1996 AIME 第 8 题

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8.

两个正数的调和平均数定义为它们倒数的算术平均数的倒数。正整数有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足 x<yx<y,并且 xxyy 的调和平均数等于 6206^{20}。这样的有序对有多少个?

The harmonic mean of two positive numbers is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. For how many ordered pairs of positive integers (x,y),(x,y), with x<y,x<y, is the harmonic mean of xx and yy equal to 620?6^{20}?

答案:799
知识点:调和平均数因数个数质因数分解
难度评级:2380
小提示:

N=620N=6^{20},把 2xyx+y=N\frac{2xy}{x+y}=N 整理成乘积形式

For N=620,N=6^{20}, rearrange 2xyx+y=N\frac{2xy}{x+y}=N into a product

大提示:

计算 N2N^2 的互补因数对,并要求两个因数都是偶数

Count complementary factor pairs of N2N^2 in which both factors are even

解答:

N=620N=6^{20}。整理调和平均数方程可得 (2xN)(2yN)=N2(2x-N)(2y-N)=N^2\text{。}由于 x<N<yx<N<yN<2xN<2x,两个因数都是正数,并且都必须是偶数。反过来,每个满足 AB=N2AB=N^2A<BA<B 的偶数因数分解,都通过 x=A+N2x=\frac{A+N}{2}y=B+N2y=\frac{B+N}{2} 给出一个有效的有序对。

现在 N2=240340N^2=2^{40}3^{40}。为了使两个互补因数都是偶数,对于素数 22,它在 AA 中的指数可取 1,,391,\ldots,39;而对于素数 33,相应指数可取 0,,400,\ldots,40。这给出 3941=159939\cdot41=1599 个因数 AA,其中包括中心因数 A=NA=N。将互补因数配对并排除中心情形,得到 159912=799\frac{1599-1}{2}=799

Let N=620.N=6^{20}. Rearranging the harmonic-mean equation gives (2xN)(2yN)=N2.(2x-N)(2y-N)=N^2. Because x<N<yx<N<y and N<2x,N<2x, the two factors are positive, and both must be even. Conversely, each factorization AB=N2AB=N^2 with even A<BA<B gives one valid pair via x=A+N2x=\frac{A+N}{2} and y=B+N2.y=\frac{B+N}{2}.

Now N2=240340.N^2=2^{40}3^{40}. For both complementary factors to be even, the exponent of 22 in AA can be 1,,39,1,\ldots,39, while the exponent of 33 can be 0,,40.0,\ldots,40. This gives 3941=159939\cdot41=1599 divisors A,A, including the central factor A=N.A=N. Pairing complementary divisors and excluding that central case gives 159912=799.\frac{1599-1}{2}=799.

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