2022 AIME I 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

二次多项式 P(x)P(x)Q(x)Q(x) 的首项系数分别为 222-2,这两个多项式的图像都经过 (16,54)(16, 54)(20,53)(20, 53) 两点。求 P(0)+Q(0)P(0) + Q(0)

Quadratic polynomials P(x)P(x) and Q(x)Q(x) have leading coefficients of 22 and 2,-2, respectively. The graphs of both polynomials pass through the two points (16,54)(16, 54) and (20,53).(20, 53). Find P(0)+Q(0).P(0) + Q(0).

知识点:多项式一次方程
难度评级:1890
小提示:

考虑 R(x)=P(x)+Q(x)R(x) = P(x) + Q(x):二次项会抵消,所以 RR 是一次函数

Consider R(x)=P(x)+Q(x):R(x) = P(x) + Q(x): the quadratic terms cancel, so RR is linear

大提示:

RR 经过 (16,108)(16, 108)(20,106)(20, 106);把这条直线延伸回 x=0x = 0

RR passes through (16,108)(16, 108) and (20,106);(20, 106); extend that line back to x=0x = 0

解答:

R(x)=P(x)+Q(x)R(x) = P(x) + Q(x)。首项系数 222-2 抵消,所以 RR 是一次函数。因为两个图像都经过 (16,54)(16, 54)(20,53)(20, 53),所以 R(16)=108R(16) = 108R(20)=106R(20) = 106

RR 的斜率为 1061082016=12\frac{106 - 108}{20 - 16} = -\frac{1}{2},所以 P(0)+Q(0)=R(0)=R(16)+1612=108+8=116 \begin{aligned} P(0) + Q(0) &= R(0) \\ &= R(16) + 16 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \\ &= 108 + 8 = 116 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let R(x)=P(x)+Q(x).R(x) = P(x) + Q(x). The leading coefficients 22 and 2-2 cancel, so RR is a linear function. Since both graphs pass through (16,54)(16, 54) and (20,53),(20, 53), we get R(16)=108R(16) = 108 and R(20)=106.R(20) = 106.

The slope of RR is 1061082016=12,\frac{106 - 108}{20 - 16} = -\frac{1}{2}, so P(0)+Q(0)=R(0)=R(16)+1612=108+8=116. \begin{aligned} P(0) + Q(0) &= R(0) \\ &= R(16) + 16 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \\ &= 108 + 8 = 116. \end{aligned}

2.

求三位正整数 abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c},它的九进制表示为 bca\underline{b}\,\underline{c}\,\underline{a},其中 aabbcc 是(不一定互不相同的)数字。

Find the three-digit positive integer abc\underline{a}\,\underline{b}\,\underline{c} whose representation in base nine is bca,\underline{b}\,\underline{c}\,\underline{a}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are (not necessarily distinct) digits.

难度评级:1950
小提示:

将条件写成 100a+10b+c=81b+9c+a100a + 10b + c = 81b + 9c + a 并化简

Write the condition as 100a+10b+c=81b+9c+a100a + 10b + c = 81b + 9c + a and simplify

大提示:

99a=71b+8c99a = 71b + 8c,模 88 化简以确定 bbaa 的关系,再测试较小的 aa

From 99a=71b+8c,99a = 71b + 8c, reduce modulo 88 to pin down bb in terms of a,a, then test small values of a.a.

解答:

条件表示 100a+10b+c=81b+9c+a100a + 10b + c = 81b + 9c + a,化简为 99a=71b+8c99a = 71b + 8c。由于这些数字也出现在一个以九为底的数中,每个数字都至多为 88。模 88 化简,得到 3ab(mod8)3a \equiv -b \pmod 8,所以 b5a(mod8)b \equiv 5a \pmod 8

a=1a = 1 时,b=5b = 5 会使 71b71b 超过 9999;当 a=2a = 2 时,b=2b = 2 给出 8c=198142=568c = 198 - 142 = 56,所以 c=7c = 7。对每个 a3a \ge 3,所需的 bb 都会迫使 99a71b99a - 71b 落在区间 [0,64][0, 64] 之外,因此没有其他解。

这个数是 227227,并且确实有 227=281+79+2227 = 2 \cdot 81 + 7 \cdot 9 + 2 =2729= 272_9

The condition says 100a+10b+c=81b+9c+a,100a + 10b + c = 81b + 9c + a, which simplifies to 99a=71b+8c.99a = 71b + 8c. Since the digits also appear in a base-nine numeral, each is at most 8.8. Reducing modulo 88 gives 3ab(mod8),3a \equiv -b \pmod 8, so b5a(mod8).b \equiv 5a \pmod 8.

For a=1,a = 1, b=5b = 5 makes 71b71b exceed 99;99; for a=2,a = 2, b=2b = 2 gives 8c=198142=56,8c = 198 - 142 = 56, so c=7.c = 7. For each a3,a \ge 3, the required bb forces 99a71b99a - 71b outside the range [0,64],[0, 64], so there is no other solution.

The number is 227,227, and indeed 227=281+79+2227 = 2 \cdot 81 + 7 \cdot 9 + 2 =2729.= 272_9.

3.

在等腰梯形 ABCDABCD 中,平行底边 AB\overline{AB}CD\overline{CD} 的长度分别为 500500650650,且 AD=BC=333AD = BC = 333A\angle AD\angle D 的角平分线相交于 PPB\angle BC\angle C 的角平分线相交于 QQ。求 PQPQ

In isosceles trapezoid ABCD,ABCD, parallel bases AB\overline{AB} and CD\overline{CD} have lengths 500500 and 650,650, respectively, and AD=BC=333.AD = BC = 333. The angle bisectors of A\angle A and D\angle D meet at P,P, and the angle bisectors of B\angle B and C\angle C meet at Q.Q. Find PQ.PQ.

难度评级:2390
小提示:

A\angle A 的角平分线与 CD\overline{CD} 交于 AA':内错角说明三角形 ADAADA' 是等腰三角形,且 DA=333DA' = 333

Let the bisector of A\angle A meet CD\overline{CD} at A:A': alternate interior angles make triangle ADAADA' isosceles with DA=333DA' = 333

大提示:

在等腰三角形 ADAADA' 中,从 DD 出发的角平分线也是中线,所以 PPAAAA' 的中点;对 QQ 同理,再使用坐标

In isosceles triangle ADA,ADA', the bisector from DD is also the median, so PP is the midpoint of AA.AA'. Do the same for QQ and use coordinates.

解答:

A\angle A 的角平分线与 CD\overline{CD} 交于 AA'。因为 ABCD\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD},有 DAA=AAB=AAD\angle DA'A = \angle A'AB = \angle A'AD,所以三角形 ADAADA' 是等腰三角形,且 DA=DA=333DA' = DA = 333。于是 D\angle D 的角平分线也是这个三角形中从 DD 出发的中线,因此同时位于两条角平分线上的 PPAA\overline{AA'} 的中点。类似地,QQBB\overline{BB'} 的中点,其中 BB'CD\overline{CD} 上且 CB=333CB' = 333

D=(0,0)D = (0, 0)C=(650,0)C = (650, 0),则对适当的高 hhA=(75,h)A = (75, h)B=(575,h)B = (575, h)。于是 A=(333,0)A' = (333, 0),且 B=(650333,0)=(317,0)B' = (650 - 333, 0) = (317, 0),所以 P=(75+3332,h2)=(204,h2) \begin{aligned} P &= \left(\frac{75 + 333}{2}, \frac{h}{2}\right) \\ &= \left(204, \frac{h}{2}\right) \end{aligned}\text{,}Q=(575+3172,h2)=(446,h2) \begin{aligned} Q &= \left(\frac{575 + 317}{2}, \frac{h}{2}\right) \\ &= \left(446, \frac{h}{2}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 PQ=446204=242PQ = 446 - 204 = 242

Let the bisector of A\angle A meet CD\overline{CD} at A.A'. Since ABCD,\overline{AB} \parallel \overline{CD}, we have DAA=AAB=AAD,\angle DA'A = \angle A'AB = \angle A'AD, so triangle ADAADA' is isosceles with DA=DA=333.DA' = DA = 333. The bisector of D\angle D is then the median from DD in this triangle, so P,P, which lies on both bisectors, is the midpoint of AA.\overline{AA'}. Symmetrically, QQ is the midpoint of BB,\overline{BB'}, where BB' is on CD\overline{CD} with CB=333.CB' = 333.

