1996 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

在幻方中,任意一行、一列或一条对角线上的三个数之和都等于同一个数。图中给出了一个幻方中的四个数。求 xx

In a magic square, the sum of the three entries in any row, column, or diagonal is the same value. The figure shows four of the entries of a magic square. Find x.x.

知识点:幻方方程组
难度评级:1650
小提示:

设中心格中的数为 ee,公共和为 SS

Let ee be the center entry and SS the common sum

大提示:

3×33\times3 幻方中,S=3eS=3e,且关于中心对称的两格之和为 2e2e

In a 3×33\times3 magic square, S=3eS=3e and opposite entries sum to 2e2e

解答:

设中心格中的数为 ee,公共和为 SS。在任意 3×33\times3 幻方中,S=3eS=3e,且关于中心对称的两格之和为 2e2e。因此左下角的数为 2e962e-96。由第一列和第一行可得 x+1+(2e96)=3e,x+19+96=3e\begin{aligned}x+1+(2e-96)&=3e,\\x+19+96&=3e\end{aligned}\text{。}第一个方程给出 e=x95e=x-95,第二个方程给出 3e=x+1153e=x+115。所以 3x285=x+1153x-285=x+115,从而 x=200x=200

Let the center entry be ee and the common sum be S.S. In any 3×33\times3 magic square, S=3eS=3e and entries opposite across the center sum to 2e.2e. Thus the bottom-left entry is 2e96.2e-96. The first column and first row give x+1+(2e96)=3e,x+19+96=3e.\begin{aligned}x+1+(2e-96)&=3e,\\x+19+96&=3e.\end{aligned} The first equation says e=x95,e=x-95, while the second says 3e=x+115.3e=x+115. Hence 3x285=x+115,3x-285=x+115, so x=200.x=200.

2.

对每个实数 xx,用 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。有多少个正整数 nn 同时满足 n<1000n<1000,并且 log2n\lfloor\log_2 n\rfloor 是正偶数?

For each real number x,x, let x\lfloor x\rfloor denote the greatest integer that does not exceed x.x. For how many positive integers nn is it true that n<1000n<1000 and that log2n\lfloor\log_2 n\rfloor is a positive even integer?

难度评级:1740
小提示:

log2n\lfloor\log_2n\rfloor 的每个可能值转化为一个以二的幂为端点的区间

Translate each possible value of log2n\lfloor\log_2n\rfloor into a power-of-two interval

大提示:

小于 10001000 的可能偶数值为 22446688

The possible even values below 10001000 are 2,2, 4,4, 6,6, and 88

解答:

log2n=k\lfloor\log_2n\rfloor=k,则 2kn<2k+12^k\leq n<2^{k+1}kk 可以取 22446688,因为 210>10002^{10}>1000。对应区间中的整数个数分别为 222^2242^4262^6282^8。因此所求个数为 4+16+64+256=3404+16+64+256=340\text{。}

If log2n=k,\lfloor\log_2n\rfloor=k, then 2kn<2k+1.2^k\leq n<2^{k+1}. The value of kk can be 2,2, 4,4, 6,6, or 8,8, since 210>1000.2^{10}>1000. The corresponding interval sizes are 22,2^2, 24,2^4, 26,2^6, and 28.2^8. Therefore the requested number is 4+16+64+256=340.4+16+64+256=340.

3.

求最小正整数 nn,使得 (xy3x+7y21)n(xy-3x+7y-21)^n 展开并合并同类项后至少有 19961996 项。

Find the smallest positive integer nn for which the expansion of (xy3x+7y21)n,(xy-3x+7y-21)^n, after like terms have been collected, has at least 19961996 terms.

