2011 AIME I 真题

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1.

AA 瓶中有四升含酸量为 4545% 的溶液。BB 瓶中有五升含酸量为 4848% 的溶液。CC 瓶中有一升含酸量为 kk% 的溶液。从 CC 瓶中取出 mn\frac{m}{n} 升加入 AA 瓶,CC 瓶中剩下的溶液加入 BB 瓶。最后 AA 瓶和 BB 瓶中的溶液都含有 5050% 的酸。已知 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 k+m+nk + m + n

Jar AA contains four liters of a solution that is 4545% acid. Jar BB contains five liters of a solution that is 4848% acid. Jar CC contains one liter of a solution that is kk% acid. From jar CC, mn\frac{m}{n} liters of the solution is added to jar AA, and the remainder of the solution in jar CC is added to jar BB. At the end both jar AA and jar BB contain solutions that are 5050% acid. Given that mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find k+m+n.k + m + n.

答案:85
知识点:混合问题百分数
难度评级:1950
小提示:

想象把三瓶全部混合在一起:结果是 1010 升含酸量为 5050% 的溶液,这可以确定 kk

Imagine pouring all three jars together: the result is 1010 liters that must be 5050% acid, which determines kk

大提示:

知道 kk 后,设加入 AA 瓶的量为 xx,并令 AA 瓶中的酸量等于新体积的一半

With kk known, let xx be the amount added to jar AA and set jar AA’s acid equal to half of its new volume

解答:

如果把三瓶全部混合,结果会是 1010 升含酸量为 5050% 的溶液,因为最后两瓶都是 5050% 酸。因此总酸量为 55 升,所以 4(0.45)+5(0.48)+0.01k=54(0.45) + 5(0.48) + 0.01k = 5,解得 k=80k = 80

现在设从 CC 瓶倒入 AA 瓶的量为 xx 升。AA 瓶于是有 4+x4 + x 升溶液,其中含有 1.8+0.8x1.8 + 0.8x 升酸,所以 1.8+0.8x=0.5(4+x)1.8 + 0.8x = 0.5(4 + x),得 0.3x=0.20.3x = 0.2,因此 x=23x = \frac{2}{3}

所以 m+n=2+3=5m + n = 2 + 3 = 5,并且 k+m+n=80+5=85k + m + n = 80 + 5 = 85

If all three jars were combined, the result would be 1010 liters of 5050% acid, since both final jars are 5050% acid. The total acid is therefore 55 liters, so 4(0.45)+5(0.48)+0.01k=5,4(0.45) + 5(0.48) + 0.01k = 5, which gives k=80.k = 80.

Now let xx be the number of liters poured from jar CC into jar AA. Jar AA then holds 4+x4 + x liters containing 1.8+0.8x1.8 + 0.8x liters of acid, so 1.8+0.8x=0.5(4+x),1.8 + 0.8x = 0.5(4 + x), giving 0.3x=0.2,0.3x = 0.2, so x=23.x = \frac{2}{3}.

Thus m+n=2+3=5,m + n = 2 + 3 = 5, and k+m+n=80+5=85.k + m + n = 80 + 5 = 85.

2.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=12AB = 12BC=10BC = 10。点 EEFF 在长方形 ABCDABCD 内部,使得 BE=9BE = 9DF=8DF = 8BEDF\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF}EFAB\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB},且直线 BEBE 与线段 AD\overline{AD} 相交。长度 EFEF 可表示为 mnpm\sqrt{n} - p 的形式,其中 mmnnpp 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AB=12AB = 12 and BC=10.BC = 10. Points EE and FF lie inside rectangle ABCDABCD so that BE=9,BE = 9, DF=8,DF = 8, BEDF,\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF}, EFAB,\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB}, and line BEBE intersects segment AD.\overline{AD}. The length EFEF can be expressed in the form mnp,m\sqrt{n} - p, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:36
难度评级:2390
小提示:

因为 BEDF\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF},可取同一个单位向量 (u,v)(u, v),并写成 E=B9(u,v)E = B - 9(u, v)F=D+8(u,v)F = D + 8(u, v)

Since BEDF,\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF}, write E=B9(u,v)E = B - 9(u, v) and F=D+8(u,v)F = D + 8(u, v) for one unit vector (u,v)(u, v)

大提示:

EFAB\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB} 迫使 EEFF 高度相同,从而 v=1017v = \frac{10}{17};接着 EFEF 是两个 xx-坐标之差

EFAB\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB} forces EE and FF to the same height, giving v=1017;v = \frac{10}{17}; then EFEF is a difference of xx-coordinates

解答:

取坐标 D=(0,0)D = (0, 0)C=(12,0)C = (12, 0)B=(12,10)B = (12, 10)A=(0,10)A = (0, 10)。因为 BEDF\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF},存在一个单位向量 (u,v)(u, v),其中 u,v>0u, v \gt 0,使得 E=B9(u,v)E = B - 9(u, v)F=D+8(u,v)F = D + 8(u, v):直线 BEBE 向左下方延伸,才能穿过 AD\overline{AD},而 DF\overline{DF} 向右上方指向长方形内部。

因为 EFAB\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB} 是水平的,EEFF 的高度相等:109v=8v10 - 9v = 8v,所以 v=1017v = \frac{10}{17},并且 u=1v2=32117u = \sqrt{1 - v^2} = \frac{3\sqrt{21}}{17}

于是 EEFFxx-坐标分别为 129u12 - 9u8u8u,所以 EF=1217uEF = |12 - 17u| =12321= |12 - 3\sqrt{21}| =32112= 3\sqrt{21} - 12,因为 321>123\sqrt{21} \gt 12。因此 m+n+p=3+21+12=36m + n + p = 3 + 21 + 12 = 36

Place D=(0,0),D = (0, 0), C=(12,0),C = (12, 0), B=(12,10),B = (12, 10), A=(0,10).A = (0, 10). Since BEDF,\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{DF}, there is a unit vector (u,v)(u, v) with u,v>0u, v \gt 0 such that E=B9(u,v)E = B - 9(u, v) and F=D+8(u,v):F = D + 8(u, v): line BEBE heads down and to the left so that it can cross AD,\overline{AD}, while DF\overline{DF} points up and to the right into the rectangle.

Because EFAB\overline{EF} \parallel \overline{AB} is horizontal, EE and FF have equal heights: 109v=8v,10 - 9v = 8v, so v=1017v = \frac{10}{17} and u=1v2=32117.u = \sqrt{1 - v^2} = \frac{3\sqrt{21}}{17}.

Then EE and FF have xx-coordinates 129u12 - 9u and 8u,8u, so EF=1217uEF = |12 - 17u| =12321= |12 - 3\sqrt{21}| =32112,= 3\sqrt{21} - 12, since 321>12.3\sqrt{21} \gt 12. Thus m+n+p=3+21+12=36.m + n + p = 3 + 21 + 12 = 36.

3.

