2022 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一场音乐会中,成年人占观众人数的 512\frac{5}{12}。后来一辆载有 5050 人的公共汽车到达,此时成年人占音乐会现场人数的 1125\frac{11}{25}。求公共汽车到达后,现场成年人可能的最少人数。

Adults made up 512\frac{5}{12} of the crowd of people at a concert. After a bus carrying 5050 more people arrived, adults made up 1125\frac{11}{25} of the people at the concert. Find the minimum number of adults who could have been at the concert after the bus arrived.

知识点:分数整除性最优化
难度评级:1920
小提示:

设原来总人数为 12k12k,则成年人数 51212k=5k\frac{5}{12} \cdot 12k = 5k 是整数

Let the original crowd be 12k12k people, so that the adult count 51212k=5k\frac{5}{12} \cdot 12k = 5k is a whole number

大提示:

新总人数 12k+5012k + 50 必须能被 2525 整除,因此 kk 必须是 2525 的倍数

The new total 12k+5012k + 50 must be divisible by 25,25, which forces kk to be a multiple of 2525

解答:

设原来有 12k12k 名观众,其中 5k5k 人是成年人。公共汽车到达后共有 12k+5012k + 50 人,成年人数为 1125(12k+50)\frac{11}{25}(12k + 50)。要使其为整数,2525 必须整除 12k+5012k + 50,所以 2525 整除 12k12k,因为 gcd(12,25)=1\gcd(12, 25) = 1,所以 kk2525 的倍数。

成年人数 1125(12k+50)\frac{11}{25}(12k + 50)kk 增大而增大,因此最小值在 k=25k = 25 时取得:新总人数为 350350,成年人数为 1125350=154\frac{11}{25} \cdot 350 = 154。这是可以实现的,例如公共汽车上有 2929 名成年人和 2121 名非成年人,所以答案是 154154

Let the original crowd have 12k12k people, of whom 5k5k are adults. After the bus arrives there are 12k+5012k + 50 people, and the number of adults is 1125(12k+50).\frac{11}{25}(12k + 50). For this to be an integer, 2525 must divide 12k+50,12k + 50, so 2525 divides 12k,12k, and since gcd(12,25)=1\gcd(12, 25) = 1 this means kk is a multiple of 25.25.

The adult count 1125(12k+50)\frac{11}{25}(12k + 50) increases with k,k, so the minimum occurs at k=25:k = 25: the new total is 350350 and the number of adults is 1125350=154.\frac{11}{25} \cdot 350 = 154. This is achievable, for example if the bus carries 2929 adults and 2121 non-adults, so the answer is 154.154.

2.

Azar、Carl、Jon 和 Sergey 是单打网球锦标赛剩下的四名选手。他们被随机分配半决赛对手,半决赛的胜者再进行决赛以决出冠军。当 Azar 对 Carl 时,Azar 以 23\frac{2}{3} 的概率获胜。当 Azar 或 Carl 对 Jon 或 Sergey 中的任意一人时,Azar 或 Carl 以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率获胜。假设不同比赛的结果相互独立。Carl 赢得锦标赛的概率为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Azar, Carl, Jon, and Sergey are the four players left in a singles tennis tournament. They are randomly assigned opponents in the semifinal matches, and the winners of those matches play each other in the final match to determine the winner of the tournament. When Azar plays Carl, Azar will win the match with probability 23.\frac{2}{3}. When either Azar or Carl plays either Jon or Sergey, Azar or Carl will win the match with probability 34.\frac{3}{4}. Assume that outcomes of different matches are independent. The probability that Carl will win the tournament is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

难度评级:2180
小提示:

四人的配对共有三种等可能方式,其中 Carl 的半决赛对手恰有一种是 Azar

There are three equally likely pairings, and Carl’s semifinal opponent is Azar in exactly one of them

大提示:

若 Carl 的半决赛对手是 Jon 或 Sergey,则他的决赛对手以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率是 Azar,以 14\frac{1}{4} 的概率是 Jon 或 Sergey

If Carl’s semifinal opponent is Jon or Sergey, his opponent in the final is Azar with probability 34\frac{3}{4} and Jon or Sergey with probability 14\frac{1}{4}

解答:

四名选手的三种配对方式等可能,所以 Carl 在半决赛对 Azar 的概率为 13\frac{1}{3}。在这种情况下,Carl 以 13\frac{1}{3} 的概率战胜 Azar,再以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率战胜 Jon 和 Sergey 中的胜者,所以 Carl 赢得锦标赛的概率为 1334=14\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{1}{4}

否则(概率为 23\frac{2}{3}),Carl 对 Jon 或 Sergey,并以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率获胜。他在决赛中的对手以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率是 Azar(此时 Carl 以 13\frac{1}{3} 的概率获胜),以 14\frac{1}{4} 的概率是 Jon 或 Sergey(此时 Carl 以 34\frac{3}{4} 的概率获胜)。所以在这种情况下,Carl 赢得锦标赛的概率为 34(3413+1434)=34716=2164 \begin{aligned} &\frac{3}{4}\left(\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{3}{4}\right) \\ &= \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{7}{16} \\ &= \frac{21}{64} \end{aligned}\text{。}

总概率为 1314+232164=112+732=2996\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{21}{64} = \frac{1}{12} + \frac{7}{32} = \frac{29}{96},所以 p+q=29+96=125p + q = 29 + 96 = 125

The three ways to pair the four players are equally likely, so Carl plays Azar in the semifinal with probability 13.\frac{1}{3}. In that case Carl beats Azar with probability 13\frac{1}{3} and then beats the Jon–Sergey winner with probability 34,\frac{3}{4}, so Carl wins the tournament with probability 1334=14.\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{1}{4}.

Otherwise (probability 23\frac{2}{3}) Carl plays Jon or Sergey and wins with probability 34.\frac{3}{4}. His opponent in the final is Azar with probability 34\frac{3}{4} (Carl then wins with probability 13\frac{1}{3}) and is Jon or Sergey with probability 14\frac{1}{4} (Carl then wins with probability 34\frac{3}{4}). So in this case Carl wins the tournament with probability 34(3413+1434)=34716=2164. \begin{aligned} &\frac{3}{4}\left(\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{3}{4}\right) \\ &= \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{7}{16} \\ &= \frac{21}{64}. \end{aligned}

The total probability is 1314+232164=112+732=2996,\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{21}{64} = \frac{1}{12} + \frac{7}{32} = \frac{29}{96}, so p+q=29+96=125.p + q = 29 + 96 = 125.

3.

一个正四棱锥的体积为 5454,底面边长为 66。这个棱锥的五个顶点都在一个半径为 mn\frac{m}{n} 的球面上,其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A right square pyramid with volume 5454 has a base with side length 6.6. The five vertices of the pyramid all lie on a sphere with radius mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:棱锥体积
难度评级:2110
小提示:

体积决定高度:1336h=54\frac{1}{3} \cdot 36 \cdot h = 54,由此求出高度。

The volume determines the height: 1336h=54\frac{1}{3} \cdot 36 \cdot h = 54

大提示:

球心在棱锥的轴线上;令它到顶点的距离等于它到底面顶点的距离,而底面顶点到轴线的距离为 323\sqrt{2}

The sphere’s center lies on the pyramid’s axis; set its distance to the apex equal to its distance to a base vertex, which sits 323\sqrt{2} from the axis

解答:

底面积为 3636,所以 1336h=54\frac{1}{3} \cdot 36 \cdot h = 54 给出高度 h=92h = \frac{9}{2}。由对称性,球心在棱锥的轴线上,设其在底面上方的高度为 zz。每个底面顶点到轴线的距离为 323\sqrt{2},所以球心到底面顶点的距离为 z2+18\sqrt{z^2 + 18},而它到顶点的距离为 92z\frac{9}{2} - z

(92z)2=z2+18\left(\frac{9}{2} - z\right)^2 = z^2 + 18,得到 8149z=18\frac{81}{4} - 9z = 18,所以 z=14z = \frac{1}{4}。半径为 9214=174\frac{9}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{17}{4},因此 m+n=17+4=21m + n = 17 + 4 = 21

The base has area 36,36, so 1336h=54\frac{1}{3} \cdot 36 \cdot h = 54 gives height h=92.h = \frac{9}{2}. By symmetry the sphere’s center lies on the pyramid’s axis, say at height zz above the base. Each base vertex is at distance 323\sqrt{2} from the axis, so the center’s distance to a base vertex is z2+18,\sqrt{z^2 + 18}, while its distance to the apex is 92z.\frac{9}{2} - z.

