2010 AIME II 第 8 题

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8.

设 NN 是满足以下性质的非空集合 A\mathcal{A} 和 B\mathcal{B} 的有序对数:

• A∪B\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\},

• A∩B=∅\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset,

• A\mathcal{A} 的元素个数不属于 A\mathcal{A},

• B\mathcal{B} 的元素个数不属于 B\mathcal{B}。

求 NN。

Let NN be the number of ordered pairs of nonempty sets A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B} that have the following properties:

• A∪B\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12},\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\},

• A∩B=∅,\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset,

• the number of elements of A\mathcal{A} is not an element of A,\mathcal{A},

• the number of elements of B\mathcal{B} is not an element of B.\mathcal{B}.

Find N.N.

答案:772
知识点:子集组合补集计数
难度评级:2520
小提示:

若 ∣A∣=k|\mathcal{A}| = k,则 ∣B∣=12−k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k,条件迫使 k∈Bk \in \mathcal{B} 且 12−k∈A12 - k \in \mathcal{A}。

If ∣A∣=k,|\mathcal{A}| = k, then ∣B∣=12−k,|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k, and the conditions force k∈Bk \in \mathcal{B} and 12−k∈A12 - k \in \mathcal{A}

大提示:

对每个 k≠6k \ne 6,从未指定的 1010 个数中选择剩下的 k−1k - 1 个元素放入 A\mathcal{A}。情况 k=6k = 6 不成立,因为 66 必须同时属于两个集合。

For each k≠6,k \ne 6, choose the remaining k−1k - 1 elements of A\mathcal{A} from the 1010 unassigned numbers. The case k=6k = 6 fails because 66 would have to lie in both sets.

解答:

令 k=∣A∣k = |\mathcal{A}|,则 ∣B∣=12−k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k,其中 1≤k≤111 \le k \le 11。因为每个元素恰好属于一个集合,k∉Ak \notin \mathcal{A} 意味着 k∈Bk \in \mathcal{B},而 12−k∉B12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} 意味着 12−k∈A12 - k \in \mathcal{A}。若 k=6k = 6,则 66 必须同时属于两个集合,这是不可能的,所以 k≠6k \ne 6。

对其他每个 kk,元素 kk 和 12−k12 - k 已经放好,A\mathcal{A} 中剩下的 k−1k - 1 个元素可从其他 1010 个数中选出,有 (10k−1)\binom{10}{k-1} 种方式,B\mathcal{B} 取其余元素。因此 N=∑k=111(10k−1)−(105)=210−252=772。 \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let k=∣A∣,k = |\mathcal{A}|, so ∣B∣=12−k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k with 1≤k≤11.1 \le k \le 11. Since every element lies in exactly one set, k∉Ak \notin \mathcal{A} means k∈B,k \in \mathcal{B}, and 12−k∉B12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} means 12−k∈A.12 - k \in \mathcal{A}. If k=6,k = 6, then 66 would have to belong to both sets, which is impossible, so k≠6.k \ne 6.

For each other k,k, the elements kk and 12−k12 - k are already placed, and the remaining k−1k - 1 elements of A\mathcal{A} can be chosen from the other 1010 numbers in (10k−1)\binom{10}{k-1} ways, with B\mathcal{B} taking the rest. Hence N=∑k=111(10k−1)−(105)=210−252=772. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772. \end{aligned}

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