1988 AIME 第 4 题

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4.

设当 i=1i=122\ldotsnn 时,均有 xi<1|x_i|\lt1。并且

x1+x2++xn=19+x1+x2++xn\begin{aligned}&|x_1|+|x_2|+\cdots+|x_n|\\&=19+\bigl|x_1+x_2\\&\qquad+\cdots+x_n\bigr|\end{aligned}\text{。}

nn 的最小可能值是多少?

Suppose that xi<1|x_i|\lt1 for i=1,i=1, 2,2, ,\ldots, n.n. Suppose further that

x1+x2++xn=19+x1+x2++xn.\begin{aligned}&|x_1|+|x_2|+\cdots+|x_n|\\&=19+\bigl|x_1+x_2\\&\qquad+\cdots+x_n\bigr|.\end{aligned}

What is the smallest possible value of n?n?

答案:20
知识点:绝对值不等式极端原理
难度评级:1920
小提示:

PP 为正项之和,NN 为负项绝对值之和

Let PP be the sum of the positive terms and NN the sum of the absolute values of the negative terms

大提示:

左边减去最后一个绝对值等于 2min(P,N)2\min(P,N)

The left side minus the final absolute value equals 2min(P,N)2\min(P,N)

解答:

PP 为正的 xix_i 之和,NN 为负的 xix_i 的绝对值之和。于是 P+NPN=2min(P,N)=19\begin{aligned}P+N-|P-N|&=2\min(P,N)\\&=19\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 PPNN 都至少为 9.59.5。因为每个 xi<1|x_i|\lt1,正、负两类各至少需要 1010 项,从而 n20n\geq20。取十项等于 0.950.95,另十项等于 0.95-0.95,即可取到等号,所以最小值为 2020

Let PP be the sum of the positive xix_i and NN the sum of the absolute values of the negative xi.x_i. Then P+NPN=2min(P,N)=19,\begin{aligned}P+N-|P-N|&=2\min(P,N)\\&=19,\end{aligned} so both PP and NN are at least 9.5.9.5. Because every xi<1,|x_i|\lt1, each sign requires at least 1010 terms, giving n20.n\geq20. Equality is attainable with ten terms equal to 0.950.95 and ten equal to 0.95,-0.95, so the minimum is 20.20.

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