LL 是斜率为 512\frac{5}{12} 且经过点 A=(24,1)A = (24, -1) 的直线,设 MM 是垂直于直线 LL 且经过点 B=(5,6)B = (5, 6) 的直线。原来的坐标轴被擦去,并把直线 LL 作为 xx-轴,直线 MM 作为 yy-轴。在新的坐标系中,点 AA 在正 xx-轴上,点 BB 在正 yy-轴上。原坐标系中坐标为 (14,27)(-14, 27) 的点 PP,在新坐标系中的坐标为 (α,β)(\alpha, \beta)。求 α+β\alpha + \beta

Let LL be the line with slope 512\frac{5}{12} that contains the point A=(24,1),A = (24, -1), and let MM be the line perpendicular to line LL that contains the point B=(5,6).B = (5, 6). The original coordinate axes are erased, and line LL is made the xx-axis and line MM the yy-axis. In the new coordinate system, point AA is on the positive xx-axis, and point BB is on the positive yy-axis. The point PP with coordinates (14,27)(-14, 27) in the original system has coordinates (α,β)(\alpha, \beta) in the new coordinate system. Find α+β.\alpha + \beta.

答案:31
难度评级:2390
小提示:

PP 的新坐标是它到新坐标轴的有向距离:α\alpha 是到直线 MM 的距离,β\beta 是到直线 LL 的距离

The new coordinates of PP are its signed distances to the new axes: α\alpha is the distance to line MM and β\beta the distance to line LL

大提示:

使用点到直线的距离公式,并通过检查 PP 是否与 AA(对于 α\alpha)或 BB(对于 β\beta)在同一侧来确定符号

Use the point-to-line distance formula, fixing each sign by checking whether PP is on the same side as AA (for α\alpha) or as BB (for β\beta)

解答:

直线 LL5x12y132=05x - 12y - 132 = 0,直线 MM12x+5y90=012x + 5y - 90 = 0。一个点的新 xx-坐标是它到直线 MM 的有向距离,以含有 AA 的一侧为正;新 yy-坐标是它到直线 LL 的有向距离,以含有 BB 的一侧为正。

P=(14,27)P = (-14, 27) 代入 12x+5y9012x + 5y - 90,得到 168+13590=123-168 + 135 - 90 = -123,而代入 AA 得到 193>0193 \gt 0;除以 122+52=13\sqrt{12^2 + 5^2} = 13,得 α=12313\alpha = -\frac{123}{13}。将 PP 代入 5x12y1325x - 12y - 132,得到 70324132=526-70 - 324 - 132 = -526,代入 BB 得到 179-179,所以 PPBBLL 的同一侧,β=52613\beta = \frac{526}{13}

因此 α+β=123+52613=40313=31\alpha + \beta = \frac{-123 + 526}{13} = \frac{403}{13} = 31

Line LL is 5x12y132=05x - 12y - 132 = 0 and line MM is 12x+5y90=0.12x + 5y - 90 = 0. The new xx-coordinate of a point is its signed distance to line M,M, counted positive on the side containing A,A, and the new yy-coordinate is its signed distance to line L,L, positive on the side containing B.B.

Substituting P=(14,27)P = (-14, 27) into 12x+5y9012x + 5y - 90 gives 168+13590=123,-168 + 135 - 90 = -123, while AA gives 193>0;193 \gt 0; dividing by 122+52=13,\sqrt{12^2 + 5^2} = 13, we get α=12313.\alpha = -\frac{123}{13}. Substituting PP into 5x12y1325x - 12y - 132 gives 70324132=526,-70 - 324 - 132 = -526, and BB gives 179,-179, so PP lies on the same side of LL as BB and β=52613.\beta = \frac{526}{13}.

Therefore α+β=123+52613=40313=31.\alpha + \beta = \frac{-123 + 526}{13} = \frac{403}{13} = 31.

4.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=125AB = 125AC=117AC = 117BC=120BC = 120。角 AA 的角平分线与 BC\overline{BC} 交于点 LL,角 BB 的角平分线与 AC\overline{AC} 交于点 KK。设 MMNN 分别是从 CCBK\overline{BK}AL\overline{AL} 的垂足。求 MNMN

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=125,AB = 125, AC=117,AC = 117, and BC=120.BC = 120. The angle bisector of angle AA intersects BC\overline{BC} at point L,L, and the angle bisector of angle BB intersects AC\overline{AC} at point K.K. Let MM and NN be the feet of the perpendiculars from CC to BK\overline{BK} and AL,\overline{AL}, respectively. Find MN.MN.

答案:56
难度评级:2510
小提示:

延长 CM\overline{CM}CN\overline{CN},直到它们与 AB\overline{AB} 相交

Extend CM\overline{CM} and CN\overline{CN} until they meet AB\overline{AB}

大提示:

BMBM 同时是三角形 BCPBCP 的角平分线和高,所以该三角形是等腰三角形,且 MM 是中点;接着 MNMN 是中位线

BMBM is both a bisector and an altitude of triangle BCP,BCP, so that triangle is isosceles and MM is a midpoint; then MNMN is a midline

解答:

延长 CM\overline{CM}CN\overline{CN},分别与 AB\overline{AB} 交于 PPQQ。在三角形 BCPBCP 中,线段 BMBM 同时是角平分线和高,所以三角形是等腰的,BP=BC=120BP = BC = 120,且 MMCP\overline{CP} 的中点。类似地,三角形 ACQACQ 是等腰的,AQ=AC=117AQ = AC = 117,且 NNCQ\overline{CQ} 的中点。

因此 MN\overline{MN} 是三角形 CPQCPQ 的中位线,所以 MN=PQ2MN = \frac{PQ}{2}。又 PQ=BP+AQAB=120+117125=112 \begin{aligned} PQ &= BP + AQ - AB \\ &= 120 + 117 - 125 \\ &= 112 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 MN=56MN = 56

Extend CM\overline{CM} and CN\overline{CN} to meet AB\overline{AB} at PP and Q,Q, respectively. In triangle BCP,BCP, the segment BMBM is both an angle bisector and an altitude, so the triangle is isosceles with BP=BC=120,BP = BC = 120, and MM is the midpoint of CP.\overline{CP}. Similarly, triangle ACQACQ is isosceles with AQ=AC=117,AQ = AC = 117, and NN is the midpoint of CQ.\overline{CQ}.

Hence MN\overline{MN} is a midline of triangle CPQ,CPQ, so MN=PQ2.MN = \frac{PQ}{2}. Since PQ=BP+AQAB=120+117125=112, \begin{aligned} PQ &= BP + AQ - AB \\ &= 120 + 117 - 125 \\ &= 112, \end{aligned} we conclude MN=56.MN = 56.

5.

一个正九边形(99 边形)的顶点要用数字 1199 标记,使得每三个连续顶点上的数之和都是 33 的倍数。如果一种可行排列可以通过在平面内旋转九边形得到另一种,则这两种排列视为无法区分。求可区分的可行排列数。

The vertices of a regular nonagon (99-sided polygon) are to be labeled with the digits 11 through 99 in such a way that the sum of the numbers on every three consecutive vertices is a multiple of 3.3. Two acceptable arrangements are considered to be indistinguishable if one can be obtained from the other by rotating the nonagon in the plane. Find the number of distinguishable acceptable arrangements.

