2022 AIME II 第 4 题

先试着解答 2022 AIME II 第 4 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2022 AIME II 解答,或核对答案

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

4.

存在一个正实数 xx,它既不等于 120\frac{1}{20} 也不等于 12\frac{1}{2},并且满足 log20x(22x)=log2x(202x)\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x)\text{。} 数值 log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) 可写成 log10(mn)\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right),其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

There is a positive real number xx not equal to either 120\frac{1}{20} or 12\frac{1}{2} such that log20x(22x)=log2x(202x).\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x). The value log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) can be written as log10(mn),\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right), where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:112
知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:2350
小提示:

把两边都换成同一个底:ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x\frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x},再比较分子分母的差。

Change both sides to a common base: ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x\frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}

大提示:

pq=rs\frac{p}{q} = \frac{r}{s},则两个分数也都等于 rpsq\frac{r - p}{s - q}。应用这一点并化简所得商。

If pq=rs,\frac{p}{q} = \frac{r}{s}, then both fractions also equal rpsq.\frac{r - p}{s - q}. Apply this and simplify the resulting quotient.

解答:

设公共值为 yy。用自然对数表示,y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2xy = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}\text{。} 当两个分数相等时,它们也等于分子之差与分母之差的商:y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101 \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101} \end{aligned}\text{。}

为了验证这样的 xx 确实存在,而不仅仅依赖题目给出的存在性,注意 y1y \ne 1。令 lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y}\text{,} 便有 ln(22x)=yln(20x)\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x)。另外 ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110 \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x) 也成立。这个正实数 xx 不等于题目排除的两个值(它们都不满足上面的线性方程),因此两个对数的底都有效。由于 gcd(11,101)=1\gcd(11,101)=1,得到 m+n=11+101=112m+n=11+101=112

Let yy be the common value. In natural logarithms, y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x.y = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}. When two fractions are equal, each also equals the quotient of the differences of numerators and denominators: y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101. \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101}. \end{aligned}

To check existence rather than merely use the promised x,x, note that y1.y \ne 1. Setting lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y} makes ln(22x)=yln(20x).\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x). Also ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110, \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10}, \end{aligned} so ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x) as well. This positive xx is neither excluded value (neither one satisfies the displayed linear equation), so both logarithm bases are valid. Since gcd(11,101)=1,\gcd(11,101)=1, we get m+n=11+101=112.m+n=11+101=112.

第 3 题#3
完整试卷

其他年份的第 4 题