于由 (1,2)(1,2) 张成的直线的反射矩阵为 15(3443)\frac15\begin{pmatrix}-3&4\\4&3\end{pmatrix}\text{。}因此,当点 (x,y)(x,y) 位于 CC^* 上时,它对应于坐标为 u=3x+4y5u=\frac{-3x+4y}{5}v=4x+3y5v=\frac{4x+3y}{5}CC 上一点。代入 uv=1uv=1,得到 12x2+7xy+12y225=0-12x^2+7xy+12y^2-25=0\text{,}12x27xy12y2+25=012x^2-7xy-12y^2+25=0。因此 b=7b=-7c=12c=-12,且 bc=84bc=84

Reflection in the line spanned by (1,2)(1,2) has matrix 15(3443).\frac15\begin{pmatrix}-3&4\\4&3\end{pmatrix}. Thus a point (x,y)(x,y) on CC^* came from u=3x+4y5u=\frac{-3x+4y}{5} and v=4x+3y5v=\frac{4x+3y}{5} on C.C. Substituting uv=1uv=1 gives 12x2+7xy+12y225=0,-12x^2+7xy+12y^2-25=0, or 12x27xy12y2+25=0.12x^2-7xy-12y^2+25=0. Hence b=7,b=-7, c=12,c=-12, and bc=84.bc=84.

15.

在办公室里,一天中的不同时刻,老板会交给秘书一封待打字的信,并每次都把信放在秘书收件箱中信堆的最上面。秘书有空时,就从最上面取下一封信并打字。当天共有九封信要打,老板依次按 112233445566778899 的顺序送来。

离开去吃午饭时,秘书告诉同事信 88 已经打完,但没有透露上午打字工作的其他情况。同事想知道九封信中哪些留到午饭后打,以及它们将按什么顺序打。根据以上信息,午饭后的打字顺序共有多少种可能?(没有任何信剩下也是一种可能。)

In an office at various times during the day, the boss gives the secretary a letter to type, each time putting the letter on top of the pile in the secretary’s in-box. When there is time, the secretary takes the top letter off the pile and types it. There are nine letters to be typed during the day, and the boss delivers them in the order 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 9.9.

While leaving for lunch, the secretary tells a colleague that letter 88 has already been typed, but says nothing else about the morning’s typing. The colleague wonders which of the nine letters remain to be typed after lunch and in what order they will be typed. Based upon the above information, how many such after-lunch typing orders are possible? (That there are no letters left to be typed is one of the possibilities.)

答案:704
难度评级:2520
小提示:

88 打完后,1,,71,\ldots,7 中剩余的信以后必须按递减顺序打

After 88 has been typed, any remaining letters among 1,,71,\ldots,7 must later be typed in decreasing order

大提示:

根据 99 是午饭前已经打完,还是仍需插入之后的顺序,分情况讨论

Separate the cases according to whether 99 was typed before lunch or remains to be inserted into the later order

解答:

88 打完后,1,,71,\ldots,7 的任意子集都可能留在信堆中,而剩余的信以后必须按递减顺序打。如果 99 已经打完,选择该子集便给出 27=1282^7=128 种可能顺序。

如果 99 留下,则从七封编号较小的信中选 kk 封,并把 99 插入它们递减顺序中的任意 k+1k+1 个位置之一。共有 k=07(7k)(k+1)=726+27=576\begin{aligned}\sum_{k=0}^7\binom7k(k+1)&=7\cdot2^6+2^7\\&=576\end{aligned} 种。每种顺序都可通过恰当安排上午的送信与打字过程实现,所以总数为 128+576=704128+576=704

Any subset of 1,,71,\ldots,7 can remain in the stack after 88 has been typed, and those remaining letters must later be typed in decreasing order. If 99 was already typed, choosing that subset gives 27=1282^7=128 possible orders.

If 99 remains, choose kk of the seven smaller letters and insert 99 into any of the k+1k+1 positions in their decreasing order. This gives k=07(7k)(k+1)=726+27=576.\begin{aligned}\sum_{k=0}^7\binom7k(k+1)&=7\cdot2^6+2^7\\&=576.\end{aligned} Every such order can be realized by suitable morning choices, so the total is 128+576=704.128+576=704.