Setting (92z)2=z2+18\left(\frac{9}{2} - z\right)^2 = z^2 + 18 gives 8149z=18,\frac{81}{4} - 9z = 18, so z=14.z = \frac{1}{4}. The radius is 9214=174,\frac{9}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{17}{4}, and m+n=17+4=21.m + n = 17 + 4 = 21.

4.

存在一个正实数 xx,它既不等于 120\frac{1}{20} 也不等于 12\frac{1}{2},并且满足 log20x(22x)=log2x(202x)\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x)\text{。} 数值 log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) 可写成 log10(mn)\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right),其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

There is a positive real number xx not equal to either 120\frac{1}{20} or 12\frac{1}{2} such that log20x(22x)=log2x(202x).\log_{20x}(22x) = \log_{2x}(202x). The value log20x(22x)\log_{20x}(22x) can be written as log10(mn),\log_{10}\left(\frac{m}{n}\right), where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:2350
小提示:

把两边都换成同一个底:ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x\frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x},再比较分子分母的差。

Change both sides to a common base: ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x\frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}

大提示:

pq=rs\frac{p}{q} = \frac{r}{s},则两个分数也都等于 rpsq\frac{r - p}{s - q}。应用这一点并化简所得商。

If pq=rs,\frac{p}{q} = \frac{r}{s}, then both fractions also equal rpsq.\frac{r - p}{s - q}. Apply this and simplify the resulting quotient.

解答:

设公共值为 yy。用自然对数表示,y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2xy = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}\text{。} 当两个分数相等时,它们也等于分子之差与分母之差的商:y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101 \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101} \end{aligned}\text{。}

为了验证这样的 xx 确实存在,而不仅仅依赖题目给出的存在性,注意 y1y \ne 1。令 lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y}\text{,} 便有 ln(22x)=yln(20x)\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x)。另外 ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110 \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x) 也成立。这个正实数 xx 不等于题目排除的两个值(它们都不满足上面的线性方程),因此两个对数的底都有效。由于 gcd(11,101)=1\gcd(11,101)=1,得到 m+n=11+101=112m+n=11+101=112

Let yy be the common value. In natural logarithms, y=ln22xln20x=ln202xln2x.y = \frac{\ln 22x}{\ln 20x} = \frac{\ln 202x}{\ln 2x}. When two fractions are equal, each also equals the quotient of the differences of numerators and denominators: y=ln202xln22xln2xln20x=ln10111ln110=log1010111=log1011101. \begin{aligned} y &= \frac{\ln 202x - \ln 22x}{\ln 2x - \ln 20x} \\ &= \frac{\ln \frac{101}{11}}{\ln \frac{1}{10}} \\ &= -\log_{10}\frac{101}{11} \\ &= \log_{10}\frac{11}{101}. \end{aligned}

To check existence rather than merely use the promised x,x, note that y1.y \ne 1. Setting lnx=yln20ln221y \ln x=\frac{y\ln 20-\ln 22}{1-y} makes ln(22x)=yln(20x).\ln(22x)=y\ln(20x). Also ln(202x)ln(22x)=ln10111=yln110, \begin{aligned} \ln(202x)-\ln(22x) &= \ln\frac{101}{11} \\ &= y\ln\frac{1}{10}, \end{aligned} so ln(202x)=yln(2x)\ln(202x)=y\ln(2x) as well. This positive xx is neither excluded value (neither one satisfies the displayed linear equation), so both logarithm bases are valid. Since gcd(11,101)=1,\gcd(11,101)=1, we get m+n=11+101=112.m+n=11+101=112.

5.

在一个圆上标出二十个不同的点,并按顺时针顺序标号为 112020。若两点标号之差为质数,就在这两点之间画一条线段。求以原来的 2020 个点为顶点形成的三角形个数。

Twenty distinct points are marked on a circle and labeled 11 through 2020 in clockwise order. A line segment is drawn between every pair of points whose labels differ by a prime number. Find the number of triangles formed whose vertices are among the original 2020 points.

难度评级:2400
小提示:

对标号 i<j<ki \lt j \lt k,三个差都必须是质数,并且 kik - i 是另外两个差的和

For labels i<j<k,i \lt j \lt k, all three differences must be prime, and kik - i is the sum of the other two

大提示:

两个奇质数之和为偶数,所以其中一个差必须是 22:差为 2,p,p+22, p, p + 2,其中 ppp+2p + 2 都是质数

Two odd primes sum to an even number, so one difference must be 2:2: the differences are 2,p,p+22, p, p + 2 with pp and p+2p + 2 both prime

解答:

一个三角形的顶点为 i<j<ki \lt j \lt k,其中 jij - ikjk - jkik - i 都是质数。因为 ki=(ji)+(kj)k - i = (j - i) + (k - j) 是两个质数之和且本身也是质数,而两个奇质数之和为偶数,所以两个较小的差中必有一个等于 22。因此两个较小的差按某种顺序为 {2,p}\{2, p\},其中 ppp+2p + 2 都是质数;满足 p+219p + 2 \le 19 的孪生质数对为 (3,5)(3, 5)(5,7)(5, 7)(11,13)(11, 13)(17,19)(17, 19)

对每一对,居中的顶点可以离最小顶点距离 22,也可以离最小顶点距离 pp,总跨度为 p+2p + 2,所以有 2(20(p+2))2\bigl(20 - (p + 2)\bigr) 个三角形。四对分别给出 215=302 \cdot 15 = 30213=262 \cdot 13 = 2627=142 \cdot 7 = 1421=22 \cdot 1 = 2

总数为 30+26+14+2=7230 + 26 + 14 + 2 = 72

A triangle has vertices i<j<ki \lt j \lt k where ji,j - i, kj,k - j, and kik - i are all prime. Since ki=(ji)+(kj)k - i = (j - i) + (k - j) is a prime that is a sum of two primes, and the sum of two odd primes is even, one of the two smaller differences must equal 2.2. So the differences are {2,p}\{2, p\} in some order with pp and p+2p + 2 both prime: the twin prime pairs with p+219p + 2 \le 19 are (3,5),(3, 5), (5,7),(5, 7), (11,13),(11, 13), and (17,19).(17, 19).

For each pair, the middle vertex can be at distance 22 or at distance pp from the smallest, and the total span is p+2,p + 2, so there are 2(20(p+2))2\bigl(20 - (p + 2)\bigr) triangles. This gives 215=30,2 \cdot 15 = 30, 213=26,2 \cdot 13 = 26, 27=14,2 \cdot 7 = 14, and 21=22 \cdot 1 = 2 for the four pairs.

The total is 30+26+14+2=72.30 + 26 + 14 + 2 = 72.

6.

x1x2x100x_1 \le x_2 \le \cdots \le x_{100} 为实数,满足 x1+x2++x100=1|x_1| + |x_2| + \cdots + |x_{100}| = 1x1+x2++x100=0x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{100} = 0。在所有这样的 100100 元数组中,x76x16x_{76} - x_{16} 能达到的最大值为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let x1x2x100x_1 \le x_2 \le \cdots \le x_{100} be real numbers such that x1+x2++x100=1|x_1| + |x_2| + \cdots + |x_{100}| = 1 and x1+x2++x100=0.x_1 + x_2 + \cdots + x_{100} = 0. Among all such 100100-tuples of numbers, the greatest value that x76x16x_{76} - x_{16} can achieve is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2600
小提示:

两个条件迫使正项之和为 12\frac{1}{2},负项之和为 12-\frac{1}{2}

The two conditions force the positive terms to sum to 12\frac{1}{2} and the negative terms to sum to 12-\frac{1}{2}

大提示:

x16x_{16} 小于 132-\frac{1}{32},仅前 1616 项之和就会小于 12-\frac{1}{2};用同样方式由最后 2525 项约束 x76x_{76}

If x16x_{16} were below 132,-\frac{1}{32}, the first 1616 terms alone would sum below 12;-\frac{1}{2}; bound x76x_{76} the same way using the last 2525 terms

解答:

因为各项之和为 00,而绝对值之和为 11,正项之和为 12\frac{1}{2},负项之和为 12-\frac{1}{2}。若 x16<132x_{16} \lt -\frac{1}{32},则 x1,,x16x_1, \ldots, x_{16} 都小于 132-\frac{1}{32},它们的和会小于 12-\frac{1}{2},矛盾;因此 x16132x_{16} \ge -\frac{1}{32}。类似地,若 x76>150x_{76} \gt \frac{1}{50},则 x76,,x100x_{76}, \ldots, x_{100}2525 项都大于 150\frac{1}{50},总和超过 12\frac{1}{2};因此 x76150x_{76} \le \frac{1}{50}

