1999 AIME 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

3:00:00

1.

求最小的质数,使它是一个递增等差数列的第五项,并且前四项也都是质数。

Find the smallest prime that is the fifth term of an increasing arithmetic sequence, all four preceding terms also being prime.

答案:29
知识点:质数等差数列整除性
难度评级:1890
小提示:

如果公差不是 33 的倍数,那么前三项中有一项能被 33 整除

If the common difference is not a multiple of 3,3, one of the first three terms is divisible by 33

大提示:

公差必须是 66 的倍数,所以从小质数开始尝试公差为 66 的五项等差数列

The difference must be a multiple of 6,6, so try five-term progressions with difference 66 starting from small primes

解答:

设这些项为 ppp+dp + d\ldotsp+4dp + 4d。偶质数不能作为第一项:若公差为偶数,第二项为偶数;若公差为奇数,第三项为偶数。如果 dd 是奇数,相邻两项奇偶性相反,因此除了第一项以外会有某一项是大于 22 的偶数,不可能是质数。如果 dd 不是 33 的倍数,那么 ppp+dp + dp+2dp + 2d 会覆盖模 33 的所有余数,所以其中一项能被 33 整除;这一项只能等于 33,从而迫使 p=3p = 3,但此时 p+3d=3(1+d)p + 3d = 3(1 + d) 是合数。因此 dd 能被 66 整除。

因为 d6d \ge 6,第五项至少为 p+24p + 24。取 p=5p = 5d=6d = 6,得到 5,11,17,23,295, 11, 17, 23, 29,全部为质数;又因为 p5p \ge 5(以 p=2p = 2p=3p = 3 开头都会失败),不可能有更小的第五项。答案是 2929

Let the terms be p,p, p+d,p + d, ,\ldots, p+4d.p + 4d. The even prime cannot be the first term: an even difference makes the second term even, while an odd difference makes the third term even. If dd were odd, consecutive terms would have opposite parity, so some term other than the first would be even and greater than 22 — impossible. If dd were not a multiple of 3,3, then p,p, p+d,p + d, p+2dp + 2d would cover all residues mod 3,3, so some term would be divisible by 3;3; that term would have to be 33 itself, forcing p=3,p = 3, but then p+3d=3(1+d)p + 3d = 3(1 + d) is composite. Hence dd is divisible by 6.6.

With d6d \ge 6 the fifth term is at least p+24.p + 24. Trying p=5p = 5 and d=6d = 6 gives 5,11,17,23,29,5, 11, 17, 23, 29, all prime, and no smaller fifth term is possible since p5p \ge 5 (the starts p=2p = 2 and p=3p = 3 fail as above). The answer is 29.29.

2.

考虑顶点为 (10,45)(10, 45)(10,114)(10, 114)(28,153)(28, 153),和 (28,84)(28, 84) 的平行四边形。一条经过原点的直线把这个图形分成两个全等多边形。该直线的斜率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Consider the parallelogram with vertices (10,45),(10, 45), (10,114),(10, 114), (28,153),(28, 153), and (28,84).(28, 84). A line through the origin cuts this figure into two congruent polygons. The slope of the line is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:118
难度评级:1790
小提示:

当一条直线经过平行四边形的对称中心时,它会把平行四边形分成两个全等部分

A line cuts a parallelogram into two congruent pieces when it passes through the parallelogram’s center of symmetry

大提示:

中心是从 (10,45)(10, 45)(28,153)(28, 153) 的对角线的中点

The center is the midpoint of the diagonal from (10,45)(10, 45) to (28,153)(28, 153)

解答:

全等的两部分面积相等。对于任意固定方向,只有一条该方向的直线能平分一个凸图形的面积;由于平行四边形是中心对称图形,这条直线经过其中心。因此,所求的过原点直线也必须经过中心。反过来,平行四边形关于其中心作 180180^\circ 旋转对称,所以任何经过中心的直线都会把它分成两个在该旋转下互相对应的部分,因此这两个部分全等。中心是某条对角线的中点:(10+282,45+1532)=(19,99) \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{10 + 28}{2}, \frac{45 + 153}{2}\right) \\ &= (19, 99) \end{aligned}\text{。}

经过原点和 (19,99)(19, 99) 的直线斜率为 9919\frac{99}{19},且 gcd(99,19)=1\gcd(99, 19) = 1,所以 m+n=99+19=118m + n = 99 + 19 = 118

Congruent pieces have equal area. For any fixed direction, there is only one line in that direction that bisects the area of a convex figure; because a parallelogram is centrally symmetric, that line passes through its center. Thus the required line through the origin must also pass through the center. Conversely, the 180180^\circ rotation about the center swaps the two pieces cut by such a line, so they are congruent. The center is the midpoint of a diagonal: (10+282,45+1532)=(19,99). \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{10 + 28}{2}, \frac{45 + 153}{2}\right) \\ &= (19, 99). \end{aligned}

The line through the origin and (19,99)(19, 99) has slope 9919,\frac{99}{19}, and gcd(99,19)=1,\gcd(99, 19) = 1, so m+n=99+19=118.m + n = 99 + 19 = 118.

3.

求所有正整数 nn 的和,使得 n219n+99n^2 - 19n + 99 是完全平方数。

Find the sum of all positive integers nn for which n219n+99n^2 - 19n + 99 is a perfect square.

