1988 AIME 第 8 题

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8.

定义在正整数有序对集合上的函数 ff,满足下列性质:

f(x,x)=x,f(x,y)=f(y,x),(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y)\begin{gathered}f(x,x)=x,\\f(x,y)=f(y,x),\\(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y)\end{gathered}\text{。}

计算 f(14,52)f(14,52)

The function f,f, defined on the set of ordered pairs of positive integers, satisfies the following properties:

f(x,x)=x,f(x,y)=f(y,x),(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y).\begin{gathered}f(x,x)=x,\\f(x,y)=f(y,x),\\(x+y)f(x,y)=yf(x,x+y).\end{gathered}

Calculate f(14,52).f(14,52).

答案:364
知识点:函数方程最大公约数最小公倍数
难度评级:2270
小提示:

y>xy\gt x 时,将第三个性质应用于 (x,yx)(x,y-x)

Apply the third property to (x,yx)(x,y-x) when y>xy\gt x

大提示:

将所得的减法规则与 lcm(x,y)\operatorname{lcm}(x,y) 的相同规则比较

Compare the resulting subtraction rule with the same rule for lcm(x,y)\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)

解答:

y>xy\gt x 时,将第三个性质应用于 (x,yx)(x,y-x),得到 f(x,y)=yyxf(x,yx)f(x,y)=\frac{y}{y-x}f(x,y-x)\text{。}最小公倍数也满足相同关系,因为 gcd(x,y)=gcd(x,yx)\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(x,y-x)。因此,欧几里得算法每进行一次减法,商 f(x,y)lcm(x,y)\frac{f(x,y)}{\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)} 都保持不变。在对角线上,该商等于 f(g,g)g=1\frac{f(g,g)}{g}=1,所以 f(x,y)=lcm(x,y)f(x,y)=\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)。因而 f(14,52)=1452gcd(14,52)=364\begin{aligned}f(14,52)&=\frac{14\cdot52}{\gcd(14,52)}\\&=364\end{aligned}\text{。}

For y>x,y\gt x, the third property applied to (x,yx)(x,y-x) gives f(x,y)=yyxf(x,yx).f(x,y)=\frac{y}{y-x}f(x,y-x). The least common multiple obeys the identical relation, because gcd(x,y)=gcd(x,yx).\gcd(x,y)=\gcd(x,y-x). Hence the quotient f(x,y)lcm(x,y)\frac{f(x,y)}{\operatorname{lcm}(x,y)} is unchanged by each subtraction step of the Euclidean algorithm. On the diagonal it equals f(g,g)g=1,\frac{f(g,g)}{g}=1, so f(x,y)=lcm(x,y).f(x,y)=\operatorname{lcm}(x,y). Therefore f(14,52)=1452gcd(14,52)=364.\begin{aligned}f(14,52)&=\frac{14\cdot52}{\gcd(14,52)}\\&=364.\end{aligned}

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