所以 x76x16150+132x_{76} - x_{16} \le \frac{1}{50} + \frac{1}{32} =16+25800= \frac{16 + 25}{800} =41800= \frac{41}{800}。取 x1==x16=132x_1 = \cdots = x_{16} = -\frac{1}{32}x17==x75=0x_{17} = \cdots = x_{75} = 0 以及 x76==x100=150x_{76} = \cdots = x_{100} = \frac{1}{50},即可取到这个值。

因为 gcd(41,800)=1\gcd(41, 800) = 1,答案为 41+800=84141 + 800 = 841

Since the terms sum to 00 while their absolute values sum to 1,1, the positive terms sum to 12\frac{1}{2} and the negative terms sum to 12.-\frac{1}{2}. If x16<132,x_{16} \lt -\frac{1}{32}, then x1,,x16x_1, \ldots, x_{16} are all less than 132-\frac{1}{32} and would sum below 12,-\frac{1}{2}, a contradiction; hence x16132.x_{16} \ge -\frac{1}{32}. Similarly, if x76>150x_{76} \gt \frac{1}{50} then x76,,x100x_{76}, \ldots, x_{100} are 2525 terms each exceeding 150,\frac{1}{50}, summing above 12;\frac{1}{2}; hence x76150.x_{76} \le \frac{1}{50}.

Therefore x76x16150+132x_{76} - x_{16} \le \frac{1}{50} + \frac{1}{32} =16+25800= \frac{16 + 25}{800} =41800,= \frac{41}{800}, and this is achieved by taking x1==x16=132,x_1 = \cdots = x_{16} = -\frac{1}{32}, x17==x75=0,x_{17} = \cdots = x_{75} = 0, and x76==x100=150.x_{76} = \cdots = x_{100} = \frac{1}{50}.

Since gcd(41,800)=1,\gcd(41, 800) = 1, the answer is 41+800=841.41 + 800 = 841.

7.

一个半径为 66 的圆与一个半径为 2424 的圆外切。求这两个圆的三条公切线围成的三角形区域的面积。

A circle with radius 66 is externally tangent to a circle with radius 24.24. Find the area of the triangular region bounded by the three common tangent lines of these two circles.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

两条外公切线交于中心连线上的一点 PP,它到两个圆心的距离之比为 24:624 : 6

The two external tangents meet at a point PP on the line through the centers, whose distances to the centers are in ratio 24:624 : 6

大提示:

第三条边是在切点处的公切线,垂直于中心连线。对 PP 处的半角使用 sinθ=2440\sin\theta = \frac{24}{40}

The third side is the common tangent at the point of tangency, perpendicular to the center line. Use sinθ=2440\sin\theta = \frac{24}{40} for the half-angle at P.P.

解答:

两个圆心 O1O_1(半径 2424)和 O2O_2(半径 66)相距 3030。两条外公切线交于 O1O2O_1O_2 线上小圆外侧的一点 PP,并满足 PO1PO2=246=4\frac{PO_1}{PO_2} = \frac{24}{6} = 4。结合 PO1PO2=30PO_1 - PO_2 = 30,得到 PO1=40PO_1 = 40PO2=10PO_2 = 10。每条外公切线与中心连线成角 θ\theta,其中 sinθ=2440=35\sin\theta = \frac{24}{40} = \frac{3}{5},所以 tanθ=34\tan\theta = \frac{3}{4}

第三条公切线是在两圆切点 TT 处的切线,它在距 O1O_12424 的位置垂直于 O1O2O_1O_2。三条切线围成的三角形以 PP 为顶点,底边在这条直线上,高为 PT=4024=16PT = 40 - 24 = 16,半底长为 16tanθ=1216\tan\theta = 12

面积为 122416=192\frac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 16 = 192

The centers O1O_1 (radius 2424) and O2O_2 (radius 66) are 3030 apart. The two external tangents meet at a point PP on line O1O2O_1O_2 beyond the small circle, with PO1PO2=246=4.\frac{PO_1}{PO_2} = \frac{24}{6} = 4. Combined with PO1PO2=30,PO_1 - PO_2 = 30, this gives PO1=40PO_1 = 40 and PO2=10.PO_2 = 10. Each external tangent makes angle θ\theta with the center line, where sinθ=2440=35,\sin\theta = \frac{24}{40} = \frac{3}{5}, so tanθ=34.\tan\theta = \frac{3}{4}.

The third common tangent is the tangent at the point of tangency T,T, which is perpendicular to O1O2O_1O_2 at distance 2424 from O1.O_1. The triangle bounded by the three tangents has apex PP and base on this line, with height PT=4024=16PT = 40 - 24 = 16 and half-base 16tanθ=12.16\tan\theta = 12.

Its area is 122416=192.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 16 = 192.

8.

求满足 n600n \le 600 的正整数的个数,使得当 n4\left\lfloor \frac{n}{4} \right\rfloorn5\left\lfloor \frac{n}{5} \right\rfloorn6\left\lfloor \frac{n}{6} \right\rfloor 的值给定时,该正整数能在所有正整数中被唯一确定。这里 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过实数 xx 的最大整数。

Find the number of positive integers n600n \le 600 whose value can be uniquely determined among all positive integers when the values of n4,\left\lfloor \frac{n}{4} \right\rfloor, n5,\left\lfloor \frac{n}{5} \right\rfloor, and n6\left\lfloor \frac{n}{6} \right\rfloor are given, where x\lfloor x \rfloor denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number x.x.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

共享同一个向下取整三元组的整数形成一段连续整数,因此 nn 恰好在这段长度为 11 时被确定

The integers sharing a given triple of floor values form a block of consecutive integers, so nn is determined exactly when its block has size 11

大提示:

这段长度为 11 当且仅当 nnn+1n + 1 中每一个都能被 4,5,64, 5, 6 中的至少一个整除。按模 6060 的一个周期计数这些 nn

The block has size 11 exactly when each of nn and n+1n + 1 is divisible by at least one of 4,5,6.4, 5, 6. Count such nn in one period of 60.60.

解答:

共享给定三元组 (n4,n5,n6)\left(\left\lfloor \frac{n}{4} \right\rfloor, \left\lfloor \frac{n}{5} \right\rfloor, \left\lfloor \frac{n}{6} \right\rfloor\right) 的正整数集合是三个区间的交集,因此是一段连续整数。所以 nn 被唯一确定,当且仅当 n1n - 1n+1n + 1 都不给出同一个三元组:在 n1n - 1 处必须有某个向下取整值下降,这意味着 4,54, 566 整除 nn;在 n+1n + 1 处必须有某个向下取整值跳升,这意味着 4,54, 566 整除 n+1n + 1

因为 nnn+1n + 1 不可能同为偶数,(n,n+1)(n, n + 1) 的除数配对为 (4,5)(4, 5)(5,4)(5, 4)(5,6)(5, 6)(6,5)(6, 5)。模 6060 计算:44 整除 nn55 整除 n+1n + 1 给出 n4,24,44n \equiv 4, 24, 4455 整除 nn44 整除 n+1n + 1 给出 n15,35,55n \equiv 15, 35, 5555 整除 nn66 整除 n+1n + 1 给出 n5,35n \equiv 5, 35;而 66 整除 nn55 整除 n+1n + 1 给出 n24,54n \equiv 24, 54。并集是模 606088 个剩余类 {4,5,15,24,35,44,54,55}\{4, 5, 15, 24, 35, 44, 54, 55\}

1n6001 \le n \le 600 中,每个剩余类出现 1010 次,所以个数为 810=808 \cdot 10 = 80。(注意 n=600n = 600 不满足:601601 不能被 4,5,64, 5, 6 中任何一个整除,所以 601,602,603601, 602, 603600600 共享同一个三元组。)

The set of positive integers sharing a given triple (n4,n5,n6)\left(\left\lfloor \frac{n}{4} \right\rfloor, \left\lfloor \frac{n}{5} \right\rfloor, \left\lfloor \frac{n}{6} \right\rfloor\right) is an intersection of three intervals, hence a block of consecutive integers. So nn is uniquely determined exactly when neither n1n - 1 nor n+1n + 1 gives the same triple: some floor must drop at n1,n - 1, meaning 4,5,4, 5, or 66 divides n,n, and some floor must jump at n+1,n + 1, meaning 4,5,4, 5, or 66 divides n+1.n + 1.