答案:144
难度评级:2420
小提示:

比较两组三个连续顶点的重叠和:它们的和相差的是相隔三个位置的两个标号,所以相隔三个位置的标号模 33 同余

Compare two overlapping triples of consecutive vertices: their sums differ by the labels three apart, so labels three apart are congruent mod 33

大提示:

每个剩余类 {3,6,9}\{3,6,9\}{1,4,7}\{1,4,7\}{2,5,8}\{2,5,8\} 占据三类位置中的一类;数出分配和排列,再除以 99 种旋转

Each of the residue classes {3,6,9},\{3,6,9\}, {1,4,7},\{1,4,7\}, {2,5,8}\{2,5,8\} occupies one of the three position classes; count assignments and orderings, then divide by 99 rotations

解答:

两组三个连续顶点有两个标号重叠,所以它们的和相差的是相隔三个位置的两个标号。由于所有三项和都是 33 的倍数,相隔三个位置的标号模 33 同余。因此位置类 {1,4,7}\{1, 4, 7\}{2,5,8}\{2, 5, 8\}{3,6,9}\{3, 6, 9\} 各自只放一种模 33 的剩余类,而数字 1199 正好每个剩余类各有三个数字。

这样每三个连续位置都会包含三个不同剩余类各一个数字,和为 0+1+20(mod3)\equiv 0 + 1 + 2 \equiv 0 \pmod 3,所以剩余类分配到位置类有 3!3! 种方式,且每个位置类内的三个数字可用 3!3! 种方式排列。共有 3!(3!)3=64=12963! \cdot (3!)^3 = 6^4 = 1296 个可行标号。

因为所有数字互不相同,没有非平凡旋转能固定一个标号,所以这 12961296 个标号分成大小为 99 的旋转等价类,得到 12969=144\frac{1296}{9} = 144 种可区分排列。

Two overlapping triples of consecutive vertices share two labels, so their sums differ by labels three positions apart. Since all triple sums are multiples of 3,3, labels three apart are congruent mod 3.3. Thus the position classes {1,4,7},\{1, 4, 7\}, {2,5,8},\{2, 5, 8\}, {3,6,9}\{3, 6, 9\} each carry a single residue class of digits, and the digits 11 through 99 consist of exactly three digits from each residue class mod 3.3.

Every triple of consecutive positions then contains one digit from each residue class, with sum 0+1+20(mod3),\equiv 0 + 1 + 2 \equiv 0 \pmod 3, so all 3!3! assignments of residue classes to position classes are acceptable, and within each position class the three digits can be arranged in 3!3! ways. That gives 3!(3!)3=64=12963! \cdot (3!)^3 = 6^4 = 1296 acceptable labelings.

Because the digits are distinct, no nontrivial rotation fixes a labeling, so the 12961296 labelings split into rotation classes of size 9,9, giving 12969=144\frac{1296}{9} = 144 distinguishable arrangements.

6.

假设一个抛物线的顶点为 (14,98)\left(\frac{1}{4}, -\frac{9}{8}\right),方程为 y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c,其中 a>0a \gt 0,且 a+b+ca + b + c 是整数。aa 的最小可能值可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

Suppose that a parabola has vertex (14,98)\left(\frac{1}{4}, -\frac{9}{8}\right) and equation y=ax2+bx+c,y = ax^2 + bx + c, where a>0a \gt 0 and a+b+ca + b + c is an integer. The minimum possible value of aa can be written in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:11
难度评级:2300
小提示:

将抛物线写成顶点式,并注意 a+b+ca + b + c 就是 x=1x = 1 时的 yy

Write the parabola in vertex form and note that a+b+ca + b + c is the value of yy at x=1x = 1

大提示:

所以 9(a2)16\frac{9(a-2)}{16} 必须是整数;选择让 aa 尽可能小且仍满足 a>0a \gt 0 的整数

So 9(a2)16\frac{9(a-2)}{16} must be an integer; choose the integer that makes aa as small as possible while keeping a>0a \gt 0

解答:

抛物线的顶点式为 y=a(x14)298y = a\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 - \frac{9}{8}。因为 a+b+ca + b + c 等于 x=1x = 1 时的 yy 值,a+b+c=a(34)298=9(a2)16 \begin{aligned} a + b + c &= a\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2 - \frac{9}{8} \\ &= \frac{9(a - 2)}{16} \end{aligned}\text{。}

若它等于整数 nn,则 a=2+16n9a = 2 + \frac{16n}{9}。条件 a>0a \gt 0 要求 16n>1816n \gt -18,也就是 n1n \ge -1,而当 n=1n = -1aa 最小,得到 a=2169=29a = 2 - \frac{16}{9} = \frac{2}{9}

因此 p+q=2+9=11p + q = 2 + 9 = 11

In vertex form the parabola is y=a(x14)298.y = a\left(x - \frac{1}{4}\right)^2 - \frac{9}{8}. Since a+b+ca + b + c equals the value of yy at x=1,x = 1, a+b+c=a(34)298=9(a2)16. \begin{aligned} a + b + c &= a\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2 - \frac{9}{8} \\ &= \frac{9(a - 2)}{16}. \end{aligned}

If this equals the integer n,n, then a=2+16n9.a = 2 + \frac{16n}{9}. The condition a>0a \gt 0 requires 16n>18,16n \gt -18, that is n1,n \ge -1, and aa is smallest when n=1,n = -1, giving a=2169=29.a = 2 - \frac{16}{9} = \frac{2}{9}.

Thus p+q=2+9=11.p + q = 2 + 9 = 11.

7.

求正整数 mm 的个数,使得存在非负整数 x0x_0x1x_1\ldotsx2011x_{2011},满足 mx0=k=12011mxkm^{x_0} = \sum_{k=1}^{2011} m^{x_k}\text{。}

Find the number of positive integers mm for which there exist nonnegative integers x0,x_0, x1,x_1, ,\ldots, x2011,x_{2011}, such that mx0=k=12011mxk.m^{x_0} = \sum_{k=1}^{2011} m^{x_k}.

答案:16
难度评级:2710
小提示:

两边模 m1m - 1 考察:mm 的每个幂都同余于 11

Reduce both sides mod m1:m - 1: every power of mm is congruent to 11

大提示:

所以 m1m - 1 必须整除 20102010。反过来,通过不断把一个幂拆成 mm 个低一阶的幂来展开 mnm^n;每次拆分会增加 m1m - 1 项。

So m1m - 1 must divide 2010.2010. Conversely, expand mnm^n by repeatedly splitting one power into mm copies of the next-lower power; each split adds m1m - 1 terms.

解答:

m=1m = 1 不成立,因为右边会是 20112011,而左边是 11。对 m2m \ge 2,模 m1m - 1 考察两边:mm 的每个幂都 1\equiv 1,所以方程迫使 12011(modm1)1 \equiv 2011 \pmod{m - 1},也就是 m1m - 1 整除 20102010

反过来,假设 2010=(m1)n2010 = (m - 1)n。取 x0=nx_0 = n,令 mmxkx_k 等于 00,并且对每个 r=1,2,,n1r = 1, 2, \ldots, n - 1,令 m1m - 1xkx_k 等于 rr。这共用了 m+(m1)(n1)m + (m - 1)(n - 1) =n(m1)+1= n(m - 1) + 1 =2011= 2011 项,且各项化简后恰好得到:m+(m1)(m+m2++mn1)=m+(mnm)=mn=mx0 \begin{aligned} &m \\ &\quad {}+ (m - 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (m + m^2 + \cdots + m^{n-1}) \\ &\quad {}= m + (m^n - m) \\ &\quad {}= m^n = m^{x_0} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以方程有解当且仅当 m1m - 1 整除 2010=235672010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67,而它有 24=162^4 = 16 个因数。因此这样的 mm1616 个。

The value m=1m = 1 fails, since the right side would be 20112011 while the left side is 1.1. For m2,m \ge 2, reduce mod m1:m - 1: every power of mm is 1,\equiv 1, so the equation forces 12011(modm1),1 \equiv 2011 \pmod{m - 1}, that is, m1m - 1 divides 2010.2010.

