2011 AIME I 第 8 题

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8.

在 △ABC\triangle ABC 中,BC=23BC = 23、CA=27CA = 27、AB=30AB = 30。点 VV 和 WW 在 AC‾\overline{AC} 上,且 VV 在 AW‾\overline{AW} 上;点 XX 和 YY 在 BC‾\overline{BC} 上,且 XX 在 CY‾\overline{CY} 上;点 ZZ 和 UU 在 AB‾\overline{AB} 上,且 ZZ 在 BU‾\overline{BU} 上。此外,这些点的位置满足 UV‾∥BC‾\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}、WX‾∥AB‾\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB},以及 YZ‾∥CA‾\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}。然后沿着 UV‾\overline{UV}、WX‾\overline{WX} 和 YZ‾\overline{YZ} 作直角折叠。所得图形放在水平地面上,形成一张有三角形桌腿的桌子。设 hh 为由 △ABC\triangle ABC 构造出的、桌面平行于地面的桌子的最大可能高度。那么 hh 可写成 kmn\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 kk 和 nn 是互质的正整数,且 mm 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 k+m+nk + m + n。

In △ABC,\triangle ABC, BC=23,BC = 23, CA=27,CA = 27, and AB=30.AB = 30. Points VV and WW are on AC‾\overline{AC} with VV on AW‾,\overline{AW}, points XX and YY are on BC‾\overline{BC} with XX on CY‾,\overline{CY}, and points ZZ and UU are on AB‾\overline{AB} with ZZ on BU‾.\overline{BU}. In addition, the points are positioned so that UV‾∥BC‾,\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}, WX‾∥AB‾,\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB}, and YZ‾∥CA‾.\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}. Right angle folds are then made along UV‾,\overline{UV}, WX‾,\overline{WX}, and YZ‾.\overline{YZ}. The resulting figure is placed on a level floor to make a table with triangular legs. Let hh be the maximum possible height of a table constructed from △ABC\triangle ABC whose top is parallel to the floor. Then hh can be written in the form kmn,\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n}, where kk and nn are relatively prime positive integers and mm is a positive integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find k+m+n.k + m + n.

答案:318
知识点:海伦公式相似最优化
难度评级:3060
小提示:

从一个顶点折下的翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,所以三条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 hh

A flap folded down from a vertex hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to its fold line, so all three fold lines must be at distance hh from their vertices

大提示:

切同一条边的两条折线不能重叠:对每条边,hh 乘以另外两条边的边长之和不超过三角形面积的两倍;其中最大的边长和给出起决定作用的限制

Two folds cutting the same side must not overlap: for each side, multiplying hh by the sum of the other two side lengths gives at most twice the triangle’s area; the largest such sum is the binding constraint

解答:

记 a=BC=23a = BC = 23、b=CA=27b = CA = 27、c=AB=30c = AB = 30,并设 KK 为 △ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。由海伦公式,半周长为 4040,所以 K=40⋅17⋅13⋅10K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221= 20\sqrt{221}。当一个顶点处的角被直角折下时,翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,因此若水平桌面的高度为 hh,每条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 hh。

顶点 AA 处的翻片与 △ABC\triangle ABC 相似,相似比为 h2Ka=ha2K\frac{h}{\frac{2K}{a}} = \frac{ha}{2K}(用 hh 除以从 AA 到 BC‾\overline{BC} 的距离),所以它占用了边 AB‾\overline{AB} 上的 AU=c⋅ha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K};同理,顶点 BB 处的翻片在同一边上占用 BZ=c⋅hb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K}。两条折线恰好不相交的条件是 AU+BZ≤cAU + BZ \le c,也就是 h(a+b)≤2Kh(a + b) \le 2K。另外两条边给出 h(b+c)≤2Kh(b + c) \le 2K 和 h(c+a)≤2Kh(c + a) \le 2K。

起决定作用的限制来自最大的和 b+c=57b + c = 57,所以最大高度为 h=2K57=4022157,h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57}\text{,}因此 k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318= 318。

Write a=BC=23,a = BC = 23, b=CA=27,b = CA = 27, c=AB=30,c = AB = 30, and let KK be the area of △ABC.\triangle ABC. By Heron’s formula with semiperimeter 40,40, K=40⋅17⋅13⋅10K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221.= 20\sqrt{221}. When the corner at a vertex is folded down at a right angle, the flap hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to the fold line, so for a level tabletop of height h,h, each fold line must lie at distance hh from its vertex.

The flap at AA is similar to △ABC\triangle ABC with ratio h2Ka=ha2K\frac{h}{\frac{2K}{a}} = \frac{ha}{2K} (dividing hh by the distance from AA to BC‾\overline{BC}), so it uses up AU=c⋅ha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K} of side AB‾;\overline{AB}; likewise the flap at BB uses BZ=c⋅hb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K} of the same side. The two folds fit without crossing exactly when AU+BZ≤c,AU + BZ \le c, that is, h(a+b)≤2K.h(a + b) \le 2K. The other two sides give h(b+c)≤2Kh(b + c) \le 2K and h(c+a)≤2K.h(c + a) \le 2K.

The binding constraint comes from the largest sum, b+c=57,b + c = 57, so the maximum height is h=2K57=4022157,h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57}, and k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318.= 318.

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