Since nn and n+1n + 1 cannot both be even, the divisor pairs for (n,n+1)(n, n + 1) are (4,5),(4, 5), (5,4),(5, 4), (5,6),(5, 6), and (6,5).(6, 5). Working modulo 60:60: 44 dividing nn and 55 dividing n+1n + 1 gives n4,24,44;n \equiv 4, 24, 44; 55 dividing nn and 44 dividing n+1n + 1 gives n15,35,55;n \equiv 15, 35, 55; 55 dividing nn and 66 dividing n+1n + 1 gives n5,35;n \equiv 5, 35; and 66 dividing nn and 55 dividing n+1n + 1 gives n24,54.n \equiv 24, 54. The union is the 88 residues {4,5,15,24,35,44,54,55}\{4, 5, 15, 24, 35, 44, 54, 55\} modulo 60.60.

Each residue occurs 1010 times among 1n600,1 \le n \le 600, so the count is 810=80.8 \cdot 10 = 80. (Note n=600n = 600 fails: 601601 is divisible by none of 4,5,6,4, 5, 6, so 601,602,603601, 602, 603 share 600600’s triple.)

9.

A\ell_AB\ell_B 是两条不同的平行线。对正整数 mmnn,不同的点 A1A_1A2A_2A3A_3\ldotsAmA_m 位于 A\ell_A 上,不同的点 B1B_1B2B_2B3B_3\ldotsBnB_n 位于 B\ell_B 上。此外,若对所有 i=1i = 12233\ldotsmmj=1j = 12233\ldotsnn 都画出线段 AiBj\overline{A_iB_j},则在 A\ell_AB\ell_B 严格之间没有任何一点落在两条以上的线段上。当 m=7m = 7n=5n = 5 时,求这个图形把平面分成的有界区域个数。图中显示当 m=3m = 3n=2n = 2 时有 88 个区域。

Let A\ell_A and B\ell_B be two distinct parallel lines. For positive integers mm and n,n, distinct points A1,A_1, A2,A_2, A3,A_3, ,\ldots, AmA_m lie on A,\ell_A, and distinct points B1,B_1, B2,B_2, B3,B_3, ,\ldots, BnB_n lie on B.\ell_B. Additionally, when segments AiBj\overline{A_iB_j} are drawn for all i=1,i = 1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, mm and j=1,j = 1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, n,n, no point strictly between A\ell_A and B\ell_B lies on more than two of the segments. Find the number of bounded regions into which this figure divides the plane when m=7m = 7 and n=5.n = 5. The figure shows that there are 88 regions when m=3m = 3 and n=2.n = 2.

难度评级:2840
小提示:

每选两个 AA 点和两个 BB 点,恰好产生一个内部交点,所以交点数为 (72)(52)\binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2}

Each choice of two AA’s and two BB’s produces exactly one interior crossing, so there are (72)(52)\binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2} crossing points

大提示:

使用欧拉公式 VE+F=2V - E + F = 2:每个交点分割两条线段,所以这些线段贡献 mn+2(m2)(n2)mn + 2\binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2} 条边

Use Euler’s formula VE+F=2:V - E + F = 2: each crossing splits two segments, so the segments contribute mn+2(m2)(n2)mn + 2\binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2} edges

解答:

两条线段 AiBj\overline{A_iB_j}AkBl\overline{A_kB_l} 严格在两条直线之间相交,当且仅当两个 AA 点的先后顺序与对应两个 BB 点的先后顺序相反;任取两个 AA 点和两个 BB 点时,恰有一种配对会发生这种情况。由一般位置假设,这些交点互不相同,所以交点数为 X=(m2)(n2)X = \binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2}

将两条直线截成足够长的线段并应用欧拉公式。顶点包括 m+nm + n 个标记点、XX 个交点和 44 个截断端点,所以 V=m+n+X+4V = m + n + X + 4。直线 A\ell_A 被分成 m+1m + 1 条边,B\ell_B 被分成 n+1n + 1 条边;每个交点分割两条所画线段,所以所画线段贡献 mn+2Xmn + 2X 条边,得到 E=mn+m+n+2X+2E = mn + m + n + 2X + 2。于是 F=EV+2=mn+XF = E - V + 2 = mn + X\text{,} 其中一个面是无界的,所以有 mn+X1mn + X - 1 个有界区域。对 m=3m = 3n=2n = 2,这给出 6+31=86 + 3 - 1 = 8,与图形一致。

m=7m = 7n=5n = 535+(72)(52)135 + \binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2} - 1 =35+21101= 35 + 21 \cdot 10 - 1 =244= 244

Two segments AiBj\overline{A_iB_j} and AkBl\overline{A_kB_l} cross strictly between the lines exactly when one of the AA’s comes first and the other’s BB comes first, which happens for exactly one pairing of any two AA’s with any two BB’s. By the general-position hypothesis these crossings are distinct, so there are X=(m2)(n2)X = \binom{m}{2}\binom{n}{2} of them.

Clip the two lines to long segments and apply Euler’s formula. The vertices are the m+nm + n marked points, the XX crossings, and the 44 clipped line ends, so V=m+n+X+4.V = m + n + X + 4. Line A\ell_A is divided into m+1m + 1 edges and B\ell_B into n+1;n + 1; each crossing splits two segments, so the drawn segments contribute mn+2Xmn + 2X edges, giving E=mn+m+n+2X+2.E = mn + m + n + 2X + 2. Then F=EV+2=mn+X,F = E - V + 2 = mn + X, of which one face is unbounded, so there are mn+X1mn + X - 1 bounded regions. For m=3,m = 3, n=2n = 2 this gives 6+31=8,6 + 3 - 1 = 8, matching the figure.

For m=7m = 7 and n=5:n = 5: 35+(72)(52)135 + \binom{7}{2}\binom{5}{2} - 1 =35+21101= 35 + 21 \cdot 10 - 1 =244.= 244.

10.

求下式 ((32)2)+((42)2)++((402)2)\binom{\binom{3}{2}}{2} + \binom{\binom{4}{2}}{2} + \cdots + \binom{\binom{40}{2}}{2} 除以 10001000 的余数。

Find the remainder when ((32)2)+((42)2)++((402)2)\binom{\binom{3}{2}}{2} + \binom{\binom{4}{2}}{2} + \cdots + \binom{\binom{40}{2}}{2} is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

展开:((n2)2)\binom{\binom{n}{2}}{2} 等于 (n+1)n(n1)(n2)8\frac{(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)}{8},这是关于 nn 的多项式

Expand: ((n2)2)\binom{\binom{n}{2}}{2} equals (n+1)n(n1)(n2)8,\frac{(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)}{8}, a polynomial in nn

大提示:

这个表达式是 3(n+14)3\binom{n+1}{4};用曲棍球棒恒等式求和

That expression is 3(n+14);3\binom{n+1}{4}; sum it with the hockey stick identity

解答:

因为 (n2)=n(n1)2\binom{n}{2} = \frac{n(n-1)}{2},且 (n2)1=(n+1)(n2)2\binom{n}{2} - 1 = \frac{(n+1)(n-2)}{2}((n2)2)=12n(n1)2(n+1)(n2)2=(n+1)n(n1)(n2)8=3(n+14) \begin{aligned} \binom{\binom{n}{2}}{2} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{n(n-1)}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{(n+1)(n-2)}{2} \\ &= \small \frac{(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)}{8} \\ &= 3\binom{n+1}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

由曲棍球棒恒等式,n=3403(n+14)=3k=441(k4)=3(425)=3850668=2552004 \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=3}^{40} 3\binom{n+1}{4} &= 3\sum_{k=4}^{41}\binom{k}{4} \\ &= 3\binom{42}{5} \\ &= 3 \cdot 850668 \\ &= 2552004 \end{aligned}\text{。}

除以 10001000 的余数为 44

Since (n2)=n(n1)2\binom{n}{2} = \frac{n(n-1)}{2} and (n2)1=(n+1)(n2)2,\binom{n}{2} - 1 = \frac{(n+1)(n-2)}{2}, ((n2)2)=12n(n1)2(n+1)(n2)2=(n+1)n(n1)(n2)8=3(n+14). \begin{aligned} \binom{\binom{n}{2}}{2} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{n(n-1)}{2} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{(n+1)(n-2)}{2} \\ &= \small \frac{(n+1)n(n-1)(n-2)}{8} \\ &= 3\binom{n+1}{4}. \end{aligned}

By the hockey stick identity, n=3403(n+14)=3k=441(k4)=3(425)=3850668=2552004. \begin{aligned} \sum_{n=3}^{40} 3\binom{n+1}{4} &= 3\sum_{k=4}^{41}\binom{k}{4} \\ &= 3\binom{42}{5} \\ &= 3 \cdot 850668 \\ &= 2552004. \end{aligned}

The remainder upon division by 10001000 is 4.4.