Conversely, suppose 2010=(m1)n.2010 = (m - 1)n. Take x0=n,x_0 = n, let mm of the xkx_k equal 0,0, and for each r=1,2,,n1r = 1, 2, \ldots, n - 1 let m1m - 1 of the xkx_k equal r.r. This uses m+(m1)(n1)m + (m - 1)(n - 1) =n(m1)+1= n(m - 1) + 1 =2011= 2011 terms, and the sum telescopes: m+(m1)(m+m2++mn1)=m+(mnm)=mn=mx0. \begin{aligned} &m \\ &\quad {}+ (m - 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (m + m^2 + \cdots + m^{n-1}) \\ &\quad {}= m + (m^n - m) \\ &\quad {}= m^n = m^{x_0}. \end{aligned}

So the equation is solvable exactly when m1m - 1 divides 2010=23567,2010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67, which has 24=162^4 = 16 divisors. There are 1616 such m.m.

8.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,BC=23BC = 23CA=27CA = 27AB=30AB = 30。点 VVWWAC\overline{AC} 上,且 VVAW\overline{AW} 上;点 XXYYBC\overline{BC} 上,且 XXCY\overline{CY} 上;点 ZZUUAB\overline{AB} 上,且 ZZBU\overline{BU} 上。此外,这些点的位置满足 UVBC\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}WXAB\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB},以及 YZCA\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}。然后沿着 UV\overline{UV}WX\overline{WX}YZ\overline{YZ} 作直角折叠。所得图形放在水平地面上,形成一张有三角形桌腿的桌子。设 hh 为由 ABC\triangle ABC 构造出的、桌面平行于地面的桌子的最大可能高度。那么 hh 可写成 kmn\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n},其中 kknn 是互质的正整数,且 mm 是不被任何素数平方整除的正整数。求 k+m+nk + m + n

In ABC,\triangle ABC, BC=23,BC = 23, CA=27,CA = 27, and AB=30.AB = 30. Points VV and WW are on AC\overline{AC} with VV on AW,\overline{AW}, points XX and YY are on BC\overline{BC} with XX on CY,\overline{CY}, and points ZZ and UU are on AB\overline{AB} with ZZ on BU.\overline{BU}. In addition, the points are positioned so that UVBC,\overline{UV} \parallel \overline{BC}, WXAB,\overline{WX} \parallel \overline{AB}, and YZCA.\overline{YZ} \parallel \overline{CA}. Right angle folds are then made along UV,\overline{UV}, WX,\overline{WX}, and YZ.\overline{YZ}. The resulting figure is placed on a level floor to make a table with triangular legs. Let hh be the maximum possible height of a table constructed from ABC\triangle ABC whose top is parallel to the floor. Then hh can be written in the form kmn,\frac{k\sqrt{m}}{n}, where kk and nn are relatively prime positive integers and mm is a positive integer that is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find k+m+n.k + m + n.

答案:318
难度评级:3060
小提示:

从一个顶点折下的翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,所以三条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 hh

A flap folded down from a vertex hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to its fold line, so all three fold lines must be at distance hh from their vertices

大提示:

切同一条边的两条折线不能重叠:对每条边,hh 乘以另外两条边的边长之和不超过三角形面积的两倍;其中最大的边长和给出起决定作用的限制

Two folds cutting the same side must not overlap: for each side, multiplying hh by the sum of the other two side lengths gives at most twice the triangle’s area; the largest such sum is the binding constraint

解答:

a=BC=23a = BC = 23b=CA=27b = CA = 27c=AB=30c = AB = 30,并设 KKABC\triangle ABC 的面积。由海伦公式,半周长为 4040,所以 K=40171310K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221= 20\sqrt{221}。当一个顶点处的角被直角折下时,翻片垂下的深度等于该顶点到折线的距离,因此若水平桌面的高度为 hh,每条折线都必须离对应顶点距离为 hh

顶点 AA 处的翻片与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似,相似比为 h2Ka=ha2K\frac{h}{\frac{2K}{a}} = \frac{ha}{2K}(用 hh 除以从 AABC\overline{BC} 的距离),所以它占用了边 AB\overline{AB} 上的 AU=cha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K};同理,顶点 BB 处的翻片在同一边上占用 BZ=chb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K}。两条折线恰好不相交的条件是 AU+BZcAU + BZ \le c,也就是 h(a+b)2Kh(a + b) \le 2K。另外两条边给出 h(b+c)2Kh(b + c) \le 2Kh(c+a)2Kh(c + a) \le 2K

起决定作用的限制来自最大的和 b+c=57b + c = 57,所以最大高度为 h=2K57=4022157h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57}\text{,}因此 k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318= 318

Write a=BC=23,a = BC = 23, b=CA=27,b = CA = 27, c=AB=30,c = AB = 30, and let KK be the area of ABC.\triangle ABC. By Heron’s formula with semiperimeter 40,40, K=40171310K = \sqrt{40 \cdot 17 \cdot 13 \cdot 10} =20221.= 20\sqrt{221}. When the corner at a vertex is folded down at a right angle, the flap hangs to a depth equal to the distance from that vertex to the fold line, so for a level tabletop of height h,h, each fold line must lie at distance hh from its vertex.

The flap at AA is similar to ABC\triangle ABC with ratio h2Ka=ha2K\frac{h}{\frac{2K}{a}} = \frac{ha}{2K} (dividing hh by the distance from AA to BC\overline{BC}), so it uses up AU=cha2KAU = c \cdot \frac{ha}{2K} of side AB;\overline{AB}; likewise the flap at BB uses BZ=chb2KBZ = c \cdot \frac{hb}{2K} of the same side. The two folds fit without crossing exactly when AU+BZc,AU + BZ \le c, that is, h(a+b)2K.h(a + b) \le 2K. The other two sides give h(b+c)2Kh(b + c) \le 2K and h(c+a)2K.h(c + a) \le 2K.

The binding constraint comes from the largest sum, b+c=57,b + c = 57, so the maximum height is h=2K57=4022157,h = \frac{2K}{57} = \frac{40\sqrt{221}}{57}, and k+m+n=40+221+57k + m + n = 40 + 221 + 57 =318.= 318.

9.

假设 xx 在区间 [0,π2]\left[0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right] 中,且 log24sinx(24cosx)=32\log_{24 \sin x}(24 \cos x) = \frac{3}{2}。求 24cot2x24 \cot^2 x

Suppose xx is in the interval [0,π2]\left[0, \frac{\pi}{2}\right] and log24sinx(24cosx)=32.\log_{24 \sin x}(24 \cos x) = \frac{3}{2}. Find 24cot2x.24 \cot^2 x.