Place D=(0,0)D = (0, 0) and C=(650,0),C = (650, 0), so A=(75,h)A = (75, h) and B=(575,h)B = (575, h) for the appropriate height h.h. Then A=(333,0)A' = (333, 0) and B=(650333,0)=(317,0),B' = (650 - 333, 0) = (317, 0), so P=(75+3332,h2)=(204,h2), \begin{aligned} P &= \left(\frac{75 + 333}{2}, \frac{h}{2}\right) \\ &= \left(204, \frac{h}{2}\right), \end{aligned} Q=(575+3172,h2)=(446,h2). \begin{aligned} Q &= \left(\frac{575 + 317}{2}, \frac{h}{2}\right) \\ &= \left(446, \frac{h}{2}\right). \end{aligned}

Therefore PQ=446204=242.PQ = 446 - 204 = 242.

4.

w=3+i2w = \frac{\sqrt{3} + \mathrm{i}}{2}z=1+i32z = \frac{-1 + \mathrm{i}\sqrt{3}}{2},其中 i=1\mathrm{i} = \sqrt{-1}。求满足方程 iwr=zs\mathrm{i} \cdot w^r = z^s 的有序数对 (r,s)(r, s) 的个数,其中两个分量都是不超过 100100 的正整数。

Let w=3+i2w = \frac{\sqrt{3} + \mathrm{i}}{2} and z=1+i32,z = \frac{-1 + \mathrm{i}\sqrt{3}}{2}, where i=1.\mathrm{i} = \sqrt{-1}. Find the number of ordered pairs (r,s)(r, s) of positive integers not exceeding 100100 that satisfy the equation iwr=zs.\mathrm{i} \cdot w^r = z^s.

难度评级:2300
小提示:

两个数都在单位圆上:ww 的辐角是 3030^\circzz 的辐角是 120120^\circ,而 i\mathrm{i} 的辐角是 9090^\circ

Both numbers lie on the unit circle: ww has argument 3030^\circ and zz has argument 120,120^\circ, while i\mathrm{i} has argument 9090^\circ

大提示:

比较辐角得 90+30r120s(mod360)90 + 30r \equiv 120s \pmod{360},即 r+34s(mod12)r + 3 \equiv 4s \pmod{12};数出 r[1,100]r \in [1, 100] 在每个余数类中的个数

Matching arguments gives 90+30r120s(mod360),90 + 30r \equiv 120s \pmod{360}, i.e. r+34s(mod12);r + 3 \equiv 4s \pmod{12}; count how many r[1,100]r \in [1, 100] hit each residue

解答:

wwzz 的模都是 11:极坐标形式为 w=cis30w = \operatorname{cis} 30^\circz=cis120z = \operatorname{cis} 120^\circ,而 i=cis90\mathrm{i} = \operatorname{cis} 90^\circ。因此方程 iwr=zs\mathrm{i} \cdot w^r = z^s 等价于以下辐角条件:90+30r120s(mod360)90 + 30r \equiv 120s \pmod{360}\text{,}也就是 r+34s(mod12)r + 3 \equiv 4s \pmod{12}\text{。}

对每个 ss,这确定了 r(mod12)r \pmod{12}:当 s1s \equiv 122、或 0(mod3)0 \pmod 3 时,余数 4s34s - 3 分别为 115599(模 1212)。在 1r1001 \le r \le 100 中,满足 r1(mod12)r \equiv 1 \pmod{12} 的有 99 个,满足 r5r \equiv 5r9(mod12)r \equiv 9 \pmod{12} 的各有 88 个。在 1s1001 \le s \le 100 中,满足 s1(mod3)s \equiv 1 \pmod 3 的有 3434 个,另外两个余数类各有 3333 个。

总数为 34934 \cdot 9 +338+ 33 \cdot 8 +338+ 33 \cdot 8 =306+264+264=834= 306 + 264 + 264 = 834

Both ww and zz have modulus 1:1: in polar form w=cis30w = \operatorname{cis} 30^\circ and z=cis120,z = \operatorname{cis} 120^\circ, while i=cis90.\mathrm{i} = \operatorname{cis} 90^\circ. The equation iwr=zs\mathrm{i} \cdot w^r = z^s is therefore a statement about arguments: 90+30r120s(mod360),90 + 30r \equiv 120s \pmod{360}, i.e. r+34s(mod12).r + 3 \equiv 4s \pmod{12}.

For each s,s, this determines r(mod12):r \pmod{12}: the residue 4s34s - 3 is 1,1, 5,5, or 99 modulo 1212 according as s1,s \equiv 1, 2,2, or 0(mod3).0 \pmod 3. Among 1r1001 \le r \le 100 there are 99 values with r1(mod12)r \equiv 1 \pmod{12} and 88 values each with r5r \equiv 5 or r9(mod12).r \equiv 9 \pmod{12}. Among 1s1001 \le s \le 100 there are 3434 values with s1(mod3)s \equiv 1 \pmod 3 and 3333 values in each of the other two classes.

The count is 34934 \cdot 9 +338+ 33 \cdot 8 +338+ 33 \cdot 8 =306+264+264=834.= 306 + 264 + 264 = 834.

5.

一条笔直的河宽 264264 米,水流以每分钟 1414 米的速度自西向东流。Melanie 和 Sherry 坐在河的南岸,Melanie 位于 Sherry 下游 DD 米处。相对于水,Melanie 的游泳速度为每分钟 8080 米,Sherry 的游泳速度为每分钟 6060 米。两人同时开始沿直线游向北岸上的同一点,该点到她们的起点距离相等。两人同时到达该点。求 DD

A straight river that is 264264 meters wide flows from west to east at a rate of 1414 meters per minute. Melanie and Sherry sit on the south bank of the river with Melanie a distance of DD meters downstream from Sherry. Relative to the water, Melanie swims at 8080 meters per minute, and Sherry swims at 6060 meters per minute. At the same time, Melanie and Sherry begin swimming in straight lines to a point on the north bank of the river that is equidistant from their starting positions. The two women arrive at this point simultaneously. Find D.D.

难度评级:2390
小提示:

交汇点位于两人中点的正北方。每位游泳者相对于水的速度等于其对地速度减去水流速度 (14,0)(14, 0)

The meeting point is due north of the midpoint between them. Each swimmer’s velocity relative to the water is her ground velocity minus the current (14,0).(14, 0).

大提示:

u=D2tu = \frac{D}{2t},将两个速度方程相减,得到 (u+14)2(u14)2(u + 14)^2 - (u - 14)^2 =64003600= 6400 - 3600

With u=D2t,u = \frac{D}{2t}, subtracting the two speed equations gives (u+14)2(u14)2(u + 14)^2 - (u - 14)^2 =64003600= 6400 - 3600

解答:

把 Sherry 放在原点,Melanie 放在南岸的 (D,0)(D, 0)。北岸上到两人等距的点是 (D2,264)\left(\frac{D}{2}, 264\right)。若两人都在时间 tt 到达,则每位游泳者相对于水的速度等于她的对地速度减去水流速度 (14,0)(14, 0),所以 (D2t14)2+(264t)2=602 \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{D}{2t} - 14\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 60^2 \end{aligned}\text{,}(D2t14)2+(264t)2=802 \begin{aligned} &\left(-\frac{D}{2t} - 14\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 80^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

u=D2tu = \frac{D}{2t}。将两式相减,得到 (u+14)2(u14)2(u + 14)^2 - (u - 14)^2 =56u= 56u =64003600= 6400 - 3600 =2800= 2800,所以 u=50u = 50。代回可得 (5014)2+(264t)2=3600(50 - 14)^2 + \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 3600,因此 264t=48\frac{264}{t} = 48t=112t = \frac{11}{2}

因此 D=2ut=100t=550D = 2ut = 100t = 550

Put Sherry at the origin and Melanie at (D,0)(D, 0) on the south bank. A point on the north bank equidistant from both is (D2,264).\left(\frac{D}{2}, 264\right). If both arrive at time t,t, then each swimmer’s velocity relative to the water is her ground velocity minus the current (14,0),(14, 0), so (D2t14)2+(264t)2=602, \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{D}{2t} - 14\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 60^2, \end{aligned} (D2t14)2+(264t)2=802. \begin{aligned} &\left(-\frac{D}{2t} - 14\right)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 80^2. \end{aligned}

Subtracting, with u=D2t:u = \frac{D}{2t}: (u+14)2(u14)2(u + 14)^2 - (u - 14)^2 =56u= 56u =64003600= 6400 - 3600 =2800,= 2800, so u=50.u = 50. Substituting back, (5014)2+(264t)2=3600(50 - 14)^2 + \left(\frac{264}{t}\right)^2 = 3600 gives 264t=48,\frac{264}{t} = 48, so t=112.t = \frac{11}{2}.