11.

ABCDABCD 是一个凸四边形,满足 AB=2AB = 2AD=7AD = 7CD=3CD = 3,且锐角 DAB\angle DABADC\angle ADC 的角平分线相交于 BC\overline{BC} 的中点。求 ABCDABCD 面积的平方。

Let ABCDABCD be a convex quadrilateral with AB=2,AB = 2, AD=7,AD = 7, and CD=3CD = 3 such that the bisectors of acute angles DAB\angle DAB and ADC\angle ADC intersect at the midpoint of BC.\overline{BC}. Find the square of the area of ABCD.ABCD.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

BB 关于从 AA 出发的角平分线反射,并将 CC 关于从 DD 出发的角平分线反射:两个像都落在 AD\overline{AD}

Reflect BB over the bisector from AA and CC over the bisector from D:D: both reflections land on AD\overline{AD}

大提示:

因为 MB=MCMB = MC,所以中点 MM 到两个反射像的距离相等,而这两个像在 AD\overline{AD} 上,分别距 AA22、距 DD33

Since MB=MC,MB = MC, the midpoint MM is equidistant from the two reflections, which lie on AD\overline{AD} at distances 22 from AA and 33 from DD

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)D=(7,0)D = (7, 0),且 B,CB, C 在坐标轴上方,并设 MMBC\overline{BC} 的中点。将 BB 关于角平分线 AMAM 反射,会把射线 ABAB 变到射线 ADAD,所以 BB 映到 B=(2,0)B' = (2, 0),将 CC 关于角平分线 DMDM 反射,得到 C=(4,0)C' = (4, 0)。因为 MM 在两条镜像线之上,MB=MB=MC=MCMB' = MB = MC = MC',所以 MMBB'CC' 等距,从而 M=(3,h)M = (3, h),其中 h>0h \gt 0

DAB=2α\angle DAB = 2\alphaADC=2δ\angle ADC = 2\delta,于是 tanα=h3\tan\alpha = \frac{h}{3}tanδ=h4\tan\delta = \frac{h}{4}。则 B=(2cos2α,2sin2α)B = (2\cos 2\alpha,\, 2\sin 2\alpha)C=(73cos2δ,3sin2δ)C = (7 - 3\cos 2\delta,\, 3\sin 2\delta),而中点条件在 xx 坐标上给出 2cos2α3cos2δ=12\cos 2\alpha - 3\cos 2\delta = -1。代入 cos2α=9h29+h2\cos 2\alpha = \frac{9 - h^2}{9 + h^2}cos2δ=16h216+h2\cos 2\delta = \frac{16 - h^2}{16 + h^2},清除分母后得到 2h4=10h22h^4 = 10h^2,所以 h2=5h^2 = 5。(此时 yy 坐标条件也自动满足:2sin2α2\sin 2\alpha +3sin2δ{}+ 3\sin 2\delta =657+857= \frac{6\sqrt{5}}{7} + \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{7} =2h= 2h。)

现在 cos2α=27\cos 2\alpha = \frac{2}{7}sin2α=357\sin 2\alpha = \frac{3\sqrt{5}}{7}cos2δ=1121\cos 2\delta = \frac{11}{21}sin2δ=8521\sin 2\delta = \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{21},所以 B=(47,657)B = \left(\frac{4}{7}, \frac{6\sqrt{5}}{7}\right)C=(387,857)C = \left(\frac{38}{7}, \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{7}\right)。对 A,B,C,DA, B, C, D 使用鞋带公式,面积为 656\sqrt{5},其平方为 180180

Place A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and D=(7,0)D = (7, 0) with B,CB, C above the axis, and let MM be the midpoint of BC.\overline{BC}. Reflecting BB over the bisector line AMAM carries ray ABAB to ray AD,AD, so BB maps to B=(2,0),B' = (2, 0), and reflecting CC over the bisector DMDM gives C=(4,0).C' = (4, 0). Since MM lies on both mirror lines, MB=MB=MC=MC,MB' = MB = MC = MC', so MM is equidistant from BB' and CC' and hence M=(3,h)M = (3, h) for some h>0.h \gt 0.

Write DAB=2α\angle DAB = 2\alpha and ADC=2δ,\angle ADC = 2\delta, so tanα=h3\tan\alpha = \frac{h}{3} and tanδ=h4.\tan\delta = \frac{h}{4}. Then B=(2cos2α,2sin2α)B = (2\cos 2\alpha,\, 2\sin 2\alpha) and C=(73cos2δ,3sin2δ),C = (7 - 3\cos 2\delta,\, 3\sin 2\delta), and the midpoint condition on the xx-coordinates reads 2cos2α3cos2δ=1.2\cos 2\alpha - 3\cos 2\delta = -1. Substituting cos2α=9h29+h2\cos 2\alpha = \frac{9 - h^2}{9 + h^2} and cos2δ=16h216+h2\cos 2\delta = \frac{16 - h^2}{16 + h^2} and clearing denominators gives 2h4=10h2,2h^4 = 10h^2, so h2=5.h^2 = 5. (The yy-coordinate condition is then satisfied automatically: 2sin2α2\sin 2\alpha +3sin2δ{}+ 3\sin 2\delta =657+857= \frac{6\sqrt{5}}{7} + \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{7} =2h.= 2h.)

Now cos2α=27,\cos 2\alpha = \frac{2}{7}, sin2α=357,\sin 2\alpha = \frac{3\sqrt{5}}{7}, cos2δ=1121,\cos 2\delta = \frac{11}{21}, sin2δ=8521,\sin 2\delta = \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{21}, so B=(47,657)B = \left(\frac{4}{7}, \frac{6\sqrt{5}}{7}\right) and C=(387,857).C = \left(\frac{38}{7}, \frac{8\sqrt{5}}{7}\right). The shoelace formula on A,B,C,DA, B, C, D gives area 65,6\sqrt{5}, whose square is 180.180.

12.

aabbxxyy 为实数,满足 a>4a \gt 4b>1b \gt 1,并且 x2a2+y2a216=(x20)2b21+(y11)2b2=1 \begin{aligned} \frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{a^2 - 16} &= \frac{(x - 20)^2}{b^2 - 1} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{(y - 11)^2}{b^2} \\ &= 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}a+ba + b 的最小可能值。

Let a,a, b,b, x,x, and yy be real numbers with a>4a \gt 4 and b>1b \gt 1 such that x2a2+y2a216=(x20)2b21+(y11)2b2=1. \begin{aligned} \frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{a^2 - 16} &= \frac{(x - 20)^2}{b^2 - 1} \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{(y - 11)^2}{b^2} \\ &= 1. \end{aligned} Find the least possible value of a+b.a + b.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

两个方程是经过同一点的椭圆:第一个的焦点为 (±4,0)(\pm 4, 0),第二个的焦点为 (20,10)(20, 10)(20,12)(20, 12)

Both equations are ellipses through a common point: the first has foci (±4,0),(\pm 4, 0), the second has foci (20,10)(20, 10) and (20,12)(20, 12)

大提示:

2a+2b2a + 2b 是公共点到四个焦点的距离之和;将焦点配对,使三角不等式给出的线段实际相交

2a+2b2a + 2b is the sum of the four focal distances of the common point; pair the foci so the triangle inequality gives segments that actually intersect

解答:

第一个椭圆有 c2=a2(a216)=16c^2 = a^2 - (a^2 - 16) = 16,所以焦点为 F1=(4,0)F_1 = (-4, 0)F2=(4,0)F_2 = (4, 0),到两焦点的距离和为 2a2a。第二个椭圆以 (20,11)(20, 11) 为中心,长轴竖直,且 c2=b2(b21)=1c^2 = b^2 - (b^2 - 1) = 1,所以焦点为 G1=(20,10)G_1 = (20, 10)G2=(20,12)G_2 = (20, 12),到两焦点的距离和为 2b2b。若 P=(x,y)P = (x, y) 在两个椭圆上,则 2a+2b=(PF1+PG1)+(PF2+PG2)F1G1+F2G2=242+102+162+122=26+20=46 \begin{aligned} 2a + 2b \\ &= (PF_1 + PG_1) \\ &\quad {}+ (PF_2 + PG_2) \\ &\ge F_1G_1 + F_2G_2 \\ &= \sqrt{24^2 + 10^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} \\ &= 26 + 20 \\ &= 46 \end{aligned} 所以 a+b23a + b \ge 23