难度评级:1690
小提示:

先将底式因式分解,再取其 nn 次方

Factor the expression before raising it to the nnth power

大提示:

计算 xxyy 的指数有多少种不同搭配

Count the distinct choices of the exponents of xx and yy

解答:

底式可分解为 xy3x+7y21=(x+7)(y3)\begin{gathered}xy-3x+7y-21\\=(x+7)(y-3)\end{gathered}\text{。}因此它的 nn 次方为 (x+7)n(y3)n(x+7)^n(y-3)^nxx 的指数可取从 00nn 的每个值,而每个值都可与 yy00nn 的每个指数搭配,并且所得各项的系数都不为零。因此共有 (n+1)2(n+1)^2 项。由于 442<199645244^2<1996\leq45^2n+1n+1 的最小可能值为 4545,所以 n=44n=44

The base factors as xy3x+7y21=(x+7)(y3).\begin{gathered}xy-3x+7y-21\\=(x+7)(y-3).\end{gathered} Hence its nnth power is (x+7)n(y3)n.(x+7)^n(y-3)^n. Each exponent of xx from 00 through nn can occur with each exponent of yy from 00 through n,n, and every resulting coefficient is nonzero. Thus there are (n+1)2(n+1)^2 terms. Since 442<1996452,44^2<1996\leq45^2, the least possible n+1n+1 is 45,45, so n=44.n=44.

4.

一个边长为一厘米的木制正方体放在水平面上。点光源位于某个上顶点的正上方 xx 厘米处,正方体在水平面上投下阴影。不计正方体下方的区域,阴影面积为 4848 平方厘米。求不超过 1000x1000x 的最大整数。

A wooden cube, whose edges are one centimeter long, rests on a horizontal surface. Illuminated by a point source of light that is xx centimeters directly above an upper vertex, the cube casts a shadow on the horizontal surface. The area of the shadow, which does not include the area beneath the cube, is 4848 square centimeters. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed 1000x.1000x.

难度评级:1940
小提示:

从光源出发,将正方体的上表面投影到水平面上

Project the cube’s upper face onto the horizontal surface from the light source

大提示:

由相似三角形,投影正方形的边长为 x+1x\frac{x+1}{x}

Similar triangles give the projected side length as x+1x\frac{x+1}{x}

解答:

光源高出水平面 x+1x+1 厘米,并高出正方体上表面 xx 厘米。由相似关系,单位正方形上表面的投影是边长为 x+1x\frac{x+1}{x} 的正方形。这个正方形包含正方体下方的单位正方形区域,所以 (x+1x)21=48\left(\frac{x+1}{x}\right)^2-1=48\text{。}因此 x+1x=7\frac{x+1}{x}=7,从而 x=16x=\frac{1}{6}。由于 1000x=166231000x=166\frac23,不超过它的最大整数为 166166

The light is x+1x+1 centimeters above the surface and xx centimeters above the cube’s top face. By similarity, the projection of that unit-square face is a square of side x+1x.\frac{x+1}{x}. This square contains the unit-square area beneath the cube, so (x+1x)21=48.\left(\frac{x+1}{x}\right)^2-1=48. Therefore x+1x=7,\frac{x+1}{x}=7, giving x=16.x=\frac{1}{6}. The greatest integer not exceeding 1000x=166231000x=166\frac23 is 166.166.

5.

设方程 x3+3x2+4x11=0x^3+3x^2+4x-11=0 的根为 aabbcc,而方程 x3+rx2+sx+t=0x^3+rx^2+sx+t=0 的根为 a+ba+bb+cb+cc+ac+a。求 tt

Suppose that the roots of x3+3x2+4x11=0x^3+3x^2+4x-11=0 are a,a, b,b, and c,c, and that the roots of x3+rx2+sx+t=0x^3+rx^2+sx+t=0 are a+b,a+b, b+c,b+c, and c+a.c+a. Find t.t.