答案:38
难度评级:2180
小提示:

乘以 44 并配方:4(n219n+99)4(n^2 - 19n + 99) =(2n19)2+35= (2n - 19)^2 + 35

Multiply by 44 and complete the square: 4(n219n+99)4(n^2 - 19n + 99) =(2n19)2+35= (2n - 19)^2 + 35

大提示:

如果该表达式等于 k2k^2,那么 (2k)2(2n19)2=35(2k)^2 - (2n - 19)^2 = 35;用所有方式把 3535 分解成平方差

If the expression equals k2,k^2, then (2k)2(2n19)2=35;(2k)^2 - (2n - 19)^2 = 35; factor 3535 as a difference of squares in every way

解答:

n219n+99=k2n^2 - 19n + 99 = k^2。两边乘以 44 并配方,得 (2n19)2+35=(2k)2(2n - 19)^2 + 35 = (2k)^2,所以 (2k(2n19))(2k+(2n19))=35 \begin{aligned} &\bigl(2k - (2n - 19)\bigr) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(2k + (2n - 19)\bigr) \\ &= 35 \end{aligned}\text{。}这两个因子的和为 4k>04k \gt 0,所以二者都为正:因子对为 (1,35)(1, 35)(5,7)(5, 7)(7,5)(7, 5)(35,1)(35, 1)

后一个因子减去前一个因子,得到 2(2n19)=342(2n - 19) = 34222-2,或 34-34,因此 n=18n = 18101099,或 11。它们确实分别使表达式成为完全平方数(818199998181),其和为 18+10+9+1=3818 + 10 + 9 + 1 = 38

Suppose n219n+99=k2.n^2 - 19n + 99 = k^2. Multiplying by 44 and completing the square gives (2n19)2+35=(2k)2,(2n - 19)^2 + 35 = (2k)^2, so (2k(2n19))(2k+(2n19))=35. \begin{aligned} &\bigl(2k - (2n - 19)\bigr) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(2k + (2n - 19)\bigr) \\ &= 35. \end{aligned} The two factors sum to 4k>0,4k \gt 0, so both are positive: the factor pairs are (1,35),(1, 35), (5,7),(5, 7), (7,5),(7, 5), and (35,1).(35, 1).

Subtracting the first factor from the second gives 2(2n19)=34,2(2n - 19) = 34, 2,2, 2,-2, or 34,-34, so n=18,n = 18, 10,10, 9,9, or 1.1. Each indeed makes the expression a perfect square (81,81, 9,9, 9,9, 8181), and the sum is 18+10+9+1=38.18 + 10 + 9 + 1 = 38.

4.

图中两个正方形有同一个中心 OO,且边长都是 11AB\overline{AB} 的长度为 4399\frac{43}{99},八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的面积为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

The two squares shown share the same center OO and have sides of length 1.1. The length of AB\overline{AB} is 4399\frac{43}{99} and the area of octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:185
难度评级:2350
小提示:

由交换两个正方形的对称性以及 9090^\circ 旋转对称性可知,八边形的八条边全都相等

By the symmetries swapping the two squares and rotating by 90,90^\circ, all eight sides of the octagon are congruent

大提示:

把八边形切成 88 个以 OO 为顶点的三角形;八边形的每条边都在某个正方形的一条边上,且与 OO 的距离为 12\frac{1}{2}

Cut the octagon into 88 triangles with apex O;O; each side of the octagon lies on a side of a square, at distance 12\frac{1}{2} from OO

解答:

整个图形绕 OO 旋转 9090^\circ 后保持不变,这会把八边形边 ABAB 依次对应到 CDCDEFEFGHGH;同时图形还具有交换两个正方形的反射对称性,这会把这些边对应到 BCBCDEDEFGFGHAHA。因此八边形的八条边长度都相同,均为 4399\frac{43}{99}

OO 连到八个顶点,把八边形分成 88 个三角形。每个三角形的底为 4399\frac{43}{99},位于某个单位正方形的一条边上,所以从 OO 到这条底边的高就是中心到该边的距离,即 12\frac{1}{2}。面积为 812439912=86998 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{43}{99} \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{86}{99}\text{。}

因为 gcd(86,99)=1\gcd(86, 99) = 1,答案是 86+99=18586 + 99 = 185

The whole configuration is unchanged by rotating 9090^\circ about O,O, which cycles the octagon side ABAB to CD,CD, EF,EF, GH,GH, and it is also unchanged by the reflection that swaps the two squares, which carries those sides to BC,BC, DE,DE, FG,FG, HA.HA. So all eight sides of the octagon have the same length, 4399.\frac{43}{99}.

Segments from OO to the eight vertices cut the octagon into 88 triangles. Each has base 4399\frac{43}{99} lying on a side of one of the unit squares, so its height from OO is the distance from the center to that side, namely 12.\frac{1}{2}. The area is 812439912=8699.8 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{43}{99} \cdot \frac{1}{2} = \frac{86}{99}.

Since gcd(86,99)=1,\gcd(86, 99) = 1, the answer is 86+99=185.86 + 99 = 185.

5.

对任意正整数 xx,令 S(x)S(x)xx 的各位数字之和,令 T(x)T(x)S(x+2)S(x)|S(x + 2) - S(x)|。例如,T(199)T(199) =S(201)S(199)= |S(201) - S(199)| =319= |3 - 19| =16= 16T(x)T(x) 的不同取值中,有多少个不超过 19991999

For any positive integer x,x, let S(x)S(x) be the sum of the digits of x,x, and let T(x)T(x) be S(x+2)S(x).|S(x + 2) - S(x)|. For example, T(199)T(199) =S(201)S(199)= |S(201) - S(199)| =319= |3 - 19| =16.= 16. How many values T(x)T(x) do not exceed 1999?1999?

答案:223
难度评级:2400
小提示:

如果加 22 时没有进位,则 T(x)=2T(x) = 2。只有当 xx 的末位是 8899 时才会发生进位。

If adding 22 causes no carrying, T(x)=2.T(x) = 2. Carrying happens only when xx ends in 88 or 9.9.