等号要求 PP 同时位于线段 F1G1\overline{F_1G_1}F2G2\overline{F_2G_2} 上。这两条线段确实相交于 P=(14,152)P = \left(14, \frac{15}{2}\right):此时 PF1=392PF_1 = \frac{39}{2}PF2=252PF_2 = \frac{25}{2},所以 2a=322a = 32a=16>4a = 16 \gt 4;且 PG1=132PG_1 = \frac{13}{2}PG2=152PG_2 = \frac{15}{2},所以 2b=142b = 14b=7>1b = 7 \gt 1

因此 a+ba + b 的最小可能值为 16+7=2316 + 7 = 23

The first ellipse has c2=a2(a216)=16,c^2 = a^2 - (a^2 - 16) = 16, hence foci F1=(4,0)F_1 = (-4, 0) and F2=(4,0),F_2 = (4, 0), with distance sum 2a.2a. The second is centered at (20,11)(20, 11) with vertical major axis and c2=b2(b21)=1,c^2 = b^2 - (b^2 - 1) = 1, hence foci G1=(20,10)G_1 = (20, 10) and G2=(20,12),G_2 = (20, 12), with distance sum 2b.2b. If P=(x,y)P = (x, y) lies on both, then 2a+2b=(PF1+PG1)+(PF2+PG2)F1G1+F2G2=242+102+162+122=26+20=46, \begin{aligned} 2a + 2b \\ &= (PF_1 + PG_1) \\ &\quad {}+ (PF_2 + PG_2) \\ &\ge F_1G_1 + F_2G_2 \\ &= \sqrt{24^2 + 10^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{16^2 + 12^2} \\ &= 26 + 20 \\ &= 46, \end{aligned} so a+b23.a + b \ge 23.

Equality requires PP to lie on both segments F1G1\overline{F_1G_1} and F2G2.\overline{F_2G_2}. These segments do intersect, at P=(14,152):P = \left(14, \frac{15}{2}\right): then PF1=392,PF_1 = \frac{39}{2}, PF2=252,PF_2 = \frac{25}{2}, so 2a=32,2a = 32, a=16>4;a = 16 \gt 4; and PG1=132,PG_1 = \frac{13}{2}, PG2=152,PG_2 = \frac{15}{2}, so 2b=14,2b = 14, b=7>1.b = 7 \gt 1.

Hence the least possible value of a+ba + b is 16+7=23.16 + 7 = 23.

13.

存在一个整系数多项式 P(x)P(x),满足 P(x)=(x23101)61(x1051)(x701)1(x421)(x301) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^{2310}-1)^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{105}-1)(x^{70}-1)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{42}-1)(x^{30}-1)} \end{aligned} 对每个 0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1 都成立。求 P(x)P(x)x2022x^{2022} 的系数。

There is a polynomial P(x)P(x) with integer coefficients such that P(x)=(x23101)61(x1051)(x701)1(x421)(x301) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^{2310}-1)^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{105}-1)(x^{70}-1)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{42}-1)(x^{30}-1)} \end{aligned} holds for every 0<x<1.0 \lt x \lt 1. Find the coefficient of x2022x^{2022} in P(x).P(x).

难度评级:3270
小提示:

写成 P(x)=(1x2310)611xkP(x) = (1 - x^{2310})^6 \prod \frac{1}{1 - x^k},其中 k=105,70,42,30k = 105, 70, 42, 30;由于 2022<23102022 \lt 2310,分子只贡献常数项

Write P(x)=(1x2310)611xkP(x) = (1 - x^{2310})^6 \prod \frac{1}{1 - x^k} for k=105,70,42,30;k = 105, 70, 42, 30; since 2022<2310,2022 \lt 2310, the numerator contributes only its constant term

大提示:

通过分别模 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 来固定 a,b,c,da, b, c, d 关于 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 的余数,从而计数 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 的解

Count solutions of 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 by reducing modulo 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 to pin down a,b,c,da, b, c, d modulo 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7

解答:

0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1P(x)=(1x2310)61(1x105)(1x70)1(1x42)(1x30) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (1-x^{2310})^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{105})(1-x^{70})} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{42})(1-x^{30})} \end{aligned} 且每个因子 11xk\frac{1}{1 - x^k} 都可展开为等比级数。由于 2022<23102022 \lt 2310,因子 (1x2310)6(1 - x^{2310})^6 只贡献常数项 11,所以 x2022x^{2022} 的系数等于非负整数解 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 的个数。

22 化简给出 105a2022105a \equiv 2022,所以 aa 为偶数;模 33 化简给出 70b2022070b \equiv 2022 \equiv 0,所以 33 整除 bb;模 55 化简给出 2c202222c \equiv 2022 \equiv 2,所以 c1(mod5)c \equiv 1 \pmod 5;模 77 化简给出 2d202262d \equiv 2022 \equiv 6,所以 d3(mod7)d \equiv 3 \pmod 7。令 a=2aa = 2a'b=3bb = 3b'c=5c+1c = 5c' + 1d=7d+3d = 7d' + 3,原方程变为 210(a+b+c+d)+42+90=2022 \begin{aligned} &210(a' + b' + c' + d') + 42 \\ &\quad {}+ 90 = 2022 \end{aligned} 所以 a+b+c+d=9a' + b' + c' + d' = 9\text{。}

由隔板法共有 (123)=220\binom{12}{3} = 220 个解,因此该系数为 220220

For 0<x<1,0 \lt x \lt 1, P(x)=(1x2310)61(1x105)(1x70)1(1x42)(1x30), \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (1-x^{2310})^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{105})(1-x^{70})} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{42})(1-x^{30})}, \end{aligned} and each factor 11xk\frac{1}{1 - x^k} expands as a geometric series. Since 2022<2310,2022 \lt 2310, the factor (1x2310)6(1 - x^{2310})^6 contributes only its constant term 1,1, so the coefficient of x2022x^{2022} is the number of nonnegative integer solutions of 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022.105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022.

Reducing modulo 22 gives 105a2022,105a \equiv 2022, so aa is even; modulo 33 gives 70b20220,70b \equiv 2022 \equiv 0, so 33 divides b;b; modulo 55 gives 2c20222,2c \equiv 2022 \equiv 2, so c1(mod5);c \equiv 1 \pmod 5; modulo 77 gives 2d20226,2d \equiv 2022 \equiv 6, so d3(mod7).d \equiv 3 \pmod 7. Writing a=2a,a = 2a', b=3b,b = 3b', c=5c+1,c = 5c' + 1, d=7d+3d = 7d' + 3 turns the equation into 210(a+b+c+d)+42+90=2022, \begin{aligned} &210(a' + b' + c' + d') + 42 \\ &\quad {}+ 90 = 2022, \end{aligned} so a+b+c+d=9.a' + b' + c' + d' = 9.

By stars and bars there are (123)=220\binom{12}{3} = 220 solutions, so the coefficient is 220.220.

14.

对满足 a<b<ca \lt b \lt c 的正整数 aabbcc,考虑面值为 aabbcc 分的邮票集合,其中每种面值至少有一张。如果存在这样的集合,其子集合能组成从一分到 10001000 分的每一个整数分值,则令 f(a,b,c)f(a, b, c) 为这种集合中邮票张数的最小值。求所有使得对某些 aabbf(a,b,c)=97f(a, b, c) = 97cc 中,最小三个值的和。

For positive integers a,a, b,b, and cc with a<b<c,a \lt b \lt c, consider collections of postage stamps in denominations a,a, b,b, and cc cents that contain at least one stamp of each denomination. If there exists such a collection that contains sub-collections worth every whole number of cents up to 10001000 cents, let f(a,b,c)f(a, b, c) be the minimum number of stamps in such a collection. Find the sum of the three least values of cc such that f(a,b,c)=97f(a, b, c) = 97 for some choice of aa and b.b.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

能组成 11 分迫使 a=1a = 1。一个集合可行,当且仅当一分邮票能达到 b1b - 1,一分和 bb 分邮票合起来能达到 c1c - 1,且总价值至少为 10001000

Making 11 cent forces a=1.a = 1. A collection works exactly when the ones reach b1,b - 1, the ones and bb’s together reach c1,c - 1, and the total value is at least 1000.1000.

