2022 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

等边三角形 △ABC\triangle ABC 内接于半径为 1818 的圆 ω\omega。圆 ωA\omega_A 与边 AB‾\overline{AB} 和 AC‾\overline{AC} 相切,并与 ω\omega 内切。圆 ωB\omega_B 和 ωC\omega_C 类似定义。圆 ωA\omega_A、ωB\omega_B、ωC\omega_C 两两相交,共有六个交点,每对圆有两个交点。最靠近 △ABC\triangle ABC 各顶点的三个交点构成 △ABC\triangle ABC 内部的一个较大等边三角形,其余三个交点构成 △ABC\triangle ABC 内部的一个较小等边三角形。较小等边三角形的边长可写成 a−b\sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b},其中 aa 和 bb 是正整数。求 a+ba + b。

Equilateral triangle △ABC\triangle ABC is inscribed in circle ω\omega with radius 18.18. Circle ωA\omega_A is tangent to sides AB‾\overline{AB} and AC‾\overline{AC} and is internally tangent to ω.\omega. Circles ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C are defined analogously. Circles ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC\omega_C meet in six points — two points for each pair of circles. The three intersection points closest to the vertices of △ABC\triangle ABC are the vertices of a large equilateral triangle in the interior of △ABC,\triangle ABC, and the other three intersection points are the vertices of a smaller equilateral triangle in the interior of △ABC.\triangle ABC. The side length of the smaller equilateral triangle can be written as a−b,\sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers. Find a+b.a + b.

答案:378
知识点:相切圆等边三角形坐标几何
难度评级:2710
小提示:

先找 ωA\omega_A:它的圆心在直线 AOAO 上,半径是它到 AA 距离的一半,而与 ω\omega 内切会固定所有量

Find ωA\omega_A first: its center lies on line AO,AO, its radius is half its distance from A,A, and internal tangency to ω\omega fixes everything

大提示:

ωB\omega_B 与 ωC\omega_C 的两个交点在直线 AOAO 上,每个等边三角形的外接圆半径就是该点到中心 OO 的距离

The two intersection points of ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C lie on line AO,AO, and each triangle’s circumradius is the distance from that point to the center OO

解答:

设 OO 为 ω\omega 的圆心。ωA\omega_A 的圆心在直线 AOAO 上(即 ∠A\angle A 的角平分线),设它到 AA 的距离为 dd。因为 AB‾\overline{AB} 与 AOAO 成 30∘30^\circ 角,所以半径为 r=dsin⁡30∘=d2r = d \sin 30^\circ = \frac{d}{2}。与 ω\omega 内切要求该圆心到 OO 的距离为 18−r18 - r,这迫使圆心越过 OO:d−18=18−d2d - 18 = 18 - \frac{d}{2},所以 d=24d = 24、r=12r = 12,圆心在 OO 的另一侧 66 个单位处。

将 OO 放在原点,令 A=(0,18)A = (0, 18)。则三个圆心为 OA=(0,−6)O_A = (0, -6) 以及 OB,OC=(±33,3)O_B, O_C = (\pm 3\sqrt{3}, 3),半径均为 1212。ωB\omega_B 与 ωC\omega_C 的交点在 yy 轴上:27+(y−3)2=14427 + (y - 3)^2 = 144,给出 y=3±117y = 3 \pm \sqrt{117}。点 (0,3+117)(0, 3 + \sqrt{117}) 更接近 AA,属于较大的三角形,所以较小三角形的一个顶点是 (0,3−117)(0, 3 - \sqrt{117}),它到 OO 的距离为 117−3\sqrt{117} - 3。

由对称性,较小三角形是等边三角形,外接圆半径为 117−3\sqrt{117} - 3,因此边长为 3(117−3)=351−27\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{117} - 3\right) = \sqrt{351} - \sqrt{27}。故 a+b=351+27=378a + b = 351 + 27 = 378。

Let OO be the center of ω.\omega. The center of ωA\omega_A lies on line AOAO (the bisector of ∠A\angle A) at some distance dd from A;A; since AB‾\overline{AB} makes a 30∘30^\circ angle with AO,AO, the radius is r=dsin⁡30∘=d2.r = d \sin 30^\circ = \frac{d}{2}. Internal tangency to ω\omega requires the center to be 18−r18 - r from O,O, which forces the center past O:O: d−18=18−d2,d - 18 = 18 - \frac{d}{2}, so d=24,d = 24, r=12,r = 12, and the center is 66 beyond O.O.

Place OO at the origin with A=(0,18).A = (0, 18). Then the three centers are OA=(0,−6)O_A = (0, -6) and OB,OC=(±33,3),O_B, O_C = (\pm 3\sqrt{3}, 3), all with radius 12.12. The intersections of ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C lie on the yy-axis: 27+(y−3)2=14427 + (y - 3)^2 = 144 gives y=3±117.y = 3 \pm \sqrt{117}. The point (0,3+117)(0, 3 + \sqrt{117}) is closer to AA and belongs to the larger triangle, so the smaller triangle has vertex (0,3−117),(0, 3 - \sqrt{117}), at distance 117−3\sqrt{117} - 3 from O.O.

By symmetry the smaller triangle is equilateral with circumradius 117−3,\sqrt{117} - 3, so its side is 3(117−3)=351−27.\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{117} - 3\right) = \sqrt{351} - \sqrt{27}. Thus a+b=351+27=378.a + b = 351 + 27 = 378.

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