答案:192
难度评级:2650
小提示:

将方程改写为指数形式,并两边平方,得到 cos2x=24sin3x\cos^2 x = 24 \sin^3 x

Rewrite the equation in exponential form and square both sides to get cos2x=24sin3x\cos^2 x = 24 \sin^3 x

大提示:

1sin2x1 - \sin^2 x 替换 cos2x\cos^2 x,并在得到的关于 sinx\sin x 的三次方程中寻找有理根

Replace cos2x\cos^2 x by 1sin2x1 - \sin^2 x and look for a rational root of the resulting cubic in sinx\sin x

解答:

指数形式的方程是 (24sinx)32=24cosx(24 \sin x)^{\frac{3}{2}} = 24 \cos x。两边平方得 243sin3x=242cos2x24^3 \sin^3 x = 24^2 \cos^2 x,所以 cos2x=24sin3x\cos^2 x = 24 \sin^3 x

s=sinxs = \sin x,并用 cos2x=1s2\cos^2 x = 1 - s^2,得到 24s3+s21=024s^3 + s^2 - 1 = 0,它可因式分解为 (3s1)(8s2+3s+1)=0(3s - 1)(8s^2 + 3s + 1) = 0。二次因子判别式为负,所以 sinx=13\sin x = \frac{1}{3}

于是 24cot2x=241sin2xsin2x=248919=248=192 \begin{aligned} 24 \cot^2 x &= 24 \cdot \frac{1 - \sin^2 x}{\sin^2 x} \\ &= 24 \cdot \frac{\frac{8}{9}}{\frac{1}{9}} \\ &= 24 \cdot 8 = 192 \end{aligned}\text{。}

In exponential form the equation says (24sinx)32=24cosx.(24 \sin x)^{\frac{3}{2}} = 24 \cos x. Squaring gives 243sin3x=242cos2x,24^3 \sin^3 x = 24^2 \cos^2 x, so cos2x=24sin3x.\cos^2 x = 24 \sin^3 x.

Writing s=sinxs = \sin x and using cos2x=1s2,\cos^2 x = 1 - s^2, we get 24s3+s21=0,24s^3 + s^2 - 1 = 0, which factors as (3s1)(8s2+3s+1)=0.(3s - 1)(8s^2 + 3s + 1) = 0. The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so sinx=13.\sin x = \frac{1}{3}.

Then 24cot2x=241sin2xsin2x=248919=248=192. \begin{aligned} 24 \cot^2 x &= 24 \cdot \frac{1 - \sin^2 x}{\sin^2 x} \\ &= 24 \cdot \frac{\frac{8}{9}}{\frac{1}{9}} \\ &= 24 \cdot 8 = 192. \end{aligned}

10.

从正 nn 边形的顶点中随机选取三个不同顶点,它们确定钝角三角形的概率为 93125\frac{93}{125}。求所有可能的 nn 值之和。

The probability that a set of three distinct vertices chosen at random from among the vertices of a regular nn-gon determine an obtuse triangle is 93125.\frac{93}{125}. Find the sum of all possible values of n.n.

答案:503
难度评级:2990
小提示:

圆内接三角形是钝角三角形,当且仅当它的三个顶点严格位于某个半圆内

A triangle inscribed in a circle is obtuse exactly when its three vertices lie strictly inside some semicircle

大提示:

按顺时针意义下的第一个顶点来计数钝角三角形,并分别处理偶数和奇数的 nn(只有偶数 nn 会有直角三角形)

Count obtuse triangles by their clockwise-first vertex, and handle even and odd nn separately (only even nn has right triangles)

解答:

由圆周角定理,圆内接三角形是钝角三角形当且仅当它的三个顶点严格位于某个半圆内。按“第一个”顶点计数钝角三角形,也就是从该顶点出发,另两个顶点沿顺时针方向在半个圆内可到达。若 n=2kn = 2k,某顶点顺时针方向的开半圆内有 k1k - 1 个顶点,得到 n(k12)n\binom{k-1}{2} 个钝角三角形;若 n=2k+1n = 2k + 1,开半圆内有 kk 个顶点,得到 n(k2)n\binom{k}{2} 个。

n=2kn = 2k 时,概率为 2k(k12)(2k3)=3(k2)2(2k1)=93125\frac{2k\binom{k-1}{2}}{\binom{2k}{3}} = \frac{3(k - 2)}{2(2k - 1)} = \frac{93}{125}\text{,}所以 375(k2)=186(2k1)375(k - 2) = 186(2k - 1),得 3k=5643k = 564k=188k = 188n=376n = 376

n=2k+1n = 2k + 1 时,概率为 3(k1)2(2k1)=93125\frac{3(k - 1)}{2(2k - 1)} = \frac{93}{125},所以 375(k1)=186(2k1)375(k - 1) = 186(2k - 1),得 3k=1893k = 189k=63k = 63n=127n = 127。所有可能值之和为 376+127=503376 + 127 = 503

By the inscribed angle theorem, an inscribed triangle is obtuse exactly when its three vertices lie strictly within some semicircle. Count obtuse triangles by their “first” vertex, the vertex from which the other two are reached going clockwise within half the circle. If n=2k,n = 2k, the open semicircle clockwise of a vertex contains k1k - 1 vertices, giving n(k12)n\binom{k-1}{2} obtuse triangles; if n=2k+1,n = 2k + 1, it contains kk vertices, giving n(k2).n\binom{k}{2}.

For n=2kn = 2k the probability is 2k(k12)(2k3)=3(k2)2(2k1)=93125,\frac{2k\binom{k-1}{2}}{\binom{2k}{3}} = \frac{3(k - 2)}{2(2k - 1)} = \frac{93}{125}, so 375(k2)=186(2k1),375(k - 2) = 186(2k - 1), giving 3k=564,3k = 564, k=188,k = 188, and n=376.n = 376.

For n=2k+1n = 2k + 1 the probability is 3(k1)2(2k1)=93125,\frac{3(k - 1)}{2(2k - 1)} = \frac{93}{125}, so 375(k1)=186(2k1),375(k - 1) = 186(2k - 1), giving 3k=189,3k = 189, k=63,k = 63, and n=127.n = 127. The sum of all possible values is 376+127=503.376 + 127 = 503.

11.

RR 是形如 2n2^n 的数除以 10001000 后所有可能余数组成的集合,其中 nn 是非负整数。设 SSRR 中元素之和。求 SS 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let RR be the set of all possible remainders when a number of the form 2n,2^n, nn a nonnegative integer, is divided by 1000.1000. Let SS be the sum of the elements in R.R. Find the remainder when SS is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:7
难度评级:2990
小提示:

232^3 开始,每个余数都是 88 的倍数,而 22 的幂模 125125 的周期为 100100

From 232^3 on, every remainder is a multiple of 8,8, and the powers of 22 repeat mod 125125 with period 100100

大提示:

证明 2501(mod125)2^{50} \equiv -1 \pmod{125},于是循环中相隔 5050 项的两个余数之和恰好为 10001000

Show 2501(mod125),2^{50} \equiv -1 \pmod{125}, so remainders 5050 apart in the cycle sum to exactly 10001000

解答:

余数 20=12^0 = 121=22^1 = 222=42^2 = 4 会出现,而对 n3n \ge 3,每个 2n2^n 都能被 88 整除。模 125125 时,n3n \ge 322 的幂以周期 100100 重复,所以 RR112244,以及 23,24,,21022^3, 2^4, \ldots, 2^{102}100100 个不同余数组成。

关键事实是 2501(mod125)2^{50} \equiv -1 \pmod{125}:事实上 250+1=(210+1)2^{50} + 1 = (2^{10} + 1) (240230+220210+1)\cdot (2^{40} - 2^{30} + 2^{20} - 2^{10} + 1),其中 210+1=10252^{10} + 1 = 1025 能被 2525 整除,第二个因子 1+1+1+1+1\equiv 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 0(mod5)\equiv 0 \pmod 5,因为 2101(mod5)2^{10} \equiv -1 \pmod 5。因此对 n3n \ge 3,和 2n+50+2n2^{n+50} + 2^n 同时能被 12512588 整除,所以能被 10001000 整除。

把循环中的每个余数与 5050 项后的余数配对,得到 5050 对不同余数,每对之和恰好为 10001000,所以这 100100 个余数对 SS 的贡献是 10001000 的倍数。因此 S1+2+4=7(mod1000)S \equiv 1 + 2 + 4 = 7 \pmod{1000}

The remainders 20=1,2^0 = 1, 21=2,2^1 = 2, and 22=42^2 = 4 occur, and for n3n \ge 3 every 2n2^n is divisible by 8.8. Modulo 125125 the powers of 22 for n3n \ge 3 repeat with period 100,100, so RR consists of 1,1, 2,2, 4,4, and the 100100 distinct remainders of 23,24,,2102.2^3, 2^4, \ldots, 2^{102}.