大提示:

追踪当 xx 以一串九结尾时数字和如何变化;产生进位的取值形成公差为 99 的等差数列

Track how the digit sum changes when xx ends in a run of nines; the carrying values form an arithmetic progression with common difference 99

解答:

如果 xx 的末位数字至多为 77,加 22 不会改变其他数字,所以 T(x)=2T(x) = 2。否则会发生进位。如果 xx 以数字 88 结尾,且它前面恰有 m0m \ge 0 个连续的九,那么 x+2x + 2 会把 a99m8\ldots a\underbrace{9 \cdots 9}_{m}8 变为 (a+1)00m0\ldots (a{+}1)\underbrace{0 \cdots 0}_{m}0,所以 S(x+2)S(x)=19m8S(x + 2) - S(x) = 1 - 9m - 8,从而 T(x)=9m+7T(x) = 9m + 7。如果 xx 恰以 m1m \ge 1 个连续的九结尾,那么 x+2x + 2 会把 a99m\ldots a\underbrace{9 \cdots 9}_{m} 变为 (a+1)00m11\ldots (a{+}1)\underbrace{0 \cdots 0}_{m - 1}1,所以 S(x+2)S(x)=29mS(x + 2) - S(x) = 2 - 9m,从而 T(x)=9m2T(x) = 9m - 2

两类进位情况给出的正好都是 7,16,25,7, 16, 25, \ldots,也就是 9j+79j + 7j0j \ge 0),且每个这样的值都能出现。因此 TT 的可能取值为 22 以及所有 9j+79j + 7。要求 9j+719999j + 7 \le 1999j221j \le 221,共有 222222 个值,再加上 T=2T = 2,总数为 223223

If the last digit of xx is at most 7,7, adding 22 changes no other digit, so T(x)=2.T(x) = 2. Otherwise there is carrying. If xx ends in the digit 88 preceded by exactly m0m \ge 0 nines, then x+2x + 2 replaces a99m8\ldots a\underbrace{9 \cdots 9}_{m}8 by (a+1)00m0,\ldots (a{+}1)\underbrace{0 \cdots 0}_{m}0, so S(x+2)S(x)=19m8S(x + 2) - S(x) = 1 - 9m - 8 and T(x)=9m+7.T(x) = 9m + 7. If xx ends in exactly m1m \ge 1 nines, then x+2x + 2 replaces a99m\ldots a\underbrace{9 \cdots 9}_{m} by (a+1)00m11,\ldots (a{+}1)\underbrace{0 \cdots 0}_{m - 1}1, so S(x+2)S(x)=29mS(x + 2) - S(x) = 2 - 9m and T(x)=9m2.T(x) = 9m - 2.

Both carrying families give exactly the values 7,16,25,,7, 16, 25, \ldots, that is, 9j+79j + 7 for j0,j \ge 0, and every such value occurs. So the possible values of TT are 22 together with all 9j+7.9j + 7. Requiring 9j+719999j + 7 \le 1999 gives j221,j \le 221, which is 222222 values, and T=2T = 2 adds one more, for a total of 223.223.

6.

坐标平面第一象限上的一个变换把每个点 (x,y)(x, y) 映射到点 (x,y)(\sqrt{x}, \sqrt{y})。四边形 ABCDABCD 的顶点为 A=(900,300)A = (900, 300)B=(1800,600)B = (1800, 600)C=(600,1800)C = (600, 1800),和 D=(300,900)D = (300, 900)。设 kk 为四边形 ABCDABCD 的像所围成区域的面积。求不超过 kk 的最大整数。

A transformation of the first quadrant of the coordinate plane maps each point (x,y)(x, y) to the point (x,y).(\sqrt{x}, \sqrt{y}). The vertices of quadrilateral ABCDABCD are A=(900,300),A = (900, 300), B=(1800,600),B = (1800, 600), C=(600,1800),C = (600, 1800), and D=(300,900).D = (300, 900). Let kk be the area of the region enclosed by the image of quadrilateral ABCD.ABCD. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed k.k.

答案:314
难度评级:2450
小提示:

不要只追踪顶点,改为找出这个变换对四条边所在直线分别做了什么

Instead of tracking the vertices, find what the map does to each of the four boundary lines

大提示:

y=3xy = 3xy=x3y = \frac{x}{3} 会映射成过原点的直线,而 x+y=cx + y = c 会映射成 u2+v2=cu^2 + v^2 = c 的圆弧

y=3xy = 3x and y=x3y = \frac{x}{3} map to lines through the origin, while x+y=cx + y = c maps to an arc of u2+v2=cu^2 + v^2 = c

解答:

追踪四条边。边 ABABDCDC 分别在直线 y=x3y = \frac{x}{3}y=3xy = 3x 上,它们映射成直线 v=u3v = \frac{u}{\sqrt{3}}v=3uv = \sqrt{3}\,u,也就是从原点出发、与横轴成 3030^\circ6060^\circ 的射线。边 ADADBCBC 分别在 x+y=1200x + y = 1200x+y=2400x + y = 2400 上,它们映射成圆 u2+v2=1200u^2 + v^2 = 1200u2+v2=2400u^2 + v^2 = 2400 的圆弧。

因此像区域是半径在 1200\sqrt{1200}2400\sqrt{2400} 之间、夹在 3030^\circ6060^\circ 两条射线之间的圆环扇形,是完整圆环的十二分之一:k=30360π(24001200)=100π \begin{aligned} k &= \frac{30}{360}\,\pi\,(2400 - 1200) \\ &= 100\pi \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 3.14<π<3.153.14 < \pi < 3.15,所以 314<k<315314 < k < 315,因此不超过 kk 的最大整数是 314314

Follow the four edges. Sides ABAB and DCDC lie on the lines y=x3y = \frac{x}{3} and y=3x,y = 3x, which map to the lines v=u3v = \frac{u}{\sqrt{3}} and v=3uv = \sqrt{3}\,u — rays from the origin at angles 3030^\circ and 60.60^\circ. Sides ADAD and BCBC lie on x+y=1200x + y = 1200 and x+y=2400,x + y = 2400, which map to arcs of the circles u2+v2=1200u^2 + v^2 = 1200 and u2+v2=2400.u^2 + v^2 = 2400.

So the image is the part of the annulus between radii 1200\sqrt{1200} and 2400\sqrt{2400} lying between the 3030^\circ and 6060^\circ rays, one twelfth of the full annulus: k=30360π(24001200)=100π. \begin{aligned} k &= \frac{30}{360}\,\pi\,(2400 - 1200) \\ &= 100\pi. \end{aligned}

Since 3.14<π<3.15,3.14 < \pi < 3.15, we have 314<k<315,314 < k < 315, so the greatest integer not exceeding kk is 314.314.

7.