Therefore D=2ut=100t=550.D = 2ut = 100t = 550.

6.

求整数有序数对 (a,b)(a, b) 的个数,使得序列 3,4,5,a,b,30,40,503, 4, 5, a, b, 30, 40, 50 严格递增,并且任意四个(不一定连续的)项都不能组成等差数列。

Find the number of ordered pairs of integers (a,b)(a, b) such that the sequence 3,4,5,a,b,30,40,503, 4, 5, a, b, 30, 40, 50 is strictly increasing and no set of four (not necessarily consecutive) terms forms an arithmetic progression.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

先数坏的数对:在满足 5<a<b<305 \lt a \lt b \lt 30(242)\binom{24}{2} 种选择中,每个四项等差数列都必须用到 aabb

Count the bad pairs among the (242)\binom{24}{2} choices with 5<a<b<30:5 \lt a \lt b \lt 30: every four-term progression must use aa or bb

大提示:

除了 a=6a = 620{a,b}20 \in \{a, b\} 之外,恰有三个数对 (a,b)(a, b) 会和两个固定项补成等差数列。注意重复计数。

Beyond a=6a = 6 and 20{a,b},20 \in \{a, b\}, exactly three pairs (a,b)(a, b) complete a progression with two of the fixed terms. Watch for double counting.

解答:

序列严格递增当且仅当 5<a<b<305 \lt a \lt b \lt 30,共有 (242)=276\binom{24}{2} = 276 个数对。六个固定项中没有四项等差数列,所以每个等差数列都必须包含 aabb。如果只包含其中一个,则三个固定项本身必须已经在同一个等差数列中:3,4,53, 4, 5 只能延伸出 66,而 30,40,5030, 40, 50 只能延伸出 2020。所以单变量违规情形为 a=6a = 62323 个数对)以及 20{a,b}20 \in \{a, b\}2323 个数对),它们在数对 (6,20)(6, 20) 上重合。

如果 aabb 都参与,则它们与两个固定项补成等差数列。检查可能的位置:(4,5,a,b)(4, 5, a, b) 给出 (6,7)(6, 7)(3,5,a,b)(3, 5, a, b) 给出 (7,9)(7, 9)(3,a,b,30)(3, a, b, 30) 给出 (12,21)(12, 21)(4,a,b,40)(4, a, b, 40) 给出 (16,28)(16, 28)(5,a,b,50)(5, a, b, 50) 给出 (20,35)(20, 35),超出范围;而 (a,b,30,40)(a, b, 30, 40) 给出 (10,20)(10, 20)。其中 (6,7)(6, 7)(10,20)(10, 20) 已经被计入,所以只有 (7,9)(7, 9)(12,21)(12, 21)(16,28)(16, 28) 是新的坏数对。

有效数对数为 276(23+231)276 - (23 + 23 - 1) 3=27648=228- 3 = 276 - 48 = 228

The sequence is increasing exactly when 5<a<b<30,5 \lt a \lt b \lt 30, giving (242)=276\binom{24}{2} = 276 pairs. The six fixed terms contain no four-term arithmetic progression, so every progression must involve aa or b.b. If only one of them is involved, three fixed terms must already be in progression: 3,4,53, 4, 5 extends only by 6,6, and 30,40,5030, 40, 50 extends only by 20.20. So the single-variable violations are a=6a = 6 (2323 pairs) and 20{a,b}20 \in \{a, b\} (2323 pairs), which overlap in the pair (6,20).(6, 20).

If both aa and bb are involved, two fixed terms complete the progression. Checking the possible positions: (4,5,a,b)(4, 5, a, b) gives (6,7);(6, 7); (3,5,a,b)(3, 5, a, b) gives (7,9);(7, 9); (3,a,b,30)(3, a, b, 30) gives (12,21);(12, 21); (4,a,b,40)(4, a, b, 40) gives (16,28);(16, 28); (5,a,b,50)(5, a, b, 50) gives (20,35),(20, 35), out of range; and (a,b,30,40)(a, b, 30, 40) gives (10,20).(10, 20). Of these, (6,7)(6, 7) and (10,20)(10, 20) are already counted, so (7,9),(7, 9), (12,21),(12, 21), and (16,28)(16, 28) are the only new bad pairs.

The number of valid pairs is 276(23+231)276 - (23 + 23 - 1) 3=27648=228.- 3 = 276 - 48 = 228.

7.

aabbccddeeffgghhii 是从 1199 中取出的互不相同的整数。式子 abcdefghi\frac{a \cdot b \cdot c - d \cdot e \cdot f}{g \cdot h \cdot i} 的最小正值可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, e,e, f,f, g,g, h,h, ii be distinct integers from 11 to 9.9. The minimum possible positive value of abcdefghi\frac{a \cdot b \cdot c - d \cdot e \cdot f}{g \cdot h \cdot i} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

目标是让分子为 11:寻找两个由不同数字组成的三元组,使它们的乘积恰好相差 11

Aim for a numerator of 1:1: look for two triples of distinct digits whose products differ by exactly 11

大提示:

把剩下最大的三个数字留给分母,再通过证明更大的分母会迫使分子差至少为 22 来排除它们

Save the three largest leftover digits for the denominator, then rule out bigger denominators by showing they force a numerator difference of at least 22

解答:

先尝试让分子等于 11,同时把较大的数字留在分母中。乘积 236=362 \cdot 3 \cdot 6 = 36157=351 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 = 35 相差 11,并留下 4,8,94, 8, 9 作分母,给出 3635489=1288\frac{36 - 35}{4 \cdot 8 \cdot 9} = \frac{1}{288}\text{。}

若要更小,就需要分子为 11 且分母大于 288288。超过 288288 的分母依次为 504504432432360360378378315315336336,分别来自 {7,8,9}\{7,8,9\}{6,8,9}\{6,8,9\}{5,8,9}\{5,8,9\}{6,7,9}\{6,7,9\}{5,7,9}\{5,7,9\}{6,7,8}\{6,7,8\}。在每种情况下,把剩余六个数字分成两个三元组,最小的正分子差依次为 662288224466。由此得到的下界 6504,2432,8360,2378,4315,6336\begin{aligned}&\frac{6}{504},\quad \frac{2}{432},\quad \frac{8}{360},\\&\frac{2}{378},\quad \frac{4}{315},\quad \frac{6}{336}\end{aligned} 都大于 1288\frac{1}{288}

所以最小正值为 1288\frac{1}{288},且 m+n=1+288=289m + n = 1 + 288 = 289

Try to make the numerator equal to 11 while keeping large digits in the denominator. The products 236=362 \cdot 3 \cdot 6 = 36 and 157=351 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 = 35 differ by 11 and leave 4,8,94, 8, 9 for the denominator, giving the value 3635489=1288.\frac{36 - 35}{4 \cdot 8 \cdot 9} = \frac{1}{288}.

To beat this, a fraction would need numerator 11 with denominator greater than 288.288. The denominators exceeding 288288 are 504,504, 432,432, 360,360, 378,378, 315,315, and 336,336, coming respectively from {7,8,9},\{7,8,9\}, {6,8,9},\{6,8,9\}, {5,8,9},\{5,8,9\}, {6,7,9},\{6,7,9\}, {5,7,9},\{5,7,9\}, and {6,7,8}.\{6,7,8\}. Splitting the remaining six digits into two triples, the smallest positive numerator differences are respectively 6,6, 2,2, 8,8, 2,2, 4,4, and 6.6. The resulting lower bounds 6504,2432,8360,2378,4315,6336\begin{aligned}&\frac{6}{504},\quad \frac{2}{432},\quad \frac{8}{360},\\&\frac{2}{378},\quad \frac{4}{315},\quad \frac{6}{336}\end{aligned} all exceed 1288.\frac{1}{288}.