The key fact is 2501(mod125):2^{50} \equiv -1 \pmod{125}: indeed 250+1=(210+1)2^{50} + 1 = (2^{10} + 1) (240230+220210+1),\cdot (2^{40} - 2^{30} + 2^{20} - 2^{10} + 1), where 210+1=10252^{10} + 1 = 1025 is divisible by 2525 and the second factor is 1+1+1+1+1\equiv 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 0(mod5)\equiv 0 \pmod 5 because 2101(mod5).2^{10} \equiv -1 \pmod 5. Hence for n3,n \ge 3, the sum 2n+50+2n2^{n+50} + 2^n is divisible by 125125 and by 8,8, so by 1000.1000.

Pairing each remainder in the cycle with the one 5050 steps later therefore gives 5050 pairs of distinct remainders, each pair summing to exactly 1000,1000, so those 100100 remainders contribute a multiple of 10001000 to S.S. Thus S1+2+4=7(mod1000).S \equiv 1 + 2 + 4 = 7 \pmod{1000}.

12.

六名男子和若干名女子随机排成一列。设 pp 为在已知每名男子都至少与另一名男子相邻的条件下,至少四名男子连续站在一起的概率。求最少需要多少名女子,才能使 pp 不超过 11%。

Six men and some number of women stand in a line in random order. Let pp be the probability that a group of at least four men stand together in the line, given that every man stands next to at least one other man. Find the least number of women in the line such that pp does not exceed 11 percent.

答案:594
难度评级:3060
小提示:

每名男子都与另一名男子相邻,意味着男子会分成大小为 2+2+22+2+22+42+44+24+23+33+366 的块;把这些块放入女子之间的空隙中

Every man next to a man means the men split into blocks of sizes 2+2+2,2+2+2, 2+4,2+4, 4+2,4+2, 3+3,3+3, or 6;6; place the blocks into gaps between the women

大提示:

条件概率化简为 6(n+1)n2+8n+6\frac{6(n+1)}{n^2 + 8n + 6};要求它至多为 1100\frac{1}{100}

The conditional probability simplifies to 6(n+1)n2+8n+6;\frac{6(n+1)}{n^2 + 8n + 6}; require it to be at most 1100\frac{1}{100}

解答:

设女子人数为 nn;只需考虑男女位置的模式。如果每名男子都与另一名男子相邻,则男子形成的极大连续块大小依次可能为 2+2+22+2+22+42+44+24+23+33+366。有 jj 个块的模式等价于从女子确定的 n+1n + 1 个空隙中选择 jj 个,所以 2+2+22+2+2(n+13)\binom{n+1}{3} 种模式,三个双块顺序各有 (n+12)\binom{n+1}{2} 种,单块有 n+1n + 1 种。

至少四名男子连续站在一起出现在 2+42+44+24+266 这几种顺序中,所以 p=2(n+12)+(n+1)(n+13)+3(n+12)+(n+1)=(n+1)2(n+1)(n2+8n+6)6=6(n+1)n2+8n+6 \begin{aligned} p &= \frac{2\binom{n+1}{2} + (n+1)}{\binom{n+1}{3} + 3\binom{n+1}{2} + (n+1)} \\ &= \frac{(n+1)^2}{\frac{(n+1)(n^2 + 8n + 6)}{6}} \\ &= \frac{6(n+1)}{n^2 + 8n + 6} \end{aligned}\text{。}

条件 p1100p \le \frac{1}{100} 变为 f(n)=n2592n5940f(n) = n^2 - 592n - 594 \ge 0。由于 f(593)=593594=1<0f(593) = 593 - 594 = -1 \lt 0,且 f(594)=2594594f(594) = 2 \cdot 594 - 594 =594>0= 594 \gt 0,最少的女子人数为 594594

Let nn be the number of women; only the pattern of men’s and women’s positions matters. If every man stands next to another man, the men form maximal blocks whose sizes, in order, are 2+2+2,2+2+2, 2+4,2+4, 4+2,4+2, 3+3,3+3, or 6.6. A pattern with jj blocks amounts to choosing jj of the n+1n + 1 gaps determined by the women, so there are (n+13)\binom{n+1}{3} patterns for 2+2+2,2+2+2, (n+12)\binom{n+1}{2} for each of the three two-block orders, and n+1n + 1 for a single block.

At least four men stand together in the orders 2+4,2+4, 4+2,4+2, and 6,6, so p=2(n+12)+(n+1)(n+13)+3(n+12)+(n+1)=(n+1)2(n+1)(n2+8n+6)6=6(n+1)n2+8n+6. \begin{aligned} p &= \frac{2\binom{n+1}{2} + (n+1)}{\binom{n+1}{3} + 3\binom{n+1}{2} + (n+1)} \\ &= \frac{(n+1)^2}{\frac{(n+1)(n^2 + 8n + 6)}{6}} \\ &= \frac{6(n+1)}{n^2 + 8n + 6}. \end{aligned}

The condition p1100p \le \frac{1}{100} becomes f(n)=n2592n5940.f(n) = n^2 - 592n - 594 \ge 0. Since f(593)=593594=1<0f(593) = 593 - 594 = -1 \lt 0 and f(594)=2594594f(594) = 2 \cdot 594 - 594 =594>0,= 594 \gt 0, the least number of women is 594.594.

13.

一个边长为 1010 的立方体悬在一个平面上方。离该平面最近的顶点标为 AA。与顶点 AA 相邻的三个顶点在该平面上方的高度分别为 101011111212。顶点 AA 到该平面的距离可表示为 rst\frac{r - \sqrt{s}}{t},其中 rrsstt 是正整数。求 r+s+tr + s + t

A cube with side length 1010 is suspended above a plane. The vertex closest to the plane is labeled A.A. The three vertices adjacent to vertex AA are at heights 10,10, 11,11, and 1212 above the plane. The distance from vertex AA to the plane can be expressed as rst,\frac{r - \sqrt{s}}{t}, where r,r, s,s, and tt are positive integers. Find r+s+t.r + s + t.