难度评级:1710
小提示:

对原三次方程使用韦达定理

Use Vieta’s formulas on the original cubic

大提示:

用基本对称和展开 (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)

Expand (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) in symmetric sums

解答:

由韦达定理,a+b+c=3,ab+bc+ca=4,abc=11\begin{aligned}a+b+c&=-3,\\ab+bc+ca&=4,\\abc&=11\end{aligned}\text{。}另外,(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)=(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)abc=23\begin{gathered}(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\\=(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)\\\quad-abc=-23\end{gathered}\text{。}这是第二个首一三次多项式的根之积,所以其常数项是这个乘积的相反数。因此 t=23t=23

Vieta’s formulas give a+b+c=3,ab+bc+ca=4,abc=11.\begin{aligned}a+b+c&=-3,\\ab+bc+ca&=4,\\abc&=11.\end{aligned} Also, (a+b)(b+c)(c+a)=(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)abc=23.\begin{gathered}(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)\\=(a+b+c)(ab+bc+ca)\\\quad-abc=-23.\end{gathered} This is the product of the roots of the second monic cubic, so its constant term is the negative of that product. Hence t=23.t=23.

6.

在一个有五支球队的循环赛中,每支球队都与其他每支球队比赛一场。每支球队在其参加的每场比赛中都有 50%50\% 的获胜概率,且没有平局。设比赛既不产生全胜球队,也不产生全败球队的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm+n

In a five-team tournament, each team plays one game with every other team. Each team has a 50%50\% chance of winning any game it plays. There are no ties. Let mn\frac{m}{n} be the probability that the tournament will produce neither an undefeated team nor a winless team, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2170
小提示:

比赛结果共有 2(52)2^{\binom52} 种等可能情形

There are 2(52)2^{\binom52} equally likely tournament outcomes

大提示:

对“存在全胜球队”和“存在全败球队”这两个事件使用容斥原理

Use inclusion-exclusion on the events that an undefeated or a winless team exists

解答:

比赛结果共有 210=10242^{10}=1024 种。指定一支全胜球队会确定它的四场比赛,而其余六场可任意决定,所以存在全胜球队的结果有 526=3205\cdot2^6=320 种。存在全败球队的结果也有同样多。若指定的两支不同球队分别全胜和全败,则有七场比赛被确定,其他三支球队之间的三场比赛可任意决定。因此交集中的结果有 5423=1605\cdot4\cdot2^3=160 种。由容斥原理,所求结果数为 1024320320+160=5441024-320-320+160=544\text{。}概率为 5441024=1732\frac{544}{1024}=\frac{17}{32},所以 m+n=49m+n=49

There are 210=10242^{10}=1024 outcomes. A specified undefeated team forces its four games and leaves the other six arbitrary, so there are 526=3205\cdot2^6=320 outcomes with an undefeated team. The same count holds for a winless team. If distinct specified teams are undefeated and winless, seven games are forced and the three games among the other teams are arbitrary. Thus the intersection count is 5423=160.5\cdot4\cdot2^3=160. By inclusion-exclusion, the desired count is 1024320320+160=544.1024-320-320+160=544. The probability is 5441024=1732,\frac{544}{1024}=\frac{17}{32}, so m+n=49.m+n=49.

7.

在一个 7×77\times7 棋盘中,有两个方格涂成黄色,其余方格涂成绿色。如果一种配色方案可以通过在棋盘平面内旋转得到另一种方案,就称这两种方案等价。共有多少种不等价的配色方案?

Two of the squares of a 7×77\times7 checkerboard are painted yellow, and the rest are painted green. Two color schemes are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by applying a rotation in the plane of the board. How many inequivalent color schemes are possible?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

分别计算四种旋转所保持的两个黄色方格配色方案数,再取平均值

Average the numbers of two-square colorings fixed by the four rotations

大提示:

只有旋转半周才能保持一对非平凡方格不变

Only a half-turn can fix a nontrivial pair of squares

解答:

在恒等旋转下,所有 (492)=1176\binom{49}{2}=1176 对方格都保持不变。旋转四分之一周或四分之三周时,轨道大小只能为 1144,所以没有由两个黄色方格组成的集合保持不变。旋转半周恰好保持关于中心对称的 2424 对方格不变。因此由伯恩赛德引理可得 1176+0+24+04=300\frac{1176+0+24+0}{4}=300 种不等价配色方案。

Under the identity rotation, all (492)=1176\binom{49}{2}=1176 pairs are fixed. A quarter-turn or three-quarter-turn has only orbits of sizes 11 and 4,4, so it fixes no two-square set. A half-turn fixes exactly the 2424 pairs of squares opposite one another across the center. Burnside’s Lemma therefore gives 1176+0+24+04=300\frac{1176+0+24+0}{4}=300 inequivalent colorings.

8.

两个正数的调和平均数定义为它们倒数的算术平均数的倒数。正整数有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足 x<yx<y,并且 xxyy 的调和平均数等于 6206^{20}。这样的有序对有多少个?

The harmonic mean of two positive numbers is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. For how many ordered pairs of positive integers (x,y),(x,y), with x<y,x<y, is the harmonic mean of xx and yy equal to 620?6^{20}?

难度评级:2380
小提示:

N=620N=6^{20},把 2xyx+y=N\frac{2xy}{x+y}=N 整理成乘积形式

For N=620,N=6^{20}, rearrange 2xyx+y=N\frac{2xy}{x+y}=N into a product

大提示:

计算 N2N^2 的互补因数对,并要求两个因数都是偶数

Count complementary factor pairs of N2N^2 in which both factors are even

解答:

N=620N=6^{20}。整理调和平均数方程可得 (2xN)(2yN)=N2(2x-N)(2y-N)=N^2\text{。}由于 x<N<yx<N<yN<2xN<2x,两个因数都是正数,并且都必须是偶数。反过来,每个满足 AB=N2AB=N^2A<BA<B 的偶数因数分解,都通过 x=A+N2x=\frac{A+N}{2}y=B+N2y=\frac{B+N}{2} 给出一个有效的有序对。

现在 N2=240340N^2=2^{40}3^{40}。为了使两个互补因数都是偶数,对于素数 22,它在 AA 中的指数可取 1,,391,\ldots,39;而对于素数 33,相应指数可取 0,,400,\ldots,40。这给出 3941=159939\cdot41=1599 个因数 AA,其中包括中心因数 A=NA=N。将互补因数配对并排除中心情形,得到 159912=799\frac{1599-1}{2}=799

Let N=620.N=6^{20}. Rearranging the harmonic-mean equation gives (2xN)(2yN)=N2.(2x-N)(2y-N)=N^2. Because x<N<yx<N<y and N<2x,N<2x, the two factors are positive, and both must be even. Conversely, each factorization AB=N2AB=N^2 with even A<BA<B gives one valid pair via x=A+N2x=\frac{A+N}{2} and y=B+N2.y=\frac{B+N}{2}.

Now N2=240340.N^2=2^{40}3^{40}. For both complementary factors to be even, the exponent of 22 in AA can be 1,,39,1,\ldots,39, while the exponent of 33 can be 0,,40.0,\ldots,40. This gives 3941=159939\cdot41=1599 divisors A,A, including the central factor A=N.A=N. Pairing complementary divisors and excluding that central case gives 159912=799.\frac{1599-1}{2}=799.

9.

一名无聊的学生沿着一条走廊行走,走廊里有一排编号为 1110241024 的关闭储物柜。他打开 11 号柜,此后在仍关闭的储物柜中交替跳过一个、打开一个。走到走廊尽头后,他转身往回走。他打开遇到的第一个关闭储物柜,此后又在仍关闭的储物柜中交替跳过一个、打开一个。学生按这种方式来回行走,直到所有储物柜都打开。最后打开的储物柜编号是多少?

A bored student walks down a hall that contains a row of closed lockers, numbered 11 to 1024.1024. He opens locker 1,1, and then alternates between skipping and opening each closed locker thereafter. When he reaches the end of the hall, the student turns around and starts back. He opens the first closed locker he encounters, and then alternates between skipping and opening each closed locker thereafter. The student continues wandering back and forth in this manner until every locker is open. What is the number of the last locker he opens?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

每次走完后,仍关闭的储物柜编号构成一个等差数列

After each trip, the still-closed lockers form an arithmetic sequence

大提示:

每次走完后,只记录首项、公差和项数

Record only the first term, common difference, and number of terms after each trip

解答:

每次行走时,学生都会按照当前行走方向,在剩余储物柜中打开第一个、第三个、第五个,依此类推。追踪每次走完后仍关闭的等差数列,得到:

次数 首项 公差 项数
11 22 22 512512
22 22 44 256256
33 66 88 128128
44 66 1616 6464
55 2222 3232 3232
66 2222 6464 1616
77 8686 128128 88
88 8686 256256 44
99 342342 512512 22

因此第九次走完后,只剩下 342342 号柜和 854854 号柜仍关闭。第十次从右侧出发时,先打开 854854 号柜,而 342342 号柜保留下来。所以最后打开的是 342342 号柜。

On every trip the student opens the first, third, fifth, and so on among the remaining lockers in his direction of travel. Tracking the closed arithmetic sequence after each trip gives:

trip first difference count
11 22 22 512512
22 22 44 256256
33 66 88 128128
44 66 1616 6464
55 2222 3232 3232
66 2222 6464 1616
77 8686 128128 88
88 8686 256256 44
99 342342 512512 22

Thus only lockers 342342 and 854854 remain after the ninth trip. On the tenth trip, starting from the right, locker 854854 is opened and 342342 remains. Therefore the last locker opened is 342.342.

10.

求下列方程的最小正整数解:tan(19x)=cos96+sin96cos96sin96\tan(19x^\circ)=\frac{\cos96^\circ+\sin96^\circ}{\cos96^\circ-\sin96^\circ}\text{。}

Find the smallest positive integer solution to tan(19x)=cos96+sin96cos96sin96.\tan(19x^\circ)=\frac{\cos96^\circ+\sin96^\circ}{\cos96^\circ-\sin96^\circ}.

难度评级:1900
小提示:

用正切加法公式识别方程右边的表达式

Recognize the right-hand side using the tangent addition formula

大提示:

对模 180180 的同余方程求解

Solve the resulting congruence modulo 180180

解答:

由正切加法公式,cos96+sin96cos96sin96=tan(45+96)=tan141\begin{gathered}\frac{\cos96^\circ+\sin96^\circ}{\cos96^\circ-\sin96^\circ}\\=\tan(45^\circ+96^\circ)\\=\tan141^\circ\end{gathered}\text{。}因此 19x141(mod180)19x\equiv141\pmod {180}。由于 192=3611(mod180)19^2=361\equiv1\pmod {180},两边乘以 1919,得到 x19141159(mod180)x\equiv19\cdot141\equiv159\pmod {180}\text{。}最小正整数解为 159159

The tangent addition formula gives cos96+sin96cos96sin96=tan(45+96)=tan141.\begin{gathered}\frac{\cos96^\circ+\sin96^\circ}{\cos96^\circ-\sin96^\circ}\\=\tan(45^\circ+96^\circ)\\=\tan141^\circ.\end{gathered} Hence 19x141(mod180).19x\equiv141\pmod {180}. Since 192=3611(mod180),19^2=361\equiv1\pmod {180}, multiplying by 1919 gives x19141159(mod180).x\equiv19\cdot141\equiv159\pmod {180}. The smallest positive solution is 159.159.

11.

PP 为方程 z6+z4+z3+z2+1=0z^6+z^4+z^3+z^2+1=0 的所有虚部为正的根之积,并设 P=r(cosθ+isinθ)P=r(\cos\theta^\circ+i\sin\theta^\circ),其中 r>0r>0,且 0θ<3600\leq\theta<360。求 θ\theta

Let PP be the product of the roots of z6+z4+z3+z2+1=0z^6+z^4+z^3+z^2+1=0 that have positive imaginary part, and suppose that P=r(cosθ+isinθ),P=r(\cos\theta^\circ+i\sin\theta^\circ), where r>0r>0 and 0θ<360.0\leq\theta<360. Find θ.\theta.

难度评级:2270
小提示:

除以 z3z^3,并令 w=z+z1w=z+z^{-1}

Divide by z3z^3 and set w=z+z1w=z+z^{-1}

大提示:

将所得关于 ww 的三次式因式分解,并把每个值识别为 2cosϕ2\cos\phi

Factor the resulting cubic in ww and identify each value as 2cosϕ2\cos\phi

解答:

没有根为零。除以 z3z^3,并令 w=z+z1w=z+z^{-1},得到 w32w+1=0,(w1)(w2+w1)=0\begin{aligned}w^3-2w+1&=0,\\{}(w-1)(w^2+w-1)&=0\end{aligned}\text{。}它的三个根为 1=2cos60,512=2cos72,1+52=2cos144\begin{aligned}1&=2\cos60^\circ,\\\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}&=2\cos72^\circ,\\-\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}&=2\cos144^\circ\end{aligned}\text{。}对于每个 w=2cosϕw=2\cos\phi,原方程的对应根为 eiϕe^{i\phi}eiϕe^{-i\phi}。因此虚部为正的三个根的辐角分别为 6060^\circ7272^\circ144144^\circ。它们的乘积的辐角为 60+72+144=27660+72+144=276^\circ,所以 θ=276\theta=276

No root is zero. Dividing by z3z^3 and setting w=z+z1w=z+z^{-1} gives w32w+1=0,(w1)(w2+w1)=0.\begin{aligned}w^3-2w+1&=0,\\{}(w-1)(w^2+w-1)&=0.\end{aligned} Its three roots are 1=2cos60,512=2cos72,1+52=2cos144.\begin{aligned}1&=2\cos60^\circ,\\\frac{\sqrt5-1}{2}&=2\cos72^\circ,\\-\frac{1+\sqrt5}{2}&=2\cos144^\circ.\end{aligned} For each value w=2cosϕ,w=2\cos\phi, the corresponding roots of the original equation are eiϕe^{i\phi} and eiϕ.e^{-i\phi}. Thus the roots with positive imaginary part have arguments 60,60^\circ, 72,72^\circ, and 144.144^\circ. Their product has argument 60+72+144=276,60+72+144=276^\circ, so θ=276.\theta=276.

12.

将整数 112233\ldots1010 的每个排列记为 a1a_1a2a_2a3a_3\ldotsa10a_{10},并构造和 a1a2+a3a4+a5a6+a7a8+a9a10\begin{gathered}|a_1-a_2|+|a_3-a_4|\\+|a_5-a_6|+|a_7-a_8|\\+|a_9-a_{10}|\end{gathered}\text{。}所有这些和的平均值可写成 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp+q

For each permutation a1,a_1, a2,a_2, a3,a_3, ,\ldots, a10a_{10} of the integers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 10,10, form the sum a1a2+a3a4+a5a6+a7a8+a9a10.\begin{gathered}|a_1-a_2|+|a_3-a_4|\\+|a_5-a_6|+|a_7-a_8|\\+|a_9-a_{10}|.\end{gathered} The average value of all such sums can be written in the form pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p+q.

难度评级:1850
小提示:

五个绝对值差具有相同的平均值

Each of the five absolute differences has the same average

大提示:

对随机选取的无序数对,差为 dd 的数对有 10d10-d

For a random unordered pair, difference dd occurs 10d10-d times

解答:

每一对的差都与从 1,,101,\ldots,10 中均匀选取一个无序数对所得差具有相同的期望。因此 Ea1a2=d=19d(10d)(102)=10d=19d45d=19d245=45028545=113\begin{aligned}\mathbb E|a_1-a_2|&=\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d(10-d)}{\binom{10}{2}}\\&=\frac{10\sum_{d=1}^9d}{45}\\&\quad-\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d^2}{45}\\&=\frac{450-285}{45}=\frac{11}{3}\end{aligned}\text{。}由期望的线性性质,五项和的平均值为 5113=553\frac{5\cdot11}{3}=\frac{55}{3}。所以 p+q=58p+q=58

Each paired difference has the same expected value as the difference of a uniformly selected unordered pair from 1,,10.1,\ldots,10. Therefore Ea1a2=d=19d(10d)(102)=10d=19d45d=19d245=45028545=113.\begin{aligned}\mathbb E|a_1-a_2|&=\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d(10-d)}{\binom{10}{2}}\\&=\frac{10\sum_{d=1}^9d}{45}\\&\quad-\frac{\sum_{d=1}^9d^2}{45}\\&=\frac{450-285}{45}=\frac{11}{3}.\end{aligned} By linearity of expectation, the average of the five-term sum is 5113=553.\frac{5\cdot11}{3}=\frac{55}{3}. Thus p+q=58.p+q=58.

13.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=30AB=\sqrt{30}AC=6AC=\sqrt6,且 BC=15BC=\sqrt{15}。存在一点 DD,使得 AD\overline{AD} 平分 BC\overline{BC},并且 ADB\angle ADB 是直角。比值 Area(ADB)Area(ABC)\frac{\operatorname{Area}(\triangle ADB)}{\operatorname{Area}(\triangle ABC)} 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm+n

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=30,AB=\sqrt{30}, AC=6,AC=\sqrt6, and BC=15.BC=\sqrt{15}. There is a point DD for which AD\overline{AD} bisects BC,\overline{BC}, and ADB\angle ADB is a right angle. The ratio Area(ADB)Area(ABC)\frac{\operatorname{Area}(\triangle ADB)}{\operatorname{Area}(\triangle ABC)} can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2380
小提示:

EEBC\overline{BC} 的中点,则 AAEEDD 共线

Let EE be the midpoint of BC,\overline{BC}, so A,A, E,E, and DD are collinear

大提示:

用中线公式求 AEAE,再比较两个共有 BDBD 的直角三角形

Find AEAE with the median formula, then compare two right triangles sharing BDBD

解答:

EEBC\overline{BC} 的中点。于是 AAEEDD 共线。由中线公式,AE2=2AB2+2AC2BC24=574\begin{aligned}AE^2&=\frac{2AB^2+2AC^2-BC^2}{4}\\&=\frac{57}{4}\end{aligned}\text{。}由于 AB2>AE2+BE2AB^2>AE^2+BE^2AEBAEB 角为钝角,所以垂足 DD 位于 EE 的外侧。ABD\triangle ABDEBD\triangle EBD 都在 DD 处为直角。因此 AB2BE2=(AE+DE)2DE2=AE2+2AEDE\begin{gathered}AB^2-BE^2\\=(AE+DE)^2-DE^2\\=AE^2+2AE\cdot DE\end{gathered}\text{。}代入可得 30154=574+2AEDE30-\frac{15}{4}=\frac{57}{4}+2AE\cdot DE,所以 DEAE=819\frac{DE}{AE}=\frac{8}{19}

三角形 ABEABEDBEDBE 的底边 AEAEDEDE 在同一直线上,并且共用从 BB 引出的高;同时 [ABC]=2[ABE][ABC]=2[ABE]。因此 [ADB][ABC]=[ABE]+[DBE]2[ABE]=12(1+819)=2738\begin{aligned}\frac{[ADB]}{[ABC]}&=\frac{[ABE]+[DBE]}{2[ABE]}\\&=\frac12\left(1+\frac8{19}\right)\\&=\frac{27}{38}\end{aligned}\text{。}所以 m+n=65m+n=65

Let EE be the midpoint of BC.\overline{BC}. Then A,A, E,E, and DD are collinear. The median formula gives AE2=2AB2+2AC2BC24=574.\begin{aligned}AE^2&=\frac{2AB^2+2AC^2-BC^2}{4}\\&=\frac{57}{4}.\end{aligned} Since AB2>AE2+BE2,AB^2>AE^2+BE^2, angle AEBAEB is obtuse, so the perpendicular foot DD lies beyond E.E. Both ABD\triangle ABD and EBD\triangle EBD are right at D.D. Therefore AB2BE2=(AE+DE)2DE2=AE2+2AEDE.\begin{gathered}AB^2-BE^2\\=(AE+DE)^2-DE^2\\=AE^2+2AE\cdot DE.\end{gathered} Substitution gives 30154=574+2AEDE,30-\frac{15}{4}=\frac{57}{4}+2AE\cdot DE, so DEAE=819.\frac{DE}{AE}=\frac{8}{19}.

Triangles ABEABE and DBEDBE have bases AEAE and DEDE on the same line and share the altitude from B,B, while [ABC]=2[ABE].[ABC]=2[ABE]. Hence [ADB][ABC]=[ABE]+[DBE]2[ABE]=12(1+819)=2738.\begin{aligned}\frac{[ADB]}{[ABC]}&=\frac{[ABE]+[DBE]}{2[ABE]}\\&=\frac12\left(1+\frac8{19}\right)\\&=\frac{27}{38}.\end{aligned} Thus m+n=65.m+n=65.

14.

一个 150×324×375150\times324\times375 的长方体由 1×1×11\times1\times1 的小正方体粘合而成。这个长方体的一条体对角线穿过多少个 1×1×11\times1\times1 小正方体的内部?

A 150×324×375150\times324\times375 rectangular solid is made by gluing together 1×1×11\times1\times1 cubes. An internal diagonal of this solid passes through the interiors of how many of the 1×1×11\times1\times1 cubes?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

计算体对角线穿过各坐标网格平面的次数

Count the coordinate-plane crossings of the space diagonal

大提示:

用最大公约数修正同时穿过两个或三个网格平面的情形

Correct for crossings of two or three grid planes at once using greatest common divisors

解答:

对于一个 a×b×ca\times b\times c 的方块阵列,对角线分别穿过三个方向上的 a1a-1b1b-1c1c-1 个内部网格平面。两个方向的穿越分别有 gcd(a,b)1\gcd(a,b)-1gcd(a,c)1\gcd(a,c)-1gcd(b,c)1\gcd(b,c)-1 次重合,而三个方向的穿越有 gcd(a,b,c)1\gcd(a,b,c)-1 次重合。加上起始小正方体,再使用容斥原理,得到 a+b+cgcd(a,b)gcd(a,c)gcd(b,c)+gcd(a,b,c)\begin{gathered}a+b+c-\gcd(a,b)\\-\gcd(a,c)-\gcd(b,c)\\+\gcd(a,b,c)\end{gathered}\text{。}三个两两最大公约数分别为 66757533,三者的最大公约数为 33。因此对角线穿过内部的小正方体个数为 150+324+3756753+3=768\begin{gathered}150+324+375\\-6-75-3+3=768\end{gathered}\text{。}

For an a×b×ca\times b\times c array, the diagonal crosses a1,a-1, b1,b-1, and c1c-1 internal grid planes of the three orientations. Crossings of two orientations coincide gcd(a,b)1,\gcd(a,b)-1, gcd(a,c)1,\gcd(a,c)-1, and gcd(b,c)1\gcd(b,c)-1 times, and triple crossings occur gcd(a,b,c)1\gcd(a,b,c)-1 times. Adding one for the initial cube and applying inclusion-exclusion gives a+b+cgcd(a,b)gcd(a,c)gcd(b,c)+gcd(a,b,c).\begin{gathered}a+b+c-\gcd(a,b)\\-\gcd(a,c)-\gcd(b,c)\\+\gcd(a,b,c).\end{gathered} Here the pairwise gcds are 6,6, 75,75, and 3,3, and the triple gcd is 3.3. Thus the number of cube interiors met is 150+324+3756753+3=768.\begin{gathered}150+324+375\\-6-75-3+3=768.\end{gathered}

15.

在平行四边形 ABCDABCD 中,设 OO 为对角线 AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 的交点。CABCAB 角和 DBCDBC 角都是 DBADBA 角的两倍,而 ACBACB 角的大小为 rr 乘以 AOBAOB 角的大小。求不超过 1000r1000r 的最大整数。

In parallelogram ABCD,ABCD, let OO be the intersection of diagonals AC\overline{AC} and