2011 AIME I 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
瓶中有四升含酸量为 % 的溶液。 瓶中有五升含酸量为 % 的溶液。 瓶中有一升含酸量为 % 的溶液。从 瓶中取出 升加入 瓶, 瓶中剩下的溶液加入 瓶。最后 瓶和 瓶中的溶液都含有 % 的酸。已知 和 是互质的正整数,求 。
Jar contains four liters of a solution that is % acid. Jar contains five liters of a solution that is % acid. Jar contains one liter of a solution that is % acid. From jar , liters of the solution is added to jar , and the remainder of the solution in jar is added to jar . At the end both jar and jar contain solutions that are % acid. Given that and are relatively prime positive integers, find
小提示:
想象把三瓶全部混合在一起:结果是 升含酸量为 % 的溶液,这可以确定
Imagine pouring all three jars together: the result is liters that must be % acid, which determines
大提示:
知道 后,设加入 瓶的量为 ,并令 瓶中的酸量等于新体积的一半
With known, let be the amount added to jar and set jar ’s acid equal to half of its new volume
解答:
如果把三瓶全部混合,结果会是 升含酸量为 % 的溶液,因为最后两瓶都是 % 酸。因此总酸量为 升,所以 ,解得 。
现在设从 瓶倒入 瓶的量为 升。 瓶于是有 升溶液,其中含有 升酸,所以 ,得 ,因此 。
所以 ,并且 。
If all three jars were combined, the result would be liters of % acid, since both final jars are % acid. The total acid is therefore liters, so which gives
Now let be the number of liters poured from jar into jar . Jar then holds liters containing liters of acid, so giving so
Thus and
2.
在长方形 中,,。点 和 在长方形 内部,使得 ,,,,且直线 与线段 相交。长度 可表示为 的形式,其中 、、 是正整数,且 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 。
In rectangle and Points and lie inside rectangle so that and line intersects segment The length can be expressed in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
因为 ,可取同一个单位向量 ,并写成 与
Since write and for one unit vector
大提示:
迫使 与 高度相同,从而 ;接着 是两个 -坐标之差
forces and to the same height, giving then is a difference of -coordinates
解答:
取坐标 、、、。因为 ,存在一个单位向量 ,其中 ,使得 、:直线 向左下方延伸,才能穿过 ,而 向右上方指向长方形内部。
因为 是水平的, 和 的高度相等:,所以 ,并且 。
于是 和 的 -坐标分别为 和 ,所以 ,因为 。因此 。
Place Since there is a unit vector with such that and line heads down and to the left so that it can cross while points up and to the right into the rectangle.
Because is horizontal, and have equal heights: so and
Then and have -coordinates and so since Thus
3.
设 是斜率为 且经过点 的直线,设 是垂直于直线 且经过点 的直线。原来的坐标轴被擦去,并把直线 作为 -轴,直线 作为 -轴。在新的坐标系中,点 在正 -轴上,点 在正 -轴上。原坐标系中坐标为 的点 ,在新坐标系中的坐标为 。求 。
Let be the line with slope that contains the point and let be the line perpendicular to line that contains the point The original coordinate axes are erased, and line is made the -axis and line the -axis. In the new coordinate system, point is on the positive -axis, and point is on the positive -axis. The point with coordinates in the original system has coordinates in the new coordinate system. Find
小提示:
的新坐标是它到新坐标轴的有向距离: 是到直线 的距离, 是到直线 的距离
The new coordinates of are its signed distances to the new axes: is the distance to line and the distance to line
大提示:
使用点到直线的距离公式,并通过检查 是否与 (对于 )或 (对于 )在同一侧来确定符号
Use the point-to-line distance formula, fixing each sign by checking whether is on the same side as (for ) or as (for )
解答:
直线 为 ,直线 为 。一个点的新 -坐标是它到直线 的有向距离,以含有 的一侧为正;新 -坐标是它到直线 的有向距离,以含有 的一侧为正。
将 代入 ,得到 ,而代入 得到 ;除以 ,得 。将 代入 ,得到 ,代入 得到 ,所以 与 在 的同一侧,。
因此 。
Line is and line is The new -coordinate of a point is its signed distance to line counted positive on the side containing and the new -coordinate is its signed distance to line positive on the side containing
Substituting into gives while gives dividing by we get Substituting into gives and gives so lies on the same side of as and
Therefore
4.