答案:330
难度评级:2990
小提示:

AA 的高度为 hh,则从 AA 出发的三条边带来的高度增量分别为 10h10 - h11h11 - h12h12 - h

If AA is at height h,h, the three edges at AA gain heights 10h,10 - h, 11h,11 - h, and 12h12 - h

大提示:

这些增量是向上单位法向量在三条互相垂直边方向上的分量的 1010 倍,所以它们的平方和为 100100

Those gains are 1010 times the components of the upward unit normal along the three perpendicular edges, so their squares sum to 100100

解答:

AA 的高度为 hh,并令 e1e_1e2e_2e3e_3 为从 AA 出发的三条两两垂直边方向上的单位向量。若 uu 是平面的向上单位法向量,则边 ii 方向上顶点的高度为 h+10(eiu)h + 10(e_i \cdot u),所以 10(e1u)=10h10(e_1 \cdot u) = 10 - h10(e2u)=11h10(e_2 \cdot u) = 11 - h、且 10(e3u)=12h10(e_3 \cdot u) = 12 - h。因为 e1,e2,e3e_1, e_2, e_3 构成一组标准正交基,(e1u)2+(e2u)2(e_1 \cdot u)^2 + (e_2 \cdot u)^2 +(e3u)2=1+ (e_3 \cdot u)^2 = 1

因此 (10h)2+(11h)2+(12h)2=100 \begin{aligned} &(10 - h)^2 + (11 - h)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (12 - h)^2 = 100 \end{aligned}\text{,}化简为 3h266h+265=03h^2 - 66h + 265 = 0,所以 h=33±33232653=33±2943h = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{33^2 - 3 \cdot 265}}{3} = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{294}}{3}

因为 AA 是离平面最近的顶点,所以 h<10h \lt 10,从而 h=332943h = \frac{33 - \sqrt{294}}{3},并且 r+s+t=33+294+3=330r + s + t = 33 + 294 + 3 = 330

Let hh be the height of A,A, and let e1,e_1, e2,e_2, e3e_3 be unit vectors along the three mutually perpendicular edges at A.A. If uu is the upward unit normal of the plane, the height of the vertex along edge ii is h+10(eiu),h + 10(e_i \cdot u), so 10(e1u)=10h,10(e_1 \cdot u) = 10 - h, 10(e2u)=11h,10(e_2 \cdot u) = 11 - h, and 10(e3u)=12h.10(e_3 \cdot u) = 12 - h. Because e1,e2,e3e_1, e_2, e_3 form an orthonormal basis, (e1u)2+(e2u)2(e_1 \cdot u)^2 + (e_2 \cdot u)^2 +(e3u)2=1.+ (e_3 \cdot u)^2 = 1.

Therefore (10h)2+(11h)2+(12h)2=100, \begin{aligned} &(10 - h)^2 + (11 - h)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (12 - h)^2 = 100, \end{aligned} which simplifies to 3h266h+265=0,3h^2 - 66h + 265 = 0, so h=33±33232653=33±2943.h = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{33^2 - 3 \cdot 265}}{3} = \frac{33 \pm \sqrt{294}}{3}.

Since AA is the closest vertex to the plane, h<10,h \lt 10, forcing h=332943,h = \frac{33 - \sqrt{294}}{3}, and r+s+t=33+294+3=330.r + s + t = 33 + 294 + 3 = 330.

14.

A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 是一个正八边形。设 M1M_1M3M_3M5M_5M7M_7 分别为边 A1A2\overline{A_1A_2}A3A4\overline{A_3A_4}A5A6\overline{A_5A_6}A7A8\overline{A_7A_8} 的中点。对 i=1i = 1335577,从 MiM_i 向八边形内部作射线 RiR_i,使得 R1R3R_1 \perp R_3R3R5R_3 \perp R_5R5R7R_5 \perp R_7R7R1R_7 \perp R_1。各对射线 R1R_1R3R_3R3R_3R5R_5R5R_5R7R_7 以及 R7R_7R1R_1 分别相交于 B1B_1B3B_3B5B_5B7B_7。若 B1B3=A1A2B_1B_3 = A_1A_2,则 cos2A3M3B1\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1 可写成 mnm - \sqrt{n} 的形式,其中 mmnn 是正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 be a regular octagon. Let M1,M_1, M3,M_3, M5,M_5, and M7M_7 be the midpoints of sides A1A2,\overline{A_1A_2}, A3A4,\overline{A_3A_4}, A5A6,\overline{A_5A_6}, and A7A8,\overline{A_7A_8}, respectively. For i=1,i = 1, 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, ray RiR_i is constructed from MiM_i towards the interior of the octagon such that R1R3,R_1 \perp R_3, R3R5,R_3 \perp R_5, R5R7,R_5 \perp R_7, and R7R1.R_7 \perp R_1. Pairs of rays R1R_1 and R3,R_3, R3R_3 and R5,R_5, R5R_5 and R7,R_7, and R7R_7 and R1R_1 meet at B1,B_1, B3,B_3, B5,B_5, and B7,B_7, respectively. If B1B3=A1A2,B_1B_3 = A_1A_2, then cos2A3M3B1\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1 can be written in the form mn,m - \sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:37
难度评级:3500
小提示:

9090^\circ 旋转对称性,B1B_1B3B_3 都在射线 R3R_3 上,所以 M3B1M3B3=B1B3=A1A2M_3B_1 - M_3B_3 = B_1B_3 = A_1A_2

By the 9090^\circ rotational symmetry, both B1B_1 and B3B_3 lie on ray R3,R_3, so M3B1M3B3=B1B3=A1A2M_3B_1 - M_3B_3 = B_1B_3 = A_1A_2

大提示:

直角三角形 M1B1M3M_1B_1M_3 给出 a2+b2=M1M32a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2;已知 bab - a 后,求出 a+ba + b,并使用 tanA3M3B1=a+bba\tan \angle A_3M_3B_1 = \frac{a+b}{b-a}

Right triangle M1B1M3M_1B_1M_3 gives a2+b2=M1M32;a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2; with bab - a known, find a+ba + b and use tanA3M3B1=a+bba\tan \angle A_3M_3B_1 = \frac{a+b}{b-a}

解答:

缩放使 A1A2=2A_1A_2 = 2。绕中心旋转 9090^\circ 会把整个构型变到自身,所以 B1B3B5B7B_1B_3B_5B_7 是正方形,且距离 a=MiBia = M_iB_ib=MiBi2b = M_iB_{i-2} 不依赖于 iiB3B_3B1B_1 都在射线 R3R_3 上(到 M3M_3 的距离分别为 aabb),所以 ba=B1B3=2b - a = B_1B_3 = 2。此外,R1R3R_1 \perp R_3 使三角形 M1B1M3M_1B_1M_3B1B_1 处为直角,因此 a2+b2=M1M32a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2

直线 A1A2A_1A_2A3A4A_3A_4 在点 CC 垂直相交,且三角形 A2CA3A_2CA_3 是等腰直角三角形,其直角边 A2C=A3C=2A_2C = A_3C = \sqrt{2},所以 M1C=M3C=1+2M_1C = M_3C = 1 + \sqrt{2},并且 a2+b2=M1M32=2(1+2)2a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2 = 2(1 + \sqrt{2})^2。于是 (a+b)2=2(a2+b2)(ba)2=4(1+2)24=8+82 \begin{aligned} (a + b)^2 &= 2(a^2 + b^2) - (b - a)^2 \\ &= 4(1 + \sqrt{2})^2 - 4 \\ &= 8 + 8\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为三角形 M1CM3M_1CM_3 是等腰直角三角形,且 A3A_3 在线段 M3C\overline{M_3C} 上,所以 A3M3M1=45\angle A_3M_3M_1 = 45^\circ,而由直角三角形可得 tanM1M3B1=ab\tan \angle M_1M_3B_1 = \frac{a}{b}。正切加法公式给出 tanA3M3B1=1+ab1ab=a+bba \begin{aligned} \tan \angle A_3M_3B_1 &= \frac{1 + \frac{a}{b}}{1 - \frac{a}{b}} \\ &= \frac{a + b}{b - a} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 tan2A3M3B1=8+824=2+22 \begin{aligned} \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1 &= \frac{8 + 8\sqrt{2}}{4} \\ &= 2 + 2\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 cos2A3M3B1=1tan2A3M3B11+tan2A3M3B1=1223+22=(1+22)(322)=542=532 \begin{aligned} &\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1 \\ &\quad {}= \scriptsize \frac{1 - \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1}{1 + \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1} \\ &\quad {}= \frac{-1 - 2\sqrt{2}}{3 + 2\sqrt{2}} \\ &\quad {}= -(1 + 2\sqrt{2})(3 - 2\sqrt{2}) \\ &\quad {}= 5 - 4\sqrt{2} \\ &\quad {}= 5 - \sqrt{32} \end{aligned}\text{,}于是 m+n=5+32=37m + n = 5 + 32 = 37