So the minimum positive value is 1288,\frac{1}{288}, and m+n=1+288=289.m + n = 1 + 288 = 289.

8.

等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 内接于半径为 1818 的圆 ω\omega。圆 ωA\omega_A 与边 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 相切,并与 ω\omega 内切。圆 ωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 类似定义。圆 ωA\omega_AωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 两两相交,共有六个交点,每对圆有两个交点。最靠近 ABC\triangle ABC 各顶点的三个交点构成 ABC\triangle ABC 内部的一个较大等边三角形,其余三个交点构成 ABC\triangle ABC 内部的一个较小等边三角形。较小等边三角形的边长可写成 ab\sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b},其中 aabb 是正整数。求 a+ba + b

Equilateral triangle ABC\triangle ABC is inscribed in circle ω\omega with radius 18.18. Circle ωA\omega_A is tangent to sides AB\overline{AB} and AC\overline{AC} and is internally tangent to ω.\omega. Circles ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C are defined analogously. Circles ωA,\omega_A, ωB,\omega_B, and ωC\omega_C meet in six points — two points for each pair of circles. The three intersection points closest to the vertices of ABC\triangle ABC are the vertices of a large equilateral triangle in the interior of ABC,\triangle ABC, and the other three intersection points are the vertices of a smaller equilateral triangle in the interior of ABC.\triangle ABC. The side length of the smaller equilateral triangle can be written as ab,\sqrt{a} - \sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers. Find a+b.a + b.

难度评级:2710
小提示:

先找 ωA\omega_A:它的圆心在直线 AOAO 上,半径是它到 AA 距离的一半,而与 ω\omega 内切会固定所有量

Find ωA\omega_A first: its center lies on line AO,AO, its radius is half its distance from A,A, and internal tangency to ω\omega fixes everything

大提示:

ωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 的两个交点在直线 AOAO 上,每个等边三角形的外接圆半径就是该点到中心 OO 的距离

The two intersection points of ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C lie on line AO,AO, and each triangle’s circumradius is the distance from that point to the center OO

解答:

OOω\omega 的圆心。ωA\omega_A 的圆心在直线 AOAO 上(即 A\angle A 的角平分线),设它到 AA 的距离为 dd。因为 AB\overline{AB}AOAO3030^\circ 角,所以半径为 r=dsin30=d2r = d \sin 30^\circ = \frac{d}{2}。与 ω\omega 内切要求该圆心到 OO 的距离为 18r18 - r,这迫使圆心越过 OOd18=18d2d - 18 = 18 - \frac{d}{2},所以 d=24d = 24r=12r = 12,圆心在 OO 的另一侧 66 个单位处。

OO 放在原点,令 A=(0,18)A = (0, 18)。则三个圆心为 OA=(0,6)O_A = (0, -6) 以及 OB,OC=(±33,3)O_B, O_C = (\pm 3\sqrt{3}, 3),半径均为 1212ωB\omega_BωC\omega_C 的交点在 yy 轴上:27+(y3)2=14427 + (y - 3)^2 = 144,给出 y=3±117y = 3 \pm \sqrt{117}。点 (0,3+117)(0, 3 + \sqrt{117}) 更接近 AA,属于较大的三角形,所以较小三角形的一个顶点是 (0,3117)(0, 3 - \sqrt{117}),它到 OO 的距离为 1173\sqrt{117} - 3

由对称性,较小三角形是等边三角形,外接圆半径为 1173\sqrt{117} - 3,因此边长为 3(1173)=35127\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{117} - 3\right) = \sqrt{351} - \sqrt{27}。故 a+b=351+27=378a + b = 351 + 27 = 378

Let OO be the center of ω.\omega. The center of ωA\omega_A lies on line AOAO (the bisector of A\angle A) at some distance dd from A;A; since AB\overline{AB} makes a 3030^\circ angle with AO,AO, the radius is r=dsin30=d2.r = d \sin 30^\circ = \frac{d}{2}. Internal tangency to ω\omega requires the center to be 18r18 - r from O,O, which forces the center past O:O: d18=18d2,d - 18 = 18 - \frac{d}{2}, so d=24,d = 24, r=12,r = 12, and the center is 66 beyond O.O.

Place OO at the origin with A=(0,18).A = (0, 18). Then the three centers are OA=(0,6)O_A = (0, -6) and OB,OC=(±33,3),O_B, O_C = (\pm 3\sqrt{3}, 3), all with radius 12.12. The intersections of ωB\omega_B and ωC\omega_C lie on the yy-axis: 27+(y3)2=14427 + (y - 3)^2 = 144 gives y=3±117.y = 3 \pm \sqrt{117}. The point (0,3+117)(0, 3 + \sqrt{117}) is closer to AA and belongs to the larger triangle, so the smaller triangle has vertex (0,3117),(0, 3 - \sqrt{117}), at distance 1173\sqrt{117} - 3 from O.O.

By symmetry the smaller triangle is equilateral with circumradius 1173,\sqrt{117} - 3, so its side is 3(1173)=35127.\sqrt{3}\left(\sqrt{117} - 3\right) = \sqrt{351} - \sqrt{27}. Thus a+b=351+27=378.a + b = 351 + 27 = 378.

9.

Ellina 有十二个积木块,红色(R\textbf{R})、蓝色(B\textbf{B})、黄色(Y\textbf{Y})、绿色(G\textbf{G})、橙色(O\textbf{O})和紫色(P\textbf{P})各两个。若同色两个积木块之间隔着偶数个积木块,则称一个排列为偶排列。例如,排列 R B B Y G G Y R O P P O\textbf{R B B Y G G Y R O P P O} 是偶排列。Ellina 将这些积木块随机排成一行。她的排列是偶排列的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Ellina has twelve blocks, two each of red (R\textbf{R}), blue (B\textbf{B}), yellow (Y\textbf{Y}), green (G\textbf{G}), orange (O\textbf{O}), and purple (P\textbf{P}). Call an arrangement of blocks even if there is an even number of blocks between each pair of blocks of the same color. For example, the arrangement R B B Y G G Y R O P P O\textbf{R B B Y G G Y R O P P O} is even. Ellina arranges her blocks in a row in random order. The probability that her arrangement is even is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2450
小提示:

位置 iijj 之间有偶数个积木块,恰好当 iijj 奇偶性相反

There is an even number of blocks between positions ii and jj exactly when ii and jj have opposite parity

大提示:

因此每种颜色必须占据一个奇数位置和一个偶数位置:六个奇数位置各放一种颜色,六个偶数位置也各放一种颜色

So each color must occupy one odd and one even position: the six odd slots hold all six colors once, as do the six even slots

解答:

如果一种颜色占据位置 i<ji \lt j,它们之间的积木块数是 ji1j - i - 1,这个数为偶数恰好当 iijj 奇偶性相反。因此一个排列是偶排列,当且仅当每种颜色都占据一个奇数位置和一个偶数位置,也就是说,六个奇数位置恰好包含六种颜色各一次,六个偶数位置也一样。

计算十二个积木块的排列数(同色积木不可区分),总数为 12!26\frac{12!}{2^6}。偶排列有 6!6!6! \cdot 6! 个(奇数位置是六种颜色的一个排列,偶数位置也是六种颜色的一个排列)。概率为 6!6!2612!=16231\frac{6! \cdot 6! \cdot 2^6}{12!} = \frac{16}{231}\text{。}

因为 gcd(16,231)=1\gcd(16, 231) = 1,答案为 m+n=16+231=247m + n = 16 + 231 = 247

If a color occupies positions i<j,i \lt j, the number of blocks between them is ji1,j - i - 1, which is even exactly when ii and jj have opposite parity. So an arrangement is even precisely when every color occupies one odd position and one even position — that is, the six odd slots contain each color exactly once, and so do the six even slots.

Counting arrangements of the twelve blocks (blocks of the same color identical), there are 12!26\frac{12!}{2^6} in total, and 6!6!6! \cdot 6! even ones (a permutation of the six colors in the odd slots and another in the even slots). The probability is 6!6!2612!=16231.\frac{6! \cdot 6! \cdot 2^6}{12!} = \frac{16}{231}.

Since gcd(16,231)=1,\gcd(16, 231) = 1, the answer is m+n=16+231=247.m + n = 16 + 231 = 247.

10.