大提示:

固定 cc 时,邮票张数在 b=c1b = c - 1 时最大,此时等于 c3+1003cc - 3 + \lceil \frac{1003}{c} \rceil;对 12c8712 \le c \le 87,它从不会达到 9797

For fixed cc the stamp count is largest at b=c1,b = c - 1, where it equals c3+1003c;c - 3 + \lceil \frac{1003}{c} \rceil; for 12c8712 \le c \le 87 this never reaches 9797

解答:

要组成 11 分,必须有 a=1a = 1。设集合中有 xx 张一分邮票、yybb 分邮票、zzcc 分邮票。数值 b1b - 1 只能用一分邮票组成,所以 xb1x \ge b - 1;数值 c1c - 1 必须由一分和 bb 分邮票组成,所以 x+ybc1x + yb \ge c - 1;总价值 x+yb+zcx + yb + zc 必须至少为 10001000。反过来,这三个条件也足够:若 xb1x \ge b - 1,一分和 bb 分邮票能组成从一到 x+ybx + yb 的所有值,而 cc 分邮票会将其延伸到总价值为止。所以最优选择为先取 x=b1x = b - 1,再取最小的 yy 使 x+ybc1x + yb \ge c - 1,最后取最小的 zz 达到 10001000

固定 cc 时,任何 bb 所需的邮票都不会多于 b=c1b=c-1 时的数量。事实上,对任意 2b<c2\le b\lt c,取 b1b-1 张一分邮票和 cbc-bbb 分邮票。这 c1c-1 张较低面值的邮票总价值为 b1+b(cb)2c3 b-1+b(c-b)\ge 2c-3 因为两边之差为 (b2)(cb1)0(b-2)(c-b-1)\ge0。再加入 1003c2\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil-2cc 分邮票,就得到一个至多有 c3+1003cc-3+\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil 张邮票的可行集合。当 b=c1b=c-1 时取到等号:必须有的 c2c-2 张一分邮票和一张 c1c-1 分邮票总价值为 2c32c-3,而面值至多为 cc 的邮票若少于 c3+1003c c-3+\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil 张,总价值就无法达到 10001000

12c8712\le c\le87,端点界 c(99c)1003c(99-c)\ge1003 给出 1003c99c\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil\le99-c,所以这个最大值至多为 9696,没有 bb 会给出 9797。对 c10c\le10,任意 9797 张邮票的总价值至多为 97c97097c\le970,所以不可能组成从一分到 10001000 分的每个值。

c=11c = 11,取 b=7b = 7,便有 66 张一分邮票、一张 77 分邮票(达到 131013 \ge 10),以及 98711=90\left\lceil \frac{987}{11} \right\rceil = 90 张十一分邮票:f(1,7,11)=6+1+90=97f(1, 7, 11) = 6 + 1 + 90 = 97。对 c=88c = 88c=89c = 89,取 b=87b = 87,便有 8686 张一分邮票、一张 8787 分邮票(达到 173173),以及 82788=82789=10\left\lceil \frac{827}{88} \right\rceil = \left\lceil \frac{827}{89} \right\rceil = 10cc 分邮票,两种情况下都是 86+1+10=9786 + 1 + 10 = 97。所以最小的三个 cc 值为 11,88,8911, 88, 89,和为 188188

To form 11 cent we need a=1.a = 1. Suppose the collection has xx ones, yy stamps of b,b, and zz of c.c. The value b1b - 1 must be made from ones alone, so xb1;x \ge b - 1; the value c1c - 1 must be made from ones and bb’s, so x+ybc1;x + yb \ge c - 1; and the total x+yb+zcx + yb + zc must be at least 1000.1000. Conversely these three conditions suffice: with xb1x \ge b - 1 the ones and bb’s make every value up to x+yb,x + yb, and then cc’s extend this to every value up to the total. So the optimum takes x=b1,x = b - 1, then the least yy with x+ybc1,x + yb \ge c - 1, then the least zz reaching 1000.1000.

For fixed c,c, no bb can require more stamps than b=c1.b=c-1. Indeed, for any 2b<c,2\le b\lt c, take b1b-1 ones and cbc-b stamps of b.b. These c1c-1 lower-denomination stamps have total value b1+b(cb)2c3, b-1+b(c-b)\ge 2c-3, because the difference is (b2)(cb1)0.(b-2)(c-b-1)\ge0. Adding 1003c2\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil-2 stamps of cc therefore gives a working collection of at most c3+1003cc-3+\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil stamps. Equality is attained when b=c1:b=c-1: the mandatory c2c-2 ones and one c1c-1 stamp have value 2c3,2c-3, and stamps of value at most cc cannot reach 10001000 with fewer than c3+1003c c-3+\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil stamps in total.

For 12c87,12\le c\le87, the endpoint bounds c(99c)1003c(99-c)\ge1003 give 1003c99c,\left\lceil\frac{1003}{c}\right\rceil\le99-c, so this maximum is at most 9696 and no bb gives 97.97. For c10,c\le10, any 9797 stamps have total value at most 97c970,97c\le970, so they cannot cover every value through 1000.1000.

For c=11,c = 11, taking b=7b = 7 gives 66 ones, one 77 (reaching 131013 \ge 10), and 98711=90\left\lceil \frac{987}{11} \right\rceil = 90 elevens: f(1,7,11)=6+1+90=97.f(1, 7, 11) = 6 + 1 + 90 = 97. For c=88c = 88 and c=89,c = 89, taking b=87b = 87 gives 8686 ones, one 8787 (reaching 173173), and 82788=82789=10\left\lceil \frac{827}{88} \right\rceil = \left\lceil \frac{827}{89} \right\rceil = 10 stamps of c,c, for 86+1+10=9786 + 1 + 10 = 97 in both cases. So the three least values of cc are 11,88,89,11, 88, 89, with sum 188.188.

15.

两个外切圆 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2 的圆心分别为 O1O_1O2O_2,第三个圆 Ω\Omega 经过 O1O_1O2O_2,并与 ω1\omega_1 交于 BBCC,与 ω2\omega_2 交于 AADD,如图所示。已知 AB=2AB = 2O1O2=15O_1O_2 = 15CD=16CD = 16,且 ABO1CDO2ABO_1CDO_2 是一个凸六边形。求这个六边形的面积。

Two externally tangent circles ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 have centers O1O_1 and O2,O_2, respectively. A third circle Ω\Omega passing through O1O_1 and O2O_2 intersects ω1\omega_1 at BB and CC and ω2\omega_2 at AA and D,D, as shown. Suppose that AB=2,AB = 2, O1O2=15,O_1O_2 = 15, CD=16,CD = 16, and ABO1CDO2ABO_1CDO_2 is a convex hexagon. Find the area of this hexagon.

难度评级:3700
小提示:

六个顶点都在 Ω\Omega 上,且 O1B=O1C=r1O_1B = O_1C = r_1O2A=O2D=r2O_2A = O_2D = r_2Ω\Omega 的弦,其中 r1+r2=15r_1 + r_2 = 15

All six vertices lie on Ω,\Omega, and O1B=O1C=r1O_1B = O_1C = r_1 and O2A=O2D=r2O_2A = O_2D = r_2 are chords of Ω\Omega with r1+r2=15r_1 + r_2 = 15

大提示:

将每条弦写成 2Rsin(其弧的一半)2R\sin(\text{其弧的一半}),再用和差化积把 161622 的方程相加相减,并使用两个等于 1515 的事实

Write each chord as 2Rsin(half its arc),2R\sin(\text{half its arc}), then add and subtract the 1616 and 22 equations with sum-to-product, using both facts worth 1515

解答:

六边形的六个顶点都在 Ω\Omega 上:O1O_1O2O_2 由题设在其上,而 A,B,C,DA, B, C, D 是与 Ω\Omega 的交点。设 Ω\Omega 的半径为 RR,并设边 ABABBO1BO_1O1CO_1CCDCDDO2DO_2O2AO_2A 所截的弧分别为 2α,2β,2β,2γ,2δ,2δ2\alpha, 2\beta, 2\beta, 2\gamma, 2\delta, 2\delta(两个 β\beta 是因为弦 BO1=O1C=r1BO_1 = O_1C = r_1 都等于 ω1\omega_1 的半径;同理 O2A=O2D=r2O_2A = O_2D = r_2),所以 α+2β+γ+2δ=π\alpha + 2\beta + \gamma + 2\delta = \pi。每条弦都等于 2Rsin(其弧的一半)2R\sin(\text{其弧的一半})2Rsinα=22R\sin\alpha = 22Rsinγ=162R\sin\gamma = 16,而弦 O1O2\overline{O_1O_2} 对应的弧为 2β+2γ+2δ2\beta + 2\gamma + 2\delta,给出 2Rsin(α+σ)=152R\sin(\alpha + \sigma) = 15,其中 σ=β+δ\sigma = \beta + \delta。外切又给出一个值为 1515 的等式:r1+r2=2R(sinβ+sinδ)=15r_1 + r_2 = 2R(\sin\beta + \sin\delta) = 15

因为 γ=πα2σ\gamma = \pi - \alpha - 2\sigma,所以 sinγ=sin(α+2σ)\sin\gamma = \sin(\alpha + 2\sigma)。和差化积给出 18=2R[sin(α+2σ)+sinα]=4Rsin(α+σ)cosσ=30cosσ \begin{aligned} 18 &= 2R\left[\sin(\alpha + 2\sigma) + \sin\alpha\right] \\ &= 4R\sin(\alpha + \sigma)\cos\sigma \\ &= 30\cos\sigma \end{aligned} 因此 cosσ=35\cos\sigma = \frac{3}{5}。类似地,14=4Rcos(α+σ)sinσ14 = 4R\cos(\alpha + \sigma)\sin\sigma 给出 Rcos(α+σ)=358R\cos(\alpha + \sigma) = \frac{35}{8}。结合 2Rsin(α+σ)=152R\sin(\alpha + \sigma) = 15,得到 4R2=225+1225164R^2 = 225 + \frac{1225}{16},所以 R2=482564R^2 = \frac{4825}{64}。另外 15=2R(sinβ+sinδ)15 = 2R(\sin\beta + \sin\delta) =4Rsinσ2cosβδ2= 4R\sin\frac{\sigma}{2}\cos\frac{\beta - \delta}{2},且 sinσ2=15\sin\frac{\sigma}{2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}},所以 cosβδ2=1554R\cos\frac{\beta - \delta}{2} = \frac{15\sqrt{5}}{4R},从而 cos(βδ)=11258R21\cos(\beta - \delta) = \frac{1125}{8R^2} - 1

连接 Ω\Omega 的圆心和六个顶点,可将六边形分成六个三角形,所以面积为 12R2\frac{1}{2}R^2 [sin2α+2sin2β+2sin2δ+sin2γ]{}\cdot \small \left[\sin 2\alpha + 2\sin 2\beta + 2\sin 2\delta + \sin 2\gamma\right]。现在 R2(sin2β+sin2δ)R^2(\sin 2\beta + \sin 2\delta) =2R2sinσcos(βδ)= 2R^2 \sin\sigma\cos(\beta - \delta) =85(11258R2)= \frac{8}{5}\left(\frac{1125}{8} - R^2\right) =8358= \frac{835}{8},而 sin2α+sin2γ\sin 2\alpha + \sin 2\gamma =2sin2σcos(2(α+σ))= -2\sin 2\sigma \cos\bigl(2(\alpha + \sigma)\bigr) =22425(95193)= -2 \cdot \frac{24}{25} \cdot \left(-\frac{95}{193}\right),因为 cos(2(α+σ))=122254R2\cos\bigl(2(\alpha+\sigma)\bigr) = 1 - \frac{2 \cdot 225}{4R^2} =95193= -\frac{95}{193},所以 12R2(sin2α+sin2γ)\frac{1}{2}R^2(\sin 2\alpha + \sin 2\gamma) =12482564912965= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{4825}{64} \cdot \frac{912}{965} =2858= \frac{285}{8}。面积为 8358+2858=140\frac{835}{8} + \frac{285}{8} = 140

All six hexagon vertices lie on Ω:\Omega: O1O_1 and O2O_2 by hypothesis, and A,B,C,DA, B, C, D as intersection points with Ω.\Omega. Let RR be the radius of Ω,\Omega, and let the arcs cut off by the sides AB,AB, BO1,BO_1, O1C,O_1C, CD,CD, DO2,DO_2, O2AO_2A be 2α,2β,2β,2γ,2δ,2δ2\alpha, 2\beta, 2\beta, 2\gamma, 2\delta, 2\delta (the two β\beta’s because chords BO1=O1C=r1,BO_1 = O_1C = r_1, the radius of ω1,\omega_1, and likewise O2A=O2D=r2O_2A = O_2D = r_2), so α+2β+γ+2δ=π.\alpha + 2\beta + \gamma + 2\delta = \pi. Each chord equals 2Rsin(half its arc):2R\sin(\text{half its arc}): 2Rsinα=2,2R\sin\alpha = 2, 2Rsinγ=16,2R\sin\gamma = 16, and the chord O1O2\overline{O_1O_2} subtends 2β+2γ+2δ,2\beta + 2\gamma + 2\delta, giving 2Rsin(α+σ)=152R\sin(\alpha + \sigma) = 15 where σ=β+δ.\sigma = \beta + \delta. External tangency gives a second equation worth 15:15: r1+r2=2R(sinβ+sinδ)=15.r_1 + r_2 = 2R(\sin\beta + \sin\delta) = 15.

Since γ=πα2σ,\gamma = \pi - \alpha - 2\sigma, we have sinγ=sin(α+2σ).\sin\gamma = \sin(\alpha + 2\sigma). Sum-to-product then gives 18=2R[sin(α+2σ)+sinα]=4Rsin(α+σ)cosσ=30cosσ, \begin{aligned} 18 &= 2R\left[\sin(\alpha + 2\sigma) + \sin\alpha\right] \\ &= 4R\sin(\alpha + \sigma)\cos\sigma \\ &= 30\cos\sigma, \end{aligned} so cosσ=35,\cos\sigma = \frac{3}{5}, and similarly 14=4Rcos(α+σ)sinσ14 = 4R\cos(\alpha + \sigma)\sin\sigma gives Rcos(α+σ)=358.R\cos(\alpha + \sigma) = \frac{35}{8}. Combining with 2Rsin(α+σ)=152R\sin(\alpha + \sigma) = 15 yields 4R2=225+122516,4R^2 = 225 + \frac{1225}{16}, so R2=482564.R^2 = \frac{4825}{64}. Also 15=2R(sinβ+sinδ)15 = 2R(\sin\beta + \sin\delta) =4Rsinσ2cosβδ2= 4R\sin\frac{\sigma}{2}\cos\frac{\beta - \delta}{2} with sinσ2=15,\sin\frac{\sigma}{2} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}, so cosβδ2=1554R\cos\frac{\beta - \delta}{2} = \frac{15\sqrt{5}}{4R} and cos(βδ)=11258R21.\cos(\beta - \delta) = \frac{1125}{8R^2} - 1.

Joining the center of Ω\Omega to the six vertices splits the hexagon into six triangles, so its area is 12R2\frac{1}{2}R^2 [sin2α+2sin2β+2sin2δ+sin2γ].{}\cdot \small \left[\sin 2\alpha + 2\sin 2\beta + 2\sin 2\delta + \sin 2\gamma\right]. Now R2(sin2β+sin2δ)R^2(\sin 2\beta + \sin 2\delta) =2R2sinσcos(βδ)= 2R^2 \sin\sigma\cos(\beta - \delta) =85(11258R2)= \frac{8}{5}\left(\frac{1125}{8} - R^2\right) =8358,= \frac{835}{8}, while sin2α+sin2γ\sin 2\alpha + \sin 2\gamma =2sin2σcos(2(α+σ))= -2\sin 2\sigma \cos\bigl(2(\alpha + \sigma)\bigr) =22425(95193)= -2 \cdot \frac{24}{25} \cdot \left(-\frac{95}{193}\right) since cos(2(α+σ))=122254R2\cos\bigl(2(\alpha+\sigma)\bigr) = 1 - \frac{2 \cdot 225}{4R^2} =95193,= -\frac{95}{193}, so 12R2(sin2α+sin2γ)\frac{1}{2}R^2(\sin 2\alpha + \sin 2\gamma) =12482564912965= \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{4825}{64} \cdot \frac{912}{965} =2858.= \frac{285}{8}. The area is 8358+2858=140.\frac{835}{8} + \frac{285}{8} = 140.