10001000 个开关,每个开关有四个位置,记为 AABBCCDD。任意开关改变位置时,只会从 AABB、从 BBCC、从 CCDD 或从 DDAA。初始时每个开关都在位置 AA。这些开关分别标有 10001000 个不同的整数 2x3y5z2^x 3^y 5^z,其中 xxyyzz 分别取 0011\ldots99。在第 ii 步(整个过程共有 10001000 步),第 ii 个开关前进一档,同时所有标签能整除第 ii 个开关标签的其他开关也前进一档。完成第 10001000 步后,有多少个开关会在位置 AA

There is a set of 10001000 switches, each of which has four positions, called A,A, B,B, C,C, and D.D. When the position of any switch changes, it is only from AA to B,B, from BB to C,C, from CC to D,D, or from DD to A.A. Initially each switch is in position A.A. The switches are labeled with the 10001000 different integers 2x3y5z,2^x 3^y 5^z, where x,x, y,y, and zz take on the values 0,0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 9.9. At step ii of a 10001000-step process, the iith switch is advanced one step, and so are all the other switches whose labels divide the label on the iith switch. After step 10001000 has been completed, how many switches will be in position A?A?

答案:650
难度评级:2650
小提示:

每遇到一个标签为 dd 的倍数的步骤,标签为 dd 的开关就会前进一次;用指数来计算这些倍数

The switch labeled dd is advanced once for every label that is a multiple of d;d; count those multiples in terms of the exponents

大提示:

标签 2x3y5z2^x 3^y 5^z 会前进 (10x)(10y)(10z)(10 - x)(10 - y)(10 - z) 次;数出使这个乘积不是 44 的倍数的三元组

The label 2x3y5z2^x 3^y 5^z advances (10x)(10y)(10z)(10 - x)(10 - y)(10 - z) times; count the triples for which this product is not a multiple of 44

解答:

标签为 dd 的开关,恰好会在第 ii 个开关的标签为 dd 的倍数时前进一步。在这些标签中,2x3y5z2^x 3^y 5^z 的倍数为 2x3y5z2^{x'} 3^{y'} 5^{z'},其中 xx9x \le x' \le 9 等条件成立,所以这个开关会前进 (10x)(10y)(10z)(10 - x)(10 - y)(10 - z) 次。它回到位置 AA 当且仅当这个次数是 44 的倍数。

a=10xa = 10 - xb=10yb = 10 - yc=10zc = 10 - z,每个都从 111010 取值。我们计算 abcabc 44 整除的三元组:要么三者全为奇数,要么恰有一个是偶数但不被 44 整除。在 1,,101, \ldots, 10 中有 55 个奇数,以及 33 个数(22661010)是奇数的两倍。第一类有 53=1255^3 = 125 个,第二类有 3352=2253 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 = 225 个,共 350350 个。

因此 1000350=6501000 - 350 = 650 个开关最终在位置 AA

The switch labeled dd is advanced exactly once for each step ii whose label is a multiple of d.d. The multiples of 2x3y5z2^x 3^y 5^z among the labels are the 2x3y5z2^{x'} 3^{y'} 5^{z'} with xx9,x \le x' \le 9, etc., so that switch advances (10x)(10y)(10z)(10 - x)(10 - y)(10 - z) times. It returns to position AA exactly when this count is a multiple of 4.4.

Write a=10x,a = 10 - x, b=10y,b = 10 - y, c=10z,c = 10 - z, each ranging over 11 through 10.10. We count the triples where abcabc is not divisible by 4:4: either all three are odd, or exactly one is even but not divisible by 4.4. Among 1,,101, \ldots, 10 there are 55 odd values and 33 values (2,2, 6,6, 1010) that are twice an odd number. That gives 53=1255^3 = 125 triples of the first kind and 3352=2253 \cdot 3 \cdot 5^2 = 225 of the second, or 350350 in all.

Therefore 1000350=6501000 - 350 = 650 switches end in position A.A.

8.

TT 为非负实数有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 中位于平面 x+y+z=1x + y + z = 1 上的三元组集合。如果 (x,y,z)(x, y, z)(a,b,c)(a, b, c) 满足以下三个条件中的恰好两个:xax \ge ayby \ge bzcz \ge c,就称前者支持后者。令 SSTT 中所有支持 (12,13,16)\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right) 的三元组。SS 的面积与 TT 的面积之比为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let TT be the set of ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of nonnegative real numbers that lie in the plane x+y+z=1.x + y + z = 1. Let us say that (x,y,z)(x, y, z) supports (a,b,c)(a, b, c) when exactly two of the following are true: xa,x \ge a, yb,y \ge b, zc.z \ge c. Let SS consist of those triples in TT that support (12,13,16).\left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{6}\right). The area of SS divided by the area of TT is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:25
难度评级:2450
小提示:

TT 是一个三角形,每个类似 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} 的条件都会用一条平行于边的直线切下一角

TT is a triangle, and each condition like x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} cuts off a corner with a line parallel to a side

大提示:

因为 12+13+16=1\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1,三个不等式只会在一个边界点同时成立;除去该点,每个两不等式区域都是与 TT 相似的三角形

Since 12+13+16=1,\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1, all three inequalities hold only at one boundary point; apart from that point, each two-inequality region is a triangle similar to TT

解答:

TT 是顶点为 (1,0,0)(1,0,0)(0,1,0)(0,1,0)(0,0,1)(0,0,1) 的三角形。因为 12+13+16=1=x+y+z\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z,只要 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3}z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} 中有两个成立,第三个只能在一个零面积的边界点成立。因此除去这个点后,SS 是三个区域的并,每个区域对应于某一对不等式成立。

对于 x12x \ge \frac{1}{2}y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} 的区域,代入 x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x'y=13+yy = \frac{1}{3} + y' 后,得到 TT 的一个副本,其坐标和为 11213=161 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6},也就是与 TT 相似、相似比为 16\frac{1}{6} 的三角形,其面积为 (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 倍的 TT 面积。同理,{x,z}\{x, z\}{y,z}\{y, z\} 两对给出的相似三角形的相似比分别为 13\frac{1}{3}12\frac{1}{2}

面积比为 136+19+14=1+4+936=718 \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=7+18=25m + n = 7 + 18 = 25

TT is the triangle with vertices (1,0,0),(1,0,0), (0,1,0),(0,1,0), (0,0,1).(0,0,1). Because 12+13+16=1=x+y+z,\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{6} = 1 = x + y + z, whenever two of the inequalities x12,x \ge \frac{1}{2}, y13,y \ge \frac{1}{3}, z16z \ge \frac{1}{6} hold, the third can hold only at a boundary point of zero area. So SS is, up to measure zero, the union of the three regions where a specific pair of inequalities holds.

