1999 AIME 第 8 题

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8.

TT 为非负实数有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 中位于平面 x+y+z=1x + y + z = 1 上的三元组集合。如果 (x,y,z)(x, y, z)(a,b,c)(a, b, c) 满足以下三个条件中的恰好两个:xax \ge ayby \ge bzcz \ge c,就称前者支持后者。令 SSTT 中所有支持 (12,13,16)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right) 的三元组。SS 的面积与 TT 的面积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let TT be the set of ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of nonnegative real numbers that lie in the plane x+y+z=1.x + y + z = 1. Let us say that (x,y,z)(x, y, z) supports (a,b,c)(a, b, c) when exactly two of the following are true: xa,x \ge a, yb,y \ge b, zc.z \ge c. Let SS consist of those triples in TT that support (12,13,16).\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right). The area of SS divided by the area of TT is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:25
知识点:面积比相似分类讨论
难度评级:2450
小提示:

TT 是一个三角形,每个类似 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} 的条件都会用一条平行于边的直线切下一角

TT is a triangle, and each condition like x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} cuts off a corner with a line parallel to a side

大提示:

因为 12+13+16=1\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1,三个不等式只会在一个边界点同时成立;除去该点,每个两不等式区域都是与 TT 相似的三角形

Since 12+13+16=1,\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1, all three inequalities hold only at one boundary point; apart from that point, each two-inequality region is a triangle similar to TT

解答:

TT 是顶点为 (1,0,0)(1,0,0)(0,1,0)(0,1,0)(0,0,1)(0,0,1) 的三角形。因为 12+13+16=1=x+y+z\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z,只要 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3}z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} 中有两个成立,第三个只能在一个零面积的边界点成立。因此除去这个点后,SS 是三个区域的并,每个区域对应于某一对不等式成立。

对于 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} 的区域,代入 x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x'y=13+yy = \frac{1}{3} + y' 后,得到 TT 的一个副本,其坐标和为 11213=161 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6},也就是与 TT 相似、相似比为 16\frac{1}{6} 的三角形,其面积为 (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 倍的 TT 面积。同理,{x,z}\{x, z\}{y,z}\{y, z\} 两对给出的相似三角形的相似比分别为 13\frac{1}{3}12\frac{1}{2}

面积比为 136+19+14=1+4+936=718 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=7+18=25m + n = 7 + 18 = 25

TT is the triangle with vertices (1,0,0),(1,0,0), (0,1,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1).(0,0,1). Because 12+13+16=1=x+y+z,\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z, whenever two of the inequalities x12,x \ge \frac{1}{2}, y13,y \ge \frac{1}{3}, z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} hold, the third can hold only at a boundary point of zero area. So SS is, up to measure zero, the union of the three regions where a specific pair of inequalities holds.

The region with x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} and y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} becomes, after substituting x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x' and y=13+y,y = \frac{1}{3} + y', a copy of TT with coordinate sum 11213=16,1 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6}, i.e. a triangle similar to TT with ratio 16\frac{1}{6} and area (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 of T.T. Likewise the pairs {x,z}\{x, z\} and {y,z}\{y, z\} give similar triangles with ratios 13\frac{1}{3} and 12.\frac{1}{2}.

The ratio of areas is 136+19+14=1+4+936=718, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18}, \end{aligned} so m+n=7+18=25.m + n = 7 + 18 = 25.

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