在三角形 中,、、。角 的角平分线与 交于点 ,角 的角平分线与 交于点 。设 和 分别是从 到 与 的垂足。求 。
In triangle and The angle bisector of angle intersects at point and the angle bisector of angle intersects at point Let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from to and respectively. Find
小提示:
延长 和 ,直到它们与 相交
Extend and until they meet
大提示:
同时是三角形 的角平分线和高,所以该三角形是等腰三角形,且 是中点;接着 是中位线
is both a bisector and an altitude of triangle so that triangle is isosceles and is a midpoint; then is a midline
解答:
延长 和 ,分别与 交于 和 。在三角形 中,线段 同时是角平分线和高,所以三角形是等腰的,,且 是 的中点。类似地,三角形 是等腰的,,且 是 的中点。
因此 是三角形 的中位线,所以 。又 所以 。
Extend and to meet at and respectively. In triangle the segment is both an angle bisector and an altitude, so the triangle is isosceles with and is the midpoint of Similarly, triangle is isosceles with and is the midpoint of
Hence is a midline of triangle so Since we conclude
5.
一个正九边形( 边形)的顶点要用数字 到 标记,使得每三个连续顶点上的数之和都是 的倍数。如果一种可行排列可以通过在平面内旋转九边形得到另一种,则这两种排列视为无法区分。求可区分的可行排列数。
The vertices of a regular nonagon (-sided polygon) are to be labeled with the digits through in such a way that the sum of the numbers on every three consecutive vertices is a multiple of Two acceptable arrangements are considered to be indistinguishable if one can be obtained from the other by rotating the nonagon in the plane. Find the number of distinguishable acceptable arrangements.
小提示:
比较两组三个连续顶点的重叠和:它们的和相差的是相隔三个位置的两个标号,所以相隔三个位置的标号模 同余
Compare two overlapping triples of consecutive vertices: their sums differ by the labels three apart, so labels three apart are congruent mod
大提示:
每个剩余类 、、 占据三类位置中的一类;数出分配和排列,再除以 种旋转
Each of the residue classes occupies one of the three position classes; count assignments and orderings, then divide by rotations
解答:
两组三个连续顶点有两个标号重叠,所以它们的和相差的是相隔三个位置的两个标号。由于所有三项和都是 的倍数,相隔三个位置的标号模 同余。因此位置类 、、 各自只放一种模 的剩余类,而数字 到 正好每个剩余类各有三个数字。
这样每三个连续位置都会包含三个不同剩余类各一个数字,和为 ,所以剩余类分配到位置类有 种方式,且每个位置类内的三个数字可用 种方式排列。共有 个可行标号。
因为所有数字互不相同,没有非平凡旋转能固定一个标号,所以这 个标号分成大小为 的旋转等价类,得到 种可区分排列。
Two overlapping triples of consecutive vertices share two labels, so their sums differ by labels three positions apart. Since all triple sums are multiples of labels three apart are congruent mod Thus the position classes each carry a single residue class of digits, and the digits through consist of exactly three digits from each residue class mod
Every triple of consecutive positions then contains one digit from each residue class, with sum so all assignments of residue classes to position classes are acceptable, and within each position class the three digits can be arranged in ways. That gives acceptable labelings.
Because the digits are distinct, no nontrivial rotation fixes a labeling, so the labelings split into rotation classes of size giving distinguishable arrangements.
6.
假设一个抛物线的顶点为 ,方程为 ,其中 ,且 是整数。 的最小可能值可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Suppose that a parabola has vertex and equation where and is an integer. The minimum possible value of can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
将抛物线写成顶点式,并注意 就是 时的 值
Write the parabola in vertex form and note that is the value of at
大提示:
所以 必须是整数;选择让 尽可能小且仍满足 的整数
So must be an integer; choose the integer that makes as small as possible while keeping
解答:
抛物线的顶点式为 。因为 等于 时的 值,
若它等于整数 ,则 。条件 要求 ,也就是 ,而当 时 最小,得到 。
因此 。
In vertex form the parabola is Since equals the value of at
If this equals the integer then The condition requires that is and is smallest when giving
Thus
7.