三个半径分别为 111113131919 的球两两外切。一个平面与这三个球相交,得到三个全等圆,它们的圆心分别为 AABBCC,并且三个球的球心都在该平面的同一侧。已知 AB2=560AB^2 = 560。求 AC2AC^2

Three spheres with radii 11,11, 13,13, and 1919 are mutually externally tangent. A plane intersects the spheres in three congruent circles centered at A,A, B,B, and C,C, respectively, and the centers of the spheres all lie on the same side of this plane. Suppose that AB2=560.AB^2 = 560. Find AC2.AC^2.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

若球心在平面上方高度为 hh,球与平面截得的圆的半径平方为 r2h2r^2 - h^2;三个截圆全等会关联三个高度

If a sphere’s center sits at height hh above the plane, its circle has radius squared r2h2;r^2 - h^2; congruence ties the three heights together

大提示:

AABB 是球心在平面上的垂足,所以 AB2=242(h2h1)2AB^2 = 24^2 - (h_2 - h_1)^2;再结合 h22h12=132112h_2^2 - h_1^2 = 13^2 - 11^2

AA and BB are the feet of the centers, so AB2=242(h2h1)2;AB^2 = 24^2 - (h_2 - h_1)^2; combine with h22h12=132112h_2^2 - h_1^2 = 13^2 - 11^2

解答:

设三个球心到平面的高度分别为 h1,h2,h3h_1, h_2, h_3。每个截圆的圆心是对应球心到平面的垂足,公共截圆半径 ρ\rho 满足 ρ2=112h12\rho^2 = 11^2 - h_1^2 =132h22= 13^2 - h_2^2 =192h32= 19^2 - h_3^2

前两个球相切,所以球心相距 11+13=2411 + 13 = 24。投影到平面上,有 AB2=242(h2h1)2AB^2 = 24^2 - (h_2 - h_1)^2。因此 (h2h1)2=576560=16(h_2 - h_1)^2 = 576 - 560 = 16。截圆全等给出 h22h12=169121=48h_2^2 - h_1^2 = 169 - 121 = 48,所以 h2h1=4h_2 - h_1 = 4h2+h1=12h_2 + h_1 = 12(另一个符号会给出负的和),得到 h1=4h_1 = 4h2=8h_2 = 8,并且 ρ2=12116=105\rho^2 = 121 - 16 = 105。于是 h32=361105=256h_3^2 = 361 - 105 = 256,所以 h3=16h_3 = 16

第一和第三个球心相距 11+19=3011 + 19 = 30,所以 AC2=302(h3h1)2=900144=756 \begin{aligned} AC^2 &= 30^2 - (h_3 - h_1)^2 \\ &= 900 - 144 = 756 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let the sphere centers be at heights h1,h2,h3h_1, h_2, h_3 above the plane. Each circle’s center is the foot of the perpendicular from the sphere’s center, and the common circle radius ρ\rho satisfies ρ2=112h12\rho^2 = 11^2 - h_1^2 =132h22= 13^2 - h_2^2 =192h32.= 19^2 - h_3^2.

The first two spheres are tangent, so their centers are 11+13=2411 + 13 = 24 apart, and projecting onto the plane, AB2=242(h2h1)2.AB^2 = 24^2 - (h_2 - h_1)^2. Thus (h2h1)2=576560=16.(h_2 - h_1)^2 = 576 - 560 = 16. Congruence gives h22h12=169121=48,h_2^2 - h_1^2 = 169 - 121 = 48, so h2h1=4h_2 - h_1 = 4 and h2+h1=12h_2 + h_1 = 12 (the other sign gives a negative sum), yielding h1=4,h_1 = 4, h2=8,h_2 = 8, and ρ2=12116=105.\rho^2 = 121 - 16 = 105. Then h32=361105=256,h_3^2 = 361 - 105 = 256, so h3=16.h_3 = 16.

The first and third centers are 11+19=3011 + 19 = 30 apart, so AC2=302(h3h1)2=900144=756. \begin{aligned} AC^2 &= 30^2 - (h_3 - h_1)^2 \\ &= 900 - 144 = 756. \end{aligned}

11.

ABCDABCD 是一个平行四边形,且 BAD<90\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ。一个圆与边 DA\overline{DA}AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC} 相切,并与对角线 AC\overline{AC} 交于点 PPQQ,其中 AP<AQAP \lt AQ,如图所示。已知 AP=3AP = 3PQ=9PQ = 9QC=16QC = 16。则 ABCDABCD 的面积可表示为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Let ABCDABCD be a parallelogram with BAD<90.\angle BAD \lt 90^\circ. A circle tangent to sides DA,\overline{DA}, AB,\overline{AB}, and BC\overline{BC} intersects diagonal AC\overline{AC} at points PP and QQ with AP<AQ,AP \lt AQ, as shown. Suppose that AP=3,AP = 3, PQ=9,PQ = 9, and QC=16.QC = 16. Then the area of ABCDABCD can be expressed in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

点的幂:APAQ=36AP \cdot AQ = 36CQCP=400CQ \cdot CP = 400,所以从 AACC 引出的切线长分别为 662020

Power of a point: APAQ=36AP \cdot AQ = 36 and CQCP=400CQ \cdot CP = 400 give tangent lengths 66 from AA and 2020 from CC

大提示:

相等切线长迫使 BC=AB+14BC = AB + 14,而圆与平行线 ADADBCBC 都相切,给出 ABcos2 ⁣A2=6AB \cos^2\!\frac{\angle A}{2} = 6;最后对 AC=28AC = 28 使用余弦定理

Equal tangents force BC=AB+14,BC = AB + 14, and tangency to both parallel lines ADAD and BCBC gives ABcos2 ⁣A2=6;AB \cos^2\!\frac{\angle A}{2} = 6; finish with the law of cosines on AC=28AC = 28

解答:

由点的幂,APAQ=312=36AP \cdot AQ = 3 \cdot 12 = 36,且 CQCP=1625=400CQ \cdot CP = 16 \cdot 25 = 400,所以从 AACC 引出的切线长分别为 662020AB\overline{AB} 上的切点距 AA66,因此距 BBAB6AB - 6。从 BB 引出的两条切线等长,所以 BC\overline{BC} 上的切点距 BB 也是这个距离,从而它距 CC 的距离为 BC(AB6)=20BC - (AB - 6) = 20,即 BC=AB+14BC = AB + 14

BAD=2θ\angle BAD = 2\theta。圆心位于 A\angle A 的角平分线上,且从 AA 引出的切线长为 66,所以半径为 ρ=6tanθ\rho = 6\tan\theta。圆与平行线 ADADBCBC 都相切,而这两条线的距离为 ABsin2θAB \sin 2\theta,故 ABsin2θ=2ρ=12tanθAB \sin 2\theta = 2\rho = 12 \tan\theta,化简为 ABcos2θ=6AB \cos^2\theta = 6。在三角形 ABCABC 中,ABC=1802θ\angle ABC = 180^\circ - 2\theta,且 AC=3+9+16=28AC = 3 + 9 + 16 = 28,由余弦定理,784=AB2+BC2+2ABBCcos2θ\begin{aligned} 784 &= AB^2 + BC^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \cdot AB \cdot BC \cos 2\theta \end{aligned}\text{。}代入 BC=AB+14BC = AB + 14cos2θ=2cos2θ1\cos 2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1AB2AB^2 项抵消;再用 ABcos2θ=6AB\cos^2\theta = 6,方程化为 24AB+336+196=78424\,AB + 336 + 196 = 784,所以 AB=212AB = \frac{21}{2},且 cos2θ=47\cos^2\theta = \frac{4}{7}

因此 sin2θ=23747=437\sin 2\theta = 2\sqrt{\frac{3}{7}}\sqrt{\frac{4}{7}} = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7},面积为 ABBCsin2θ=212492437=1473\begin{aligned} &AB \cdot BC \sin 2\theta \\ &= \frac{21}{2} \cdot \frac{49}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} \\ &= 147\sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=147+3=150m + n = 147 + 3 = 150

By power of a point, APAQ=312=36AP \cdot AQ = 3 \cdot 12 = 36 and CQCP=1625=400,CQ \cdot CP = 16 \cdot 25 = 400, so the tangent lengths from AA and CC are 66 and 20.20. The tangent point on AB\overline{AB} is 66 from A,A, hence AB6AB - 6 from B;B; equal tangents from BB put the tangent point on BC\overline{BC} at that same distance from B,B, so its distance from CC is BC(AB6)=20,BC - (AB - 6) = 20, giving BC=AB+14.BC = AB + 14.