The region with x12x \ge \frac{1}{2} and y13y \ge \frac{1}{3} becomes, after substituting x=12+xx = \frac{1}{2} + x' and y=13+y,y = \frac{1}{3} + y', a copy of TT with coordinate sum 11213=16,1 - \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{6}, i.e. a triangle similar to TT with ratio 16\frac{1}{6} and area (16)2\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2 of T.T. Likewise the pairs {x,z}\{x, z\} and {y,z}\{y, z\} give similar triangles with ratios 13\frac{1}{3} and 12.\frac{1}{2}.

The ratio of areas is 136+19+14=1+4+936=718, \begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{36} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{4} = \frac{1 + 4 + 9}{36} \\ &= \frac{7}{18}, \end{aligned} so m+n=7+18=25.m + n = 7 + 18 = 25.

9.

函数 ff 定义在复数集上,且 f(z)=(a+bi)zf(z) = (a + bi)z,其中 aabb 为正数。这个函数满足:复平面中每个点的像到该点与到原点的距离相等。已知 a+bi=8|a + bi| = 8b2=mnb^2 = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A function ff is defined on the complex numbers by f(z)=(a+bi)z,f(z) = (a + bi)z, where aa and bb are positive numbers. This function has the property that the image of each point in the complex plane is equidistant from that point and the origin. Given that a+bi=8|a + bi| = 8 and that b2=mn,b^2 = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m + n.

答案:259
知识点:复数代数变形
难度评级:2270
小提示:

条件表示 f(z)z=f(z)|f(z) - z| = |f(z)| 对每个 zz 都成立;把两边都写成某个模长乘以 z|z|

The condition says f(z)z=f(z)|f(z) - z| = |f(z)| for every z;z; write both sides as a modulus times z|z|

大提示:

需要 a1+bi=a+bi|a - 1 + bi| = |a + bi|,这会确定 aa;然后使用 a2+b2=64a^2 + b^2 = 64

You need a1+bi=a+bi,|a - 1 + bi| = |a + bi|, which pins down a;a; then use a2+b2=64a^2 + b^2 = 64

解答:

条件是 f(z)z=f(z)|f(z) - z| = |f(z)| 对所有 zz 都成立,即 (a1+bi)z=(a+bi)z|(a - 1 + bi)z| = |(a + bi)z|。两边除以 z|z|(当 z0z \ne 0 时),得 a1+bi=a+bi|a - 1 + bi| = |a + bi|,所以 (a1)2+b2=a2+b2(a - 1)^2 + b^2 = a^2 + b^2\text{,}从而 a=12a = \frac{1}{2}

a+bi=8|a + bi| = 8 可得 a2+b2=64a^2 + b^2 = 64,所以 b2=6414=2554b^2 = 64 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{255}{4}。又 gcd(255,4)=1\gcd(255, 4) = 1,答案是 255+4=259255 + 4 = 259

The condition is f(z)z=f(z)|f(z) - z| = |f(z)| for all z,z, that is, (a1+bi)z=(a+bi)z.|(a - 1 + bi)z| = |(a + bi)z|. Dividing by z|z| (for z0z \ne 0) gives a1+bi=a+bi,|a - 1 + bi| = |a + bi|, so (a1)2+b2=a2+b2,(a - 1)^2 + b^2 = a^2 + b^2, which forces a=12.a = \frac{1}{2}.

Since a+bi=8,|a + bi| = 8, we have a2+b2=64,a^2 + b^2 = 64, so b2=6414=2554.b^2 = 64 - \frac{1}{4} = \frac{255}{4}. As gcd(255,4)=1,\gcd(255, 4) = 1, the answer is 255+4=259.255 + 4 = 259.

10.

平面上给定十个点,任意三点不共线。随机选择四条由这些点中的两点连接而成的不同线段,所有这样的线段集合等可能。这些线段中有三条能组成一个以这十个给定点中的点为顶点的三角形的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Ten points in the plane are given, with no three collinear. Four distinct segments joining pairs of these points are chosen at random, all such segments being equally likely. The probability that some three of the segments form a triangle whose vertices are among the ten given points is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:489
知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:2480
小提示:

四条线段最多包含一个三角形,因为两个不同三角形总共至少使用五条线段

Four segments can contain at most one triangle, because two different triangles always use at least five segments

大提示:

这样计数有利选择:先从 (103)\binom{10}{3} 个可能的三角形中选一个,再任选第四条线段

Count favorable choices as: pick a triangle from the (103)\binom{10}{3} possible ones, then pick any fourth segment

解答:

共有 (102)=45\binom{10}{2} = 45 条线段,所以等可能选择数为 (454)=148995\binom{45}{4} = 148995。两个不同三角形至多共用一条边,所以合起来至少使用 55 条线段;因此一组 44 条线段至多包含一个三角形。有利集合可以通过先选一个三角形、再选第四条线段来恰好计数一次:(103)(453)=12042=5040 \begin{aligned} &\binom{10}{3} \cdot (45 - 3) = 120 \cdot 42 \\ &= 5040 \end{aligned}\text{。}

概率为 5040148995=16473\frac{5040}{148995} = \frac{16}{473},已经是最简分数(473=1143473 = 11 \cdot 43),所以 m+n=16+473=489m + n = 16 + 473 = 489

There are (102)=45\binom{10}{2} = 45 segments, so (454)=148995\binom{45}{4} = 148995 equally likely choices. Two distinct triangles share at most one edge, so together they use at least 55 segments; hence a set of 44 segments contains at most one triangle, and the favorable sets are counted exactly once by choosing a triangle and then a fourth segment: (103)(453)=12042=5040. \begin{aligned} &\binom{10}{3} \cdot (45 - 3) = 120 \cdot 42 \\ &= 5040. \end{aligned}

The probability is 5040148995=16473,\frac{5040}{148995} = \frac{16}{473}, already in lowest terms (473=1143473 = 11 \cdot 43), so m+n=16+473=489.m + n = 16 + 473 = 489.