求正整数 的个数,使得存在非负整数 、、、,满足
Find the number of positive integers for which there exist nonnegative integers such that
小提示:
两边模 考察: 的每个幂都同余于
Reduce both sides mod every power of is congruent to
大提示:
所以 必须整除 。反过来,通过不断把一个幂拆成 个低一阶的幂来展开 ;每次拆分会增加 项。
So must divide Conversely, expand by repeatedly splitting one power into copies of the next-lower power; each split adds terms.
解答:
不成立,因为右边会是 ,而左边是 。对 ,模 考察两边: 的每个幂都 ,所以方程迫使 ,也就是 整除 。
反过来,假设 。取 ,令 个 等于 ,并且对每个 ,令 个 等于 。这共用了 项,且各项化简后恰好得到:
所以方程有解当且仅当 整除 ,而它有 个因数。因此这样的 有 个。
The value fails, since the right side would be while the left side is For reduce mod every power of is so the equation forces that is, divides
Conversely, suppose Take let of the equal and for each let of the equal This uses terms, and the sum telescopes:
So the equation is solvable exactly when divides which has divisors. There are such
8.
在 中,、、。点 和 在 上,且 在 上;点 和 在 上,且 在 上;点 和 在 上,且 在 上。此外,这些点的位置满足 、,以及 。然后沿着 、 和 作直角折叠。所得图形放在水平地面上,形成一张有三角形桌腿的桌子。设 为由 构造出的、桌面平行于地面的桌子的最大可能高度。那么 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,且 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 。
In and Points and are on with on points and are on with on and points and are on with on In addition, the points are positioned so that and Right angle folds are then made along and The resulting figure is placed on a level floor to make a table with triangular legs. Let be the maximum possible height of a table constructed from whose top is parallel to the floor. Then can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers and is a positive integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
从一个顶点折下的翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,所以三条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为
A flap folded down from a vertex hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to its fold line, so all three fold lines must be at distance from their vertices
大提示:
切同一条边的两条折线不能重叠:对每条边, 乘以另外两条边的边长之和不超过三角形面积的两倍;其中最大的边长和给出起决定作用的限制
Two folds cutting the same side must not overlap: for each side, multiplying by the sum of the other two side lengths gives at most twice the triangle’s area; the largest such sum is the binding constraint
解答:
记 、、,并设 为 的面积。由海伦公式,半周长为 ,所以 。当一个顶点处的角被直角折下时,翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,因此若水平桌面的高度为 ,每条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 。
顶点 处的翻片与 相似,相似比为 (用 除以从 到 的距离),所以它占用了边 上的 ;同理,顶点 处的翻片在同一边上占用 。两条折线恰好不相交的条件是 ,也就是 。另外两条边给出 和 。
起决定作用的限制来自最大的和 ,所以最大高度为 因此 。
Write and let be the area of By Heron’s formula with semiperimeter When the corner at a vertex is folded down at a right angle, the flap hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to the fold line, so for a level tabletop of height each fold line must lie at distance from its vertex.
The flap at is similar to with ratio (dividing by the distance from to ), so it uses up of side likewise the flap at uses of the same side. The two folds fit without crossing exactly when that is, The other two sides give and
The binding constraint comes from the largest sum, so the maximum height is and
9.
假设 在区间 中,且 。求 。
Suppose is in the interval and Find
小提示:
将方程改写为指数形式,并两边平方,得到
Rewrite the equation in exponential form and square both sides to get
大提示:
用 替换 ,并在得到的关于 的三次方程中寻找有理根
Replace by and look for a rational root of the resulting cubic in
解答:
指数形式的方程是 。两边平方得 ,所以 。
令 ,并用 ,得到 ,它可因式分解为 。二次因子判别式为负,所以 。
于是
In exponential form the equation says Squaring gives so
Writing and using we get which factors as The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so
Then
10.