Let BAD=2θ.\angle BAD = 2\theta. The center lies on the bisector of A\angle A with the tangent length from AA equal to 6,6, so the radius is ρ=6tanθ.\rho = 6\tan\theta. The circle is tangent to both parallel lines ADAD and BC,BC, whose distance apart is ABsin2θ,AB \sin 2\theta, so ABsin2θ=2ρ=12tanθ,AB \sin 2\theta = 2\rho = 12 \tan\theta, which simplifies to ABcos2θ=6.AB \cos^2\theta = 6. In triangle ABC,ABC, ABC=1802θ\angle ABC = 180^\circ - 2\theta and AC=3+9+16=28,AC = 3 + 9 + 16 = 28, so the law of cosines gives 784=AB2+BC2+2ABBCcos2θ. \begin{aligned} 784 &= AB^2 + BC^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2 \cdot AB \cdot BC \cos 2\theta. \end{aligned} Substituting BC=AB+14BC = AB + 14 and cos2θ=2cos2θ1,\cos 2\theta = 2\cos^2\theta - 1, the AB2AB^2 terms cancel and, using ABcos2θ=6,AB\cos^2\theta = 6, the equation collapses to 24AB+336+196=784,24\,AB + 336 + 196 = 784, so AB=212AB = \frac{21}{2} and cos2θ=47.\cos^2\theta = \frac{4}{7}.

Then sin2θ=23747=437,\sin 2\theta = 2\sqrt{\frac{3}{7}}\sqrt{\frac{4}{7}} = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7}, and the area is ABBCsin2θ=212492437=1473, \begin{aligned} &AB \cdot BC \sin 2\theta \\ &= \frac{21}{2} \cdot \frac{49}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} \\ &= 147\sqrt{3}, \end{aligned} so m+n=147+3=150.m + n = 147 + 3 = 150.

12.

对任意有限集合 XX,令 X|X| 表示 XX 中元素的个数。定义 Sn=ABS_n = \sum |A \cap B|\text{,} 其中求和遍历所有有序数对 (A,B)(A, B),满足 AABB 都是 {1,2,3,,n}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, n\} 的子集且 A=B|A| = |B|。例如,S2=4S_2 = 4,因为求和遍历以下子集对: (A,B){(,),({1},{1}),({1},{2}),({2},{1}),({2},{2}),({1,2},{1,2})}\begin{aligned} &(A, B) \in {}\\ &\quad \small\left\{\begin{gathered} (\emptyset, \emptyset), (\{1\}, \{1\}), \\ (\{1\}, \{2\}), (\{2\}, \{1\}), \\ (\{2\}, \{2\}), (\{1, 2\}, \{1, 2\}) \end{gathered}\right\} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 S2=0+1+0+0+1+2=4S_2 = 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 4。设 S2022S2021=pq\frac{S_{2022}}{S_{2021}} = \frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q 除以 10001000 的余数。

For any finite set X,X, let X|X| denote the number of elements in X.X. Define Sn=AB,S_n = \sum |A \cap B|, where the sum is taken over all ordered pairs (A,B)(A, B) such that AA and BB are subsets of {1,2,3,,n}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, n\} with A=B.|A| = |B|. For example, S2=4S_2 = 4 because the sum is taken over the pairs of subsets (A,B){(,),({1},{1}),({1},{2}),({2},{1}),({2},{2}),({1,2},{1,2})}, \begin{aligned} &(A, B) \in {}\\ &\quad \small\left\{\begin{gathered} (\emptyset, \emptyset), (\{1\}, \{1\}), \\ (\{1\}, \{2\}), (\{2\}, \{1\}), \\ (\{2\}, \{2\}), (\{1, 2\}, \{1, 2\}) \end{gathered}\right\}, \end{aligned} giving S2=0+1+0+0+1+2=4.S_2 = 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 2 = 4. Let S2022S2021=pq,\frac{S_{2022}}{S_{2021}} = \frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find the remainder when p+qp + q is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

交换求和顺序:对每个元素,数满足 A=B|A| = |B| 且两个集合都包含它的数对 (A,B)(A, B)

Swap the order of summation: for each element, count the pairs (A,B)(A, B) with A=B|A| = |B| that contain it in both sets

大提示:

k(n1k1)2=(2n2n1)\sum_k \binom{n-1}{k-1}^2 = \binom{2n-2}{n-1},所以 Sn=n(2n2n1)S_n = n\binom{2n-2}{n-1};然后化简相邻两项的比值

k(n1k1)2=(2n2n1),\sum_k \binom{n-1}{k-1}^2 = \binom{2n-2}{n-1}, so Sn=n(2n2n1);S_n = n\binom{2n-2}{n-1}; then simplify the ratio of consecutive terms

解答:

按元素计数:SnS_n 等于三元组 (x,A,B)(x, A, B) 的个数,其中 A=B|A| = |B|xABx \in A \cap B。固定 xx 和集合大小 kk 后,包含 xxAABB 各有 (n1k1)\binom{n-1}{k-1} 种选择,所以由范德蒙德恒等式,Sn=nk=1n(n1k1)2=n(2n2n1)\begin{aligned} S_n &= n \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n-1}{k-1}^2 \\ &= n\binom{2n-2}{n-1} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 S2022S2021=2022(40422021)2021(40402020)=202220214042404120212=22022404120212\begin{aligned} \frac{S_{2022}}{S_{2021}} &= \frac{2022\binom{4042}{2021}}{2021\binom{4040}{2020}} \\ &= \frac{2022}{2021} \cdot \frac{4042 \cdot 4041}{2021^2} \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 2022 \cdot 4041}{2021^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 2021=43472021 = 43 \cdot 47,它不整除 202220224041=324494041 = 3^2 \cdot 44922,所以该分数已最简:p=220224041=16341804p = 2 \cdot 2022 \cdot 4041 = 16341804,且 q=20212=4084441q = 2021^2 = 4084441

于是 p+q=20426245p + q = 20426245,除以 10001000 的余数为 245245

Count element by element: SnS_n equals the number of triples (x,A,B)(x, A, B) with A=B|A| = |B| and xAB.x \in A \cap B. For a fixed xx and size k,k, there are (n1k1)\binom{n-1}{k-1} choices for each of AA and BB containing x,x, so by the Vandermonde identity Sn=nk=1n(n1k1)2=n(2n2n1). \begin{aligned} S_n &= n \sum_{k=1}^{n} \binom{n-1}{k-1}^2 \\ &= n\binom{2n-2}{n-1}. \end{aligned}

Therefore S2022S2021=2022(40422021)2021(40402020)=202220214042404120212=22022404120212. \begin{aligned} \frac{S_{2022}}{S_{2021}} &= \frac{2022\binom{4042}{2021}}{2021\binom{4040}{2020}} \\ &= \frac{2022}{2021} \cdot \frac{4042 \cdot 4041}{2021^2} \\ &= \frac{2 \cdot 2022 \cdot 4041}{2021^2}. \end{aligned} Since 2021=43472021 = 43 \cdot 47 divides neither 2022,2022, 4041=32449,4041 = 3^2 \cdot 449, nor 2,2, this fraction is in lowest terms: p=220224041=16341804p = 2 \cdot 2022 \cdot 4041 = 16341804 and q=20212=4084441.q = 2021^2 = 4084441.

Then p+q=20426245,p + q = 20426245, whose remainder modulo 10001000 is 245.245.

13.

SS 为所有能表示成循环小数 0.abcd0.\overline{abcd} 的有理数的集合,其中数字 aabbccdd 中至少有一个非零。将 SS 中的数写成最简分数时,设 NN 为可能出现的不同分子个数。例如,44410410 都会被计入 SS 中的数所产生的这些不同分子中,因为 0.3636=4110.\overline{3636} = \frac{4}{11},且 0.1230=41033330.\overline{1230} = \frac{410}{3333}。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let SS be the set of all rational numbers that can be expressed as a repeating decimal in the form 0.abcd,0.\overline{abcd}, where at least one of the digits a,a, b,b, c,c, or dd is nonzero. Let NN be the number of distinct numerators obtained when numbers in SS are written as fractions in lowest terms. For example, both 44 and 410410 are counted among the distinct numerators for numbers in SS because 0.3636=4110.\overline{3636} = \frac{4}{11} and 0.1230=4103333.0.\overline{1230} = \frac{410}{3333}. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

SS 中每个元素都是 k9999\frac{k}{9999},其中 1k99991 \le k \le 9999,且 9999=32111019999 = 3^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 101

Every element of SS is k9999\frac{k}{9999} with 1k99991 \le k \le 9999 and 9999=32111019999 = 3^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 101

大提示:

mm 是一个分子,当且仅当对 99999999 的某个因数 DDmDm \le Dgcd(m,D)=1\gcd(m, D) = 1。按 331111101101 中哪些整除 mm 来分类。

mm is a numerator exactly when mDm \le D and gcd(m,D)=1\gcd(m, D) = 1 for some divisor DD of 9999.9999. Classify mm by which of 3,3, 11,11, or 101101 divide it.