11.

已知 k=135sin5k=tanmn\sum_{k=1}^{35} \sin 5k = \tan \frac{m}{n},角度以度为单位,且 mmnn 是互质的正整数,并满足 mn<90\frac{m}{n} \lt 90,求 m+nm + n

Given that k=135sin5k=tanmn,\sum_{k=1}^{35} \sin 5k = \tan \frac{m}{n}, where angles are measured in degrees, and mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers that satisfy mn<90,\frac{m}{n} \lt 90, find m+n.m + n.

答案:177
难度评级:2560
小提示:

将和式乘以 2sin2.52 \sin 2.5^\circ,并使用 2sinαsinβ2 \sin\alpha \sin\beta =cos(αβ)= \cos(\alpha - \beta) cos(α+β)- \cos(\alpha + \beta) 来裂项求和

Multiply the sum by 2sin2.52 \sin 2.5^\circ and use 2sinαsinβ2 \sin\alpha \sin\beta =cos(αβ)= \cos(\alpha - \beta) cos(α+β)- \cos(\alpha + \beta) to telescope

大提示:

剩下的两项可用 cos(180θ)=cosθ\cos(180^\circ - \theta) = -\cos\theta 合并;最后使用 cotθ=tan(90θ)\cot\theta = \tan(90^\circ - \theta)

The two surviving terms combine because cos(180θ)=cosθ;\cos(180^\circ - \theta) = -\cos\theta; finish with cotθ=tan(90θ)\cot\theta = \tan(90^\circ - \theta)

解答:

将该和式乘以 2sin2.52 \sin 2.5^\circ,并应用 2sin5ksin2.52 \sin 5k^\circ \sin 2.5^\circ =cos(5k2.5)= \cos(5k - 2.5)^\circ cos(5k+2.5)- \cos(5k + 2.5)^\circ,于是和式裂项相消:2sin2.5k=135sin5k=cos2.5cos177.5=2cos2.5 \begin{aligned} &2 \sin 2.5^\circ \sum_{k=1}^{35} \sin 5k^\circ \\ &= \cos 2.5^\circ - \cos 177.5^\circ \\ &= 2\cos 2.5^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此该和等于 cos2.5sin2.5\frac{\cos 2.5^\circ}{\sin 2.5^\circ} =cot2.5= \cot 2.5^\circ =tan87.5= \tan 87.5^\circ =tan1752= \tan \frac{175}{2}^\circ。因为 gcd(175,2)=1\gcd(175, 2) = 11752<90\frac{175}{2} \lt 90,得 m+n=175+2=177m + n = 175 + 2 = 177

Multiply the sum by 2sin2.52 \sin 2.5^\circ and apply 2sin5ksin2.52 \sin 5k^\circ \sin 2.5^\circ =cos(5k2.5)= \cos(5k - 2.5)^\circ cos(5k+2.5),- \cos(5k + 2.5)^\circ, so the sum telescopes: 2sin2.5k=135sin5k=cos2.5cos177.5=2cos2.5. \begin{aligned} &2 \sin 2.5^\circ \sum_{k=1}^{35} \sin 5k^\circ \\ &= \cos 2.5^\circ - \cos 177.5^\circ \\ &= 2\cos 2.5^\circ. \end{aligned}

Hence the sum equals cos2.5sin2.5\frac{\cos 2.5^\circ}{\sin 2.5^\circ} =cot2.5= \cot 2.5^\circ =tan87.5= \tan 87.5^\circ =tan1752.= \tan \frac{175}{2}^\circ. Since gcd(175,2)=1\gcd(175, 2) = 1 and 1752<90,\frac{175}{2} \lt 90, we get m+n=175+2=177.m + n = 175 + 2 = 177.

12.

三角形 ABCABC 的内切圆与 AB\overline{AB} 相切于 PP,且半径为 2121。已知 AP=23AP = 23PB=27PB = 27,求该三角形的周长。

The inscribed circle of triangle ABCABC is tangent to AB\overline{AB} at P,P, and its radius is 21.21. Given that AP=23AP = 23 and PB=27,PB = 27, find the perimeter of the triangle.

答案:345
难度评级:2390
小提示:

从同一顶点引出的切线段相等,所以从 AABBCC 出发的切线长分别为 23232727 和未知数 zz

Tangent segments from each vertex are equal, so the tangent lengths from A,A, B,B, CC are 23,23, 27,27, and an unknown zz

大提示:

用两种方式表示面积:rsrs 和海伦公式;得到的方程关于 zz 是一次的

Set the area two ways: rsrs and Heron’s formula; the resulting equation is linear in zz

解答:

从同一点引出的两条切线段相等,所以从 AABBCC 出发的切线长分别为 23232727 和某个 zz。因而三边为 505023+z23 + z27+z27 + z,半周长为 s=50+zs = 50 + z,由海伦公式可得面积为 (50+z)z2327\sqrt{(50 + z) \cdot z \cdot 23 \cdot 27}

面积也等于 rs=21(50+z)rs = 21(50 + z)。将 21(50+z)=621z(50+z)21(50 + z) = \sqrt{621 z (50 + z)} 两边平方并除以 50+z50 + z441(50+z)=621z441(50 + z) = 621 z,所以 180z=22050180 z = 22050z=2452z = \frac{245}{2}

周长为 2s=2(50+2452)=3452s = 2\left(50 + \frac{245}{2}\right) = 345

Tangent segments from a point are equal, so the tangent lengths from A,A, B,B, CC are 23,23, 27,27, and some z.z. Then the sides are 50,50, 23+z,23 + z, 27+z,27 + z, the semiperimeter is s=50+z,s = 50 + z, and Heron’s formula gives area (50+z)z2327.\sqrt{(50 + z) \cdot z \cdot 23 \cdot 27}.