从正 边形的顶点中随机选取三个不同顶点,它们确定钝角三角形的概率为 。求所有可能的 值之和。
The probability that a set of three distinct vertices chosen at random from among the vertices of a regular -gon determine an obtuse triangle is Find the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
圆内接三角形是钝角三角形,当且仅当它的三个顶点严格位于某个半圆内
A triangle inscribed in a circle is obtuse exactly when its three vertices lie strictly inside some semicircle
大提示:
按顺时针意义下的第一个顶点来计数钝角三角形,并分别处理偶数和奇数的 (只有偶数 会有直角三角形)
Count obtuse triangles by their clockwise-first vertex, and handle even and odd separately (only even has right triangles)
解答:
由圆周角定理,圆内接三角形是钝角三角形当且仅当它的三个顶点严格位于某个半圆内。按“第一个”顶点计数钝角三角形,也就是从该顶点出发,另两个顶点沿顺时针方向在半个圆内可到达。若 ,某顶点顺时针方向的开半圆内有 个顶点,得到 个钝角三角形;若 ,开半圆内有 个顶点,得到 个。
当 时,概率为 所以 ,得 、、。
当 时,概率为 ,所以 ,得 ,,。所有可能值之和为 。
By the inscribed angle theorem, an inscribed triangle is obtuse exactly when its three vertices lie strictly within some semicircle. Count obtuse triangles by their “first” vertex, the vertex from which the other two are reached going clockwise within half the circle. If the open semicircle clockwise of a vertex contains vertices, giving obtuse triangles; if it contains vertices, giving
For the probability is so giving and
For the probability is so giving and The sum of all possible values is
11.
设 是形如 的数除以 后所有可能余数组成的集合,其中 是非负整数。设 为 中元素之和。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the set of all possible remainders when a number of the form a nonnegative integer, is divided by Let be the sum of the elements in Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
从 开始,每个余数都是 的倍数,而 的幂模 的周期为
From on, every remainder is a multiple of and the powers of repeat mod with period
大提示:
证明 ,于是循环中相隔 项的两个余数之和恰好为
Show so remainders apart in the cycle sum to exactly
解答:
余数 、、 会出现,而对 ,每个 都能被 整除。模 时, 的 的幂以周期 重复,所以 由 、、,以及 的 个不同余数组成。
关键事实是 :事实上 ,其中 能被 整除,第二个因子 ,因为 。因此对 ,和 同时能被 和 整除,所以能被 整除。
把循环中的每个余数与 项后的余数配对,得到 对不同余数,每对之和恰好为 ,所以这 个余数对 的贡献是 的倍数。因此 。
The remainders and occur, and for every is divisible by Modulo the powers of for repeat with period so consists of and the distinct remainders of
The key fact is indeed where is divisible by and the second factor is because Hence for the sum is divisible by and by so by
Pairing each remainder in the cycle with the one steps later therefore gives pairs of distinct remainders, each pair summing to exactly so those remainders contribute a multiple of to Thus
12.
六名男子和若干名女子随机排成一列。设 为在已知每名男子都至少与另一名男子相邻的条件下,至少四名男子连续站在一起的概率。求最少需要多少名女子,才能使 不超过 %。
Six men and some number of women stand in a line in random order. Let be the probability that a group of at least four men stand together in the line, given that every man stands next to at least one other man. Find the least number of women in the line such that does not exceed percent.
小提示:
每名男子都与另一名男子相邻,意味着男子会分成大小为 、、、 或 的块;把这些块放入女子之间的空隙中
Every man next to a man means the men split into blocks of sizes or place the blocks into gaps between the women
大提示:
条件概率化简为 ;要求它至多为
The conditional probability simplifies to require it to be at most
解答:
设女子人数为 ;只需考虑男女位置的模式。如果每名男子都与另一名男子相邻,则男子形成的极大连续块大小依次可能为 、、、 或 。有 个块的模式等价于从女子确定的 个空隙中选择 个,所以 有 种模式,三个双块顺序各有 种,单块有 种。
至少四名男子连续站在一起出现在 、 和 这几种顺序中,所以
条件 变为 。由于 ,且 ,最少的女子人数为 。
Let be the number of women; only the pattern of men’s and women’s positions matters. If every man stands next to another man, the men form maximal blocks whose sizes, in order, are or A pattern with blocks amounts to choosing of the gaps determined by the women, so there are patterns for for each of the three two-block orders, and for a single block.