Scale so that A1A2=2.A_1A_2 = 2. A 9090^\circ rotation about the center carries the whole configuration to itself, so B1B3B5B7B_1B_3B_5B_7 is a square and the distances a=MiBia = M_iB_i and b=MiBi2b = M_iB_{i-2} do not depend on i.i. Both B3B_3 and B1B_1 lie on ray R3R_3 (at distances aa and bb from M3M_3), so ba=B1B3=2.b - a = B_1B_3 = 2. Also, R1R3R_1 \perp R_3 makes triangle M1B1M3M_1B_1M_3 right-angled at B1,B_1, so a2+b2=M1M32.a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2.

Lines A1A2A_1A_2 and A3A4A_3A_4 meet at a point CC at a right angle, and triangle A2CA3A_2CA_3 is an isosceles right triangle with legs A2C=A3C=2,A_2C = A_3C = \sqrt{2}, so M1C=M3C=1+2M_1C = M_3C = 1 + \sqrt{2} and a2+b2=M1M32=2(1+2)2.a^2 + b^2 = M_1M_3^2 = 2(1 + \sqrt{2})^2. Then (a+b)2=2(a2+b2)(ba)2=4(1+2)24=8+82. \begin{aligned} (a + b)^2 &= 2(a^2 + b^2) - (b - a)^2 \\ &= 4(1 + \sqrt{2})^2 - 4 \\ &= 8 + 8\sqrt{2}. \end{aligned}

Since triangle M1CM3M_1CM_3 is an isosceles right triangle and A3A_3 lies on segment M3C,\overline{M_3C}, we have A3M3M1=45,\angle A_3M_3M_1 = 45^\circ, while tanM1M3B1=ab\tan \angle M_1M_3B_1 = \frac{a}{b} from the right triangle. The tangent addition formula gives tanA3M3B1=1+ab1ab=a+bba, \begin{aligned} \tan \angle A_3M_3B_1 &= \frac{1 + \frac{a}{b}}{1 - \frac{a}{b}} \\ &= \frac{a + b}{b - a}, \end{aligned} so tan2A3M3B1=8+824=2+22. \begin{aligned} \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1 &= \frac{8 + 8\sqrt{2}}{4} \\ &= 2 + 2\sqrt{2}. \end{aligned} Therefore cos2A3M3B1=1tan2A3M3B11+tan2A3M3B1=1223+22=(1+22)(322)=542=532, \begin{aligned} &\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1 \\ &\quad {}= \scriptsize \frac{1 - \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1}{1 + \tan^2 \angle A_3M_3B_1} \\ &\quad {}= \frac{-1 - 2\sqrt{2}}{3 + 2\sqrt{2}} \\ &\quad {}= -(1 + 2\sqrt{2})(3 - 2\sqrt{2}) \\ &\quad {}= 5 - 4\sqrt{2} \\ &\quad {}= 5 - \sqrt{32}, \end{aligned} and m+n=5+32=37.m + n = 5 + 32 = 37.

15.

对某个整数 mm,多项式 x32011x+mx^3 - 2011x + m 有三个整数根 aabbcc。求 a+b+c|a| + |b| + |c|

For some integer m,m, the polynomial x32011x+mx^3 - 2011x + m has the three integer roots a,a, b,b, and c.c. Find a+b+c.|a| + |b| + |c|.

答案:98
难度评级:3270
小提示:

韦达定理给出 a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0ab+bc+ca=2011ab + bc + ca = -2011;消去 cc 可得 a2+ab+b2=2011a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011

Vieta gives a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0 and ab+bc+ca=2011;ab + bc + ca = -2011; eliminate cc to get a2+ab+b2=2011a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011

大提示:

乘以 44(2a+b)2+3b2=8044(2a + b)^2 + 3b^2 = 8044。如果 bb 是较小的非负根,则 3b220113b^2 \le 2011;检查哪些 bb 会让 80443b28044 - 3b^2 成为完全平方数。

Multiply by 4:4: (2a+b)2+3b2=8044.(2a + b)^2 + 3b^2 = 8044. If bb is the smaller nonnegative root, then 3b22011;3b^2 \le 2011; test which bb makes 80443b28044 - 3b^2 a perfect square.

解答:

由韦达定理,a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0,且 ab+bc+ca=2011ab + bc + ca = -2011。把三个根全取相反数会把 mm 换成 m-m,所以不妨假设两个根(记作 aba \ge b)是非负的。将 c=(a+b)c = -(a + b) 代入第二个方程,得到 ab(a+b)2=2011ab - (a + b)^2 = -2011,也就是 a2+ab+b2=2011a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011\text{。}

乘以 44 并配方,得 (2a+b)2+3b2=8044(2a + b)^2 + 3b^2 = 8044。因为 ab0a \ge b \ge 0,有 3b2a2+ab+b2=20113b^2 \le a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011,所以 0b250 \le b \le 25。检查这些值,只有当 b=10b = 10 时,80443b28044 - 3b^2 是完全平方数,此时 8044300=7744=8828044 - 300 = 7744 = 88^2

于是 2a+b=882a + b = 88,得到 a=39a = 39,且 c=(a+b)=49c = -(a + b) = -49。(确实有 3910492=201139 \cdot 10 - 49^2 = -2011。)因此 a+b+c=39+10+49|a| + |b| + |c| = 39 + 10 + 49 =98= 98

By Vieta’s formulas, a+b+c=0a + b + c = 0 and ab+bc+ca=2011.ab + bc + ca = -2011. Negating all three roots replaces mm by m,-m, so we may assume two roots, say ab,a \ge b, are nonnegative. Substituting c=(a+b)c = -(a + b) into the second equation gives ab(a+b)2=2011,ab - (a + b)^2 = -2011, that is, a2+ab+b2=2011.a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011.

Multiplying by 44 and completing the square, (2a+b)2+3b2=8044.(2a + b)^2 + 3b^2 = 8044. Since ab0,a \ge b \ge 0, we have 3b2a2+ab+b2=2011,3b^2 \le a^2 + ab + b^2 = 2011, so 0b25.0 \le b \le 25. Checking these values, 80443b28044 - 3b^2 is a perfect square only for b=10,b = 10, where 8044300=7744=882.8044 - 300 = 7744 = 88^2.

Then 2a+b=882a + b = 88 gives a=39,a = 39, and c=(a+b)=49.c = -(a + b) = -49. (Indeed 3910492=2011.39 \cdot 10 - 49^2 = -2011.) Therefore a+b+c=39+10+49|a| + |b| + |c| = 39 + 10 + 49 =98.= 98.