解答:

SS 中每个元素都等于 k9999\frac{k}{9999},其中 1k99991 \le k \le 9999,且 9999=32111019999 = 3^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 101。化为最简形式后为 mD\frac{m}{D},其中 DD 整除 99999999mDm \le D,且 gcd(m,D)=1\gcd(m, D) = 1;反过来,任何这样的 mD\frac{m}{D} 都可由 k=m9999Dk = m \cdot \frac{9999}{D} 得到。所以 NN 计数的是这样的整数 mm:它不超过 99999999 的某个因数 DD,并且与该因数互质。

按质数 331111101101 中哪些整除 mm 来分类,每次都使用与 mm 互质的最大因数 DD。如果 gcd(m,9999)=1\gcd(m, 9999) = 1,取 D=9999D = 9999:这样的 mmφ(9999)=6000\varphi(9999) = 6000 个。如果只有 33 整除 mm,取 D=11101=1111D = 11 \cdot 101 = 1111:不超过 11111111 且不被 1111101101 整除的 33 的倍数有 370333=334370 - 33 - 3 = 334 个。如果只有 1111 整除 mm,取 D=9101=909D = 9 \cdot 101 = 909:得到 8227=5582 - 27 = 55 个。如果只有 101101 整除 mm,则 D=99<101D = 99 \lt 101,没有可行值。如果 mm 能被 3333 整除但不能被 101101 整除,取 D=101D = 101:数值 333366669999 再给出 33 个;而任何被 31013 \cdot 1011110111 \cdot 101 整除的 mm 都会要求 D11D \le 11,不可能。

因此 N=6000+334+55+3N = 6000 + 334 + 55 + 3 =6392= 6392,除以 10001000 的余数为 392392

Every element of SS equals k9999\frac{k}{9999} for some 1k9999,1 \le k \le 9999, where 9999=3211101.9999 = 3^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 101. In lowest terms this is mD\frac{m}{D} where DD divides 9999,9999, mD,m \le D, and gcd(m,D)=1;\gcd(m, D) = 1; conversely any such mD\frac{m}{D} arises from k=m9999D.k = m \cdot \frac{9999}{D}. So NN counts the integers mm that are at most, and coprime to, some divisor DD of 9999.9999.

Classify mm by which of the primes 3,3, 11,11, or 101101 divide it, always using the largest divisor DD coprime to m.m. If gcd(m,9999)=1,\gcd(m, 9999) = 1, take D=9999:D = 9999: there are φ(9999)=6000\varphi(9999) = 6000 such m.m. If only 33 divides m,m, take D=11101=1111:D = 11 \cdot 101 = 1111: multiples of 33 up to 11111111 avoiding 1111 and 101101 number 370333=334.370 - 33 - 3 = 334. If only 1111 divides m,m, take D=9101=909:D = 9 \cdot 101 = 909: that gives 8227=55.82 - 27 = 55. If only 101101 divides m,m, then D=99<101D = 99 \lt 101 admits none. If mm is divisible by 3333 but not by 101,101, take D=101:D = 101: the values 33,33, 66,66, and 9999 give 33 more, and any mm divisible by 31013 \cdot 101 or 1110111 \cdot 101 would need D11,D \le 11, which is impossible.

Therefore N=6000+334+55+3N = 6000 + 334 + 55 + 3 =6392,= 6392, and the remainder modulo 10001000 is 392.392.

14.

给定 ABC\triangle ABC 以及其一条边上的点 PP。若直线 \ell 经过 PP,并把 ABC\triangle ABC 分成两个周长相等的多边形,则称 \ellABC\triangle ABC 经过 PP分割线。设 ABC\triangle ABC 是一个三角形,其中 BC=219BC = 219,且 ABABACAC 都是正整数。令 MMNN 分别为 AB\overline{AB}AC\overline{AC} 的中点,并且 ABC\triangle ABC 经过 MMNN 的两条分割线相交成 3030^\circ。求 ABC\triangle ABC 的周长。

Given ABC\triangle ABC and a point PP on one of its sides, call line \ell the splitting line of ABC\triangle ABC through PP if \ell passes through PP and divides ABC\triangle ABC into two polygons of equal perimeter. Let ABC\triangle ABC be a triangle where BC=219BC = 219 and ABAB and ACAC are positive integers. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of AB\overline{AB} and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, and suppose that the splitting lines of ABC\triangle ABC through MM and NN intersect at 30.30^\circ. Find the perimeter of ABC.\triangle ABC.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

证明经过 MM 的分割线平行于从 CC 出发的角平分线:它与 BC\overline{BC} 交于 XX,且 BX=sc2BX = s - \frac{c}{2},并有 BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}

Show the splitting line through MM is parallel to the angle bisector from C:C: it meets BC\overline{BC} at XX with BX=sc2,BX = s - \frac{c}{2}, and BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}

大提示:

BBCC 出发的角平分线相交成 90+A290^\circ + \frac{A}{2},所以 3030^\circ 条件迫使 A=120\angle A = 120^\circ;接着使 421923(b+c)24 \cdot 219^2 - 3(b+c)^2 成为完全平方数

The bisectors from BB and CC cross at 90+A2,90^\circ + \frac{A}{2}, so the 3030^\circ condition forces A=120;\angle A = 120^\circ; then make 421923(b+c)24 \cdot 219^2 - 3(b+c)^2 a perfect square

解答:

a=BC=219a = BC = 219b=CAb = CAc=ABc = AB,并令 ss 为半周长。经过 MM 的分割线与 BC\overline{BC} 交于点 XX。令两部分的周长相等,并消去两边共有的线段 MX\overline{MX},得到 c2+BX=c2+b+(aBX)\frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX)\text{,}所以 BX=a+b2=sc2BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2}。在三角形 BMXBMX 中,正弦定理说明 BXM=C2\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}:这需要 csin(B+C2)=(a+b)sinC2c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2},而它可由 a+b=2R(sinA+sinB)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4RcosC2cosAB2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} 以及 c=4RsinC2cosC2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} 化简为 sin(B+C2)=cosAB2\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2}。这个等式成立,因为这两个角互余。因此经过 MM 的分割线平行于从 CC 出发的角平分线;类似地,经过 NN 的分割线平行于从 BB 出发的角平分线。

BBCC 出发的内角平分线相交成 90+A2>9090^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ,所以两条分割线的锐角夹角为 90A2=3090^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ,从而 A=120\angle A = 120^\circ。由余弦定理,2192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2bc\begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc \end{aligned}\text{。}p=b+cp = b + c,则 bc=p22192bc = p^2 - 219^2,且 bbcct2pt+(p22192)t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2) 的根,因此要求 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 是完全平方数 k2k^2。于是 33 整除 kk33 整除 pp;写 p=3rp = 3rk=3mk = 3m,条件变为 m2+3r2=1462m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2。三角形不等式 p>219p \gt 219421923p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 将范围限制为 74r8474 \le r \le 84,检查后只有 r=80r = 80 可行,此时 m=46m = 46

所以 b+c=240b + c = 240,且 bc=240247961=9639bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639,给出 {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\},这是一个有效三角形。周长为 219+240=459219 + 240 = 459

Write a=BC=219,a = BC = 219, b=CA,b = CA, c=AB,c = AB, and ss for the semiperimeter. The splitting line through MM meets BC\overline{BC} at the point X.X. Equating the two piece perimeters and cancelling their common segment MX\overline{MX} gives c2+BX=c2+b+(aBX), \frac{c}{2}+BX=\frac{c}{2}+b+(a-BX), so BX=a+b2=sc2.BX=\frac{a+b}{2}=s-\frac{c}{2}. In triangle BMX,BMX, the law of sines shows BXM=C2:\angle BXM = \frac{C}{2}: this needs csin(B+C2)=(a+b)sinC2,c \sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = (a + b)\sin\frac{C}{2}, which reduces via a+b=2R(sinA+sinB)a + b = 2R(\sin A + \sin B) =4RcosC2cosAB2= 4R\cos\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{A - B}{2} and c=4RsinC2cosC2c = 4R \sin\frac{C}{2}\cos\frac{C}{2} to sin(B+C2)=cosAB2,\sin\left(B + \frac{C}{2}\right) = \cos\frac{A - B}{2}, true because those angles are complementary. Hence the splitting line through MM is parallel to the angle bisector from C,C, and likewise the one through NN is parallel to the bisector from B.B.

The internal bisectors from BB and CC meet at 90+A2>90,90^\circ + \frac{A}{2} \gt 90^\circ, so the acute angle between the two splitting lines is 90A2=30,90^\circ - \frac{A}{2} = 30^\circ, forcing A=120.\angle A = 120^\circ. The law of cosines gives 2192=b2+c2+bc=(b+c)2bc. \begin{aligned} 219^2 &= b^2 + c^2 + bc \\ &= (b + c)^2 - bc. \end{aligned} Set p=b+c,p = b + c, so bc=p22192bc = p^2 - 219^2 and bb and cc are roots of t2pt+(p22192),t^2 - pt + (p^2 - 219^2), requiring 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 - 3p^2 to be a perfect square k2.k^2. Then 33 divides kk and 33 divides p;p; writing p=3rp = 3r and k=3mk = 3m turns the condition into m2+3r2=1462.m^2 + 3r^2 = 146^2. The triangle inequality p>219p \gt 219 and 421923p24 \cdot 219^2 \ge 3p^2 restrict 74r84,74 \le r \le 84, and checking these, only r=80r = 80 works, with m=46.m = 46.

So b+c=240b + c = 240 and bc=240247961=9639,bc = 240^2 - 47961 = 9639, giving {b,c}={51,189}\{b, c\} = \{51, 189\} — a valid triangle. The perimeter is 219+240=459.219 + 240 = 459.

15.

xxyyzz 为正实数,满足方程组 2xxy+2yxy=1\sqrt{2x - xy} + \sqrt{2y - xy} = 1 2yyz+2zyz=2\sqrt{2y - yz} + \sqrt{2z - yz} = \sqrt{2} 2zzx+2xzx=3\sqrt{2z - zx} + \sqrt{2x - zx} = \sqrt{3}\text{。}[(1x)(1y)(1z)]2\left[(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)\right]^2 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be positive real numbers satisfying the system of equations 2xxy+2yxy=1\sqrt{2x - xy} + \sqrt{2y - xy} = 1 2yyz+2zyz=2\sqrt{2y - yz} + \sqrt{2z - yz} = \sqrt{2} 2zzx+2xzx=3.\sqrt{2z - zx} + \sqrt{2x - zx} = \sqrt{3}. Then [(1x)(1y)(1z)]2\left[(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)\right]^2 can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

将每个根式分解为 x(2y)\sqrt{x(2 - y)},并代换 x=2sin2αx = 2\sin^2\alphay=2sin2βy = 2\sin^2\betaz=2sin2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma

Factor each radical as x(2y)\sqrt{x(2 - y)} and substitute x=2sin2α,x = 2\sin^2\alpha, y=2sin2β,y = 2\sin^2\beta, z=2sin2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma

大提示:

每个方程都由和角公式化为 2sin(α+β)=12\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1 等形式;解这个小型角度线性方程组,再使用 12sin2θ=cos2θ1 - 2\sin^2\theta = \cos 2\theta

Each equation collapses by the addition formula to 2sin(α+β)=1,2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1, etc.; solve the little linear system for the angles and use 12sin2θ=cos2θ1 - 2\sin^2\theta = \cos 2\theta

解答:

每个被开方数都可分解:2xxy=x(2y)2x - xy = x(2 - y),其余同理,所以 0<x,y,z20 \lt x, y, z \le 2。令 x=2sin2αx = 2\sin^2\alphay=2sin2βy = 2\sin^2\betaz=2sin2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma,其中 α,β,γ(0,90]\alpha, \beta, \gamma \in \left(0^\circ, 90^\circ\right]。则 x(2y)=4sin2αcos2β\sqrt{x(2 - y)} = \sqrt{4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\beta} =2sinαcosβ= 2\sin\alpha\cos\beta,每个方程都由正弦和角公式化为 2sin(α+β)=12\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1\text{,}2sin(β+γ)=22\sin(\beta + \gamma) = \sqrt{2}\text{,}2sin(γ+α)=32\sin(\gamma + \alpha) = \sqrt{3}\text{。}

一个可行选择是 α+β=30\alpha + \beta = 30^\circβ+γ=45\beta + \gamma = 45^\circγ+α=60\gamma + \alpha = 60^\circ,得到 α=22.5\alpha = 22.5^\circβ=7.5\beta = 7.5^\circγ=37.5\gamma = 37.5^\circ。与 0<α,β,γ900^\circ \lt \alpha,\beta,\gamma \le 90^\circ 一致的另一个分支使用两两之和 150,135,120150^\circ,135^\circ,120^\circ,得到 α=67.5\alpha = 67.5^\circβ=82.5\beta = 82.5^\circγ=52.5\gamma = 52.5^\circ;其下述乘积是第一个分支乘积的相反数,所以所求平方相同。对第一个分支,倍角公式给出 1x=cos2α=cos451 - x = \cos 2\alpha = \cos 45^\circ1y=cos151 - y = \cos 15^\circ,且 1z=cos751 - z = \cos 75^\circ

因此 (1x)(1y)(1z)=22cos15sin15=22sin302=28 \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos 15^\circ \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin 15^\circ \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin 30^\circ}{2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{8} \end{aligned}\text{,}其平方为 264=132\frac{2}{64} = \frac{1}{32}。所以 m+n=1+32=33m + n = 1 + 32 = 33

Each radicand factors: 2xxy=x(2y),2x - xy = x(2 - y), and so on, so 0<x,y,z2.0 \lt x, y, z \le 2. Substitute x=2sin2α,x = 2\sin^2\alpha, y=2sin2β,y = 2\sin^2\beta, z=2sin2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma with α,β,γ(0,90].\alpha, \beta, \gamma \in \left(0^\circ, 90^\circ\right]. Then x(2y)=4sin2αcos2β\sqrt{x(2 - y)} = \sqrt{4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\beta} =2sinαcosβ,= 2\sin\alpha\cos\beta, and each equation collapses by the sine addition formula: 2sin(α+β)=1,2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1, 2sin(β+γ)=2,2\sin(\beta + \gamma) = \sqrt{2}, 2sin(γ+α)=3.2\sin(\gamma + \alpha) = \sqrt{3}.

One admissible choice is α+β=30,\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ, β+γ=45,\beta + \gamma = 45^\circ, γ+α=60,\gamma + \alpha = 60^\circ, which gives α=22.5,\alpha = 22.5^\circ, β=7.5,\beta = 7.5^\circ, γ=37.5.\gamma = 37.5^\circ. The only other branch consistent with 0<α,β,γ900^\circ \lt \alpha,\beta,\gamma \le 90^\circ uses pairwise sums 150,135,120,150^\circ,135^\circ,120^\circ, giving α=67.5,\alpha = 67.5^\circ, β=82.5,\beta = 82.5^\circ, γ=52.5;\gamma = 52.5^\circ; its product below is the negative of the first branch’s product, so the requested square is identical. For the first branch, the double-angle identity gives 1x=cos2α=cos45,1 - x = \cos 2\alpha = \cos 45^\circ, 1y=cos15,1 - y = \cos 15^\circ, and 1z=cos75.1 - z = \cos 75^\circ.

Therefore (1x)(1y)(1z)=22cos15sin15=22sin302=28, \begin{aligned} &(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos 15^\circ \\ &\quad {}\cdot \sin 15^\circ \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin 30^\circ}{2} \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}, \end{aligned} whose square is 264=132.\frac{2}{64} = \frac{1}{32}. Thus m+n=1+32=33.m + n = 1 + 32 = 33.