At least four men stand together in the orders and so
The condition becomes Since and the least number of women is
13.
一个边长为 的立方体悬在一个平面上方。离该平面最近的顶点标为 。与顶点 相邻的三个顶点在该平面上方的高度分别为 、、。顶点 到该平面的距离可表示为 ,其中 、、 是正整数。求 。
A cube with side length is suspended above a plane. The vertex closest to the plane is labeled The three vertices adjacent to vertex are at heights and above the plane. The distance from vertex to the plane can be expressed as where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
若 的高度为 ,则从 出发的三条边带来的高度增量分别为 、 和
If is at height the three edges at gain heights and
大提示:
这些增量是向上单位法向量在三条互相垂直边方向上的分量的 倍,所以它们的平方和为
Those gains are times the components of the upward unit normal along the three perpendicular edges, so their squares sum to
解答:
设 的高度为 ,并令 、、 为从 出发的三条两两垂直边方向上的单位向量。若 是平面的向上单位法向量,则边 方向上顶点的高度为 ,所以 、、且 。因为 构成一组标准正交基, 。
因此 化简为 ,所以 。
因为 是离平面最近的顶点,所以 ,从而 ,并且 。
Let be the height of and let be unit vectors along the three mutually perpendicular edges at If is the upward unit normal of the plane, the height of the vertex along edge is so and Because form an orthonormal basis,
Therefore which simplifies to so
Since is the closest vertex to the plane, forcing and
14.
设 是一个正八边形。设 、、、 分别为边 、、 和 的中点。对 、、、,从 向八边形内部作射线 ,使得 、、 且 。各对射线 与 、 与 、 与 以及 与 分别相交于 、、、。若 ,则 可写成 的形式,其中 和 是正整数。求 。
Let be a regular octagon. Let and be the midpoints of sides and respectively. For ray is constructed from towards the interior of the octagon such that and Pairs of rays and and and and and meet at and respectively. If then can be written in the form where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
由 旋转对称性, 和 都在射线 上,所以
By the rotational symmetry, both and lie on ray so
大提示:
直角三角形 给出 ;已知 后,求出 ,并使用
Right triangle gives with known, find and use
解答:
缩放使 。绕中心旋转 会把整个构型变到自身,所以 是正方形,且距离 与 不依赖于 。 和 都在射线 上(到 的距离分别为 和 ),所以 。此外, 使三角形 在 处为直角,因此 。
直线 和 在点 垂直相交,且三角形 是等腰直角三角形,其直角边 ,所以 ,并且 。于是
因为三角形 是等腰直角三角形,且 在线段 上,所以 ,而由直角三角形可得 。正切加法公式给出 所以 因此 于是 。
Scale so that A rotation about the center carries the whole configuration to itself, so is a square and the distances and do not depend on Both and lie on ray (at distances and from ), so Also, makes triangle right-angled at so
Lines and meet at a point at a right angle, and triangle is an isosceles right triangle with legs so and Then
Since triangle is an isosceles right triangle and lies on segment we have while from the right triangle. The tangent addition formula gives so Therefore and
15.
对某个整数 ,多项式 有三个整数根 、、。求 。
For some integer the polynomial has the three integer roots and Find
小提示:
韦达定理给出 和 ;消去 可得
Vieta gives and eliminate to get
大提示:
乘以 :。如果 是较小的非负根,则 ;检查哪些 会让 成为完全平方数。
Multiply by If is the smaller nonnegative root, then test which makes a perfect square.
解答:
由韦达定理,,且 。把三个根全取相反数会把 换成 ,所以不妨假设两个根(记作 )是非负的。将 代入第二个方程,得到 ,也就是
乘以 并配方,得 。因为 ,有 ,所以 。检查这些值,只有当 时, 是完全平方数,此时 。
于是 ,得到 ,且 。(确实有 。)因此 。
By Vieta’s formulas, and Negating all three roots replaces by so we may assume two roots, say are nonnegative. Substituting into the second equation gives that is,
Multiplying by and completing the square, Since we have so Checking these values, is a perfect square only for where
Then gives and (Indeed ) Therefore