The area also equals rs=21(50+z).rs = 21(50 + z). Squaring 21(50+z)=621z(50+z)21(50 + z) = \sqrt{621 z (50 + z)} and dividing by 50+z50 + z gives 441(50+z)=621z,441(50 + z) = 621 z, so 180z=22050180 z = 22050 and z=2452.z = \frac{245}{2}.

The perimeter is 2s=2(50+2452)=345.2s = 2\left(50 + \frac{245}{2}\right) = 345.

13.

四十支队伍进行一场锦标赛,每支队伍都与其他每支队伍恰好比赛一次。没有平局,每支队伍在任意一场比赛中获胜的概率都是 50%50\%。没有两支队伍获胜场数相同的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 log2n\log_2 n

Forty teams play a tournament in which every team plays every other team exactly once. No ties occur, and each team has a 50%50\% chance of winning any game it plays. The probability that no two teams win the same number of games is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find log2n.\log_2 n.

答案:742
难度评级:2650
小提示:

不同的胜场数必须正好是 0,1,,390, 1, \ldots, 39,而这样的排名会决定每一场比赛的胜者

Distinct win totals must be exactly 0,1,,39,0, 1, \ldots, 39, and that ranking determines the winner of every single game

大提示:

概率为 40!40! 除以 2(402)2^{\binom{40}{2}};通过计算因子 2240!40! 中的个数来约分

The probability is 40!40! divided by 2(402);2^{\binom{40}{2}}; reduce by counting the factors of 22 in 40!40!

解答:

共有 (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 场比赛,因此有 27802^{780} 个等可能结果。如果全部 4040 个胜场数都不同,它们必须正好是 0,1,,390, 1, \ldots, 39。此时胜 3939 场的队伍击败所有队伍,胜 3838 场的队伍只输给那支队伍,依此类推:把这些胜场数分配给各队后,每场比赛结果都被确定。反过来,每个 40!40! 种分配都对应唯一一种比赛结果,所以概率为 40!2780\frac{40!}{2^{780}}

由勒让德公式,因子 2240!40! 中的指数为 20+10+5+2+1=3820 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 38。约成最简分数后,分母为 n=278038=2742n = 2^{780 - 38} = 2^{742},所以 log2n=742\log_2 n = 742

There are (402)=780\binom{40}{2} = 780 games, hence 27802^{780} equally likely outcomes. If all 4040 win totals are distinct, they must be exactly 0,1,,39.0, 1, \ldots, 39. In that case the team with 3939 wins beat everyone, the team with 3838 wins beat everyone except that team, and so on: the assignment of totals to teams determines every game. Conversely each of the 40!40! assignments arises from exactly one outcome, so the probability is 40!2780.\frac{40!}{2^{780}}.

By Legendre’s formula the power of 22 dividing 40!40! is 20+10+5+2+1=38.20 + 10 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 38. In lowest terms the denominator is therefore n=278038=2742,n = 2^{780 - 38} = 2^{742}, so log2n=742.\log_2 n = 742.

14.

PP 位于三角形 ABCABC 内部,使得角 PABPABPBCPBCPCAPCA 全都相等。三角形三边长为 AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14CA=15CA = 15,且角 PABPAB 的正切为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Point PP is located inside triangle ABCABC so that angles PAB,PAB, PBC,PBC, and PCAPCA are all congruent. The sides of the triangle have lengths AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and CA=15,CA = 15, and the tangent of angle PABPAB is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:463
难度评级:2990
小提示:

设公共角为 ω\omega,并用正弦定理分别计算 BPBP:一次在三角形 ABPABP 中,一次在三角形 BCPBCP

Call the common angle ω\omega and compute BPBP two ways, from triangles ABPABP and BCP,BCP, with the law of sines

大提示:

比较后会化简为 cotω=cotA+cotB+cotC\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C,而每个余切都可用边长和面积表示

The comparison simplifies to cotω=cotA+cotB+cotC,\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C, and each cotangent can be written in terms of the side lengths and the area

解答:

ω=PAB=PBC=PCA\omega = \angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA。在三角形 ABPABP 中,AABB 处的角分别为 ω\omegaBωB - \omega,所以 APB=180B\angle APB = 180^\circ - B,由正弦定理得 BP=csinωsinBBP = \frac{c \sin\omega}{\sin B}。在三角形 BCPBCP 中,BBCC 处的角分别为 ω\omegaCωC - \omega,所以 BPC=180C\angle BPC = 180^\circ - C,且 BP=asin(Cω)sinCBP = \frac{a \sin(C - \omega)}{\sin C}

两式相等并代入 a=2RsinAa = 2R\sin Ac=2RsinCc = 2R\sin C,得 sin2Csinω\sin^2 C \sin\omega =sinAsinBsin(Cω)= \sin A \sin B \sin(C - \omega)。展开 sin(Cω)\sin(C - \omega),再除以 sinAsinBsinCsinω\sin A \sin B \sin C \sin\omega,得到 sinCsinAsinB=cotωcotC\frac{\sin C}{\sin A \sin B} = \cot\omega - \cot C\text{。}又因为 sinC\sin C =sin(A+B)= \sin(A + B) =sinAcosB= \sin A \cos B +cosAsinB+ \cos A \sin B,左边等于 cotA+cotB\cot A + \cot B。因此 cotω=cotA+cotB+cotC\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C

使用 cotA=b2+c2a24K\cot A = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{4K} 及其类似公式,其中 KK 是面积。1313-1414-1515 三角形的面积为 8484,所以 cotω=a2+b2+c24K=169+196+225484=590336=295168 \begin{aligned} \cot\omega &= \frac{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}{4K} \\ &= \frac{169 + 196 + 225}{4 \cdot 84} \\ &= \frac{590}{336} \\ &= \frac{295}{168} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 tanω=168295\tan\omega = \frac{168}{295},这是最简分数,且 m+n=168+295=463m + n = 168 + 295 = 463

Let ω=PAB=PBC=PCA.\omega = \angle PAB = \angle PBC = \angle PCA. In triangle ABP,ABP, the angles at AA and BB are ω\omega and Bω,B - \omega, so APB=180B\angle APB = 180^\circ - B and the law of sines gives BP=csinωsinB.BP = \frac{c \sin\omega}{\sin B}. In triangle BCP,BCP, the angles at BB and CC are ω\omega and Cω,C - \omega, so BPC=180C\angle BPC = 180^\circ - C and BP=asin(Cω)sinC.BP = \frac{a \sin(C - \omega)}{\sin C}.

Equating and substituting a=2RsinA,a = 2R\sin A, c=2RsinCc = 2R\sin C yields sin2Csinω\sin^2 C \sin\omega =sinAsinBsin(Cω).= \sin A \sin B \sin(C - \omega). Expanding sin(Cω)\sin(C - \omega) and dividing by sinAsinBsinCsinω,\sin A \sin B \sin C \sin\omega, sinCsinAsinB=cotωcotC,\frac{\sin C}{\sin A \sin B} = \cot\omega - \cot C, and since sinC\sin C =sin(A+B)= \sin(A + B) =sinAcosB= \sin A \cos B +cosAsinB,+ \cos A \sin B, the left side is cotA+cotB.\cot A + \cot B. Hence cotω=cotA+cotB+cotC.\cot\omega = \cot A + \cot B + \cot C.

Using cotA=b2+c2a24K\cot A = \frac{b^2 + c^2 - a^2}{4K} and its analogues, where KK is the area, cotω=a2+b2+c24K=169+196+225484=590336=295168, \begin{aligned} \cot\omega &= \frac{a^2 + b^2 + c^2}{4K} \\ &= \frac{169 + 196 + 225}{4 \cdot 84} \\ &= \frac{590}{336} \\ &= \frac{295}{168}, \end{aligned} since the 1313-1414-1515 triangle has area 84.84. So tanω=168295,\tan\omega = \frac{168}{295}, which is in lowest terms, and m+n=168+295=463.m + n = 168 + 295 = 463.

15.

考虑一个纸三角形,其顶点为 (0,0)(0, 0)(34,0)(34, 0)(16,24)(16, 24)。它的中点三角形的顶点是原三角形三边的中点。沿着中点三角形的三条边折叠这个三角形,形成一个三棱锥。这个三棱锥的体积是多少?

Consider the paper triangle whose vertices are (0,0),(0, 0), (34,0),(34, 0), and (16,24).(16, 24). The vertices of its midpoint triangle are the midpoints of its sides. A triangular pyramid is formed by folding the triangle along the sides of its midpoint triangle. What is the volume of this pyramid?

答案:408
难度评级:2990
小提示:

三个折起的角会在同一个顶点相遇,该顶点到每个中点的距离等于对应原边长的一半

The three folded corners meet at a single apex, whose distance to each midpoint equals half of the corresponding original side

大提示:

把中点三角形保持在平面 z=0z = 0 中,并对顶点 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 解三个距离方程

Keep the midpoint triangle in the plane z=0z = 0 and solve three distance equations for the apex (x,y,z)(x, y, z)

解答:

中点为 M1=(17,0)M_1 = (17, 0)M2=(25,12)M_2 = (25, 12)M3=(8,12)M_3 = (8, 12)。沿中点三角形三边把三个角折起后,三个原顶点会在同一个顶点 QQ 处相遇(每对被粘合的半边长度相等)。顶点保持折叠后的距离:QM1=17QM_1 = 17(长为 3434 的边的一半,而 M1M_1 平分这条边)、QM2=15QM_2 = 153030 的一半),且 QM3=413QM_3 = 4\sqrt{13}162+242=813\sqrt{16^2 + 24^2} = 8\sqrt{13} 的一半)。

把中点三角形保持在平面 z=0z = 0 中,设 Q=(x,y,z)Q = (x, y, z)。将 QM32=208|Q - M_3|^2 = 208QM22=225|Q - M_2|^2 = 225 中减去,得 (x25)2(x8)2=17(x - 25)^2 - (x - 8)^2 = 17,所以 x=16x = 16;将 QM22=225|Q - M_2|^2 = 225QM12=289|Q - M_1|^2 = 289 中减去,得 2x+3y=682x + 3y = 68,所以 y=12y = 12。于是 z2z^2 =289(1617)2= 289 - (16 - 17)^2 122- 12^2 =144= 144,顶点高度为 z=12z = 12

底面是中点三角形,面积是原三角形面积 123424=408\frac{1}{2} \cdot 34 \cdot 24 = 408 的四分之一,即 102102。体积为 1310212=408\frac{1}{3} \cdot 102 \cdot 12 = 408\text{。}

The midpoints are M1=(17,0),M_1 = (17, 0), M2=(25,12),M_2 = (25, 12), and M3=(8,12).M_3 = (8, 12). Folding the three corner triangles up along the sides of the midpoint triangle brings the corners together at one apex QQ (each pair of glued half-sides has equal length). The apex keeps its folded distances: QM1=17QM_1 = 17 (half of the side of length 3434 that M1M_1 bisects), QM2=15QM_2 = 15 (half of 3030), and QM3=413QM_3 = 4\sqrt{13} (half of 162+242=813\sqrt{16^2 + 24^2} = 8\sqrt{13}).

Keep the midpoint triangle in the plane z=0z = 0 and let Q=(x,y,z).Q = (x, y, z). Subtracting QM32=208|Q - M_3|^2 = 208 from QM22=225|Q - M_2|^2 = 225 gives (x25)2(x8)2=17,(x - 25)^2 - (x - 8)^2 = 17, so x=16;x = 16; subtracting QM22=225|Q - M_2|^2 = 225 from QM12=289|Q - M_1|^2 = 289 gives 2x+3y=68,2x + 3y = 68, so y=12.y = 12. Then z2z^2 =289(1617)2= 289 - (16 - 17)^2 122- 12^2 =144,= 144, so the apex is at height z=12.z = 12.

The base is the midpoint triangle, with area one quarter of the original triangle’s 123424=408,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 34 \cdot 24 = 408, i.e. 102.102. The volume is 1310212=408.\frac{1}{3} \cdot 102 \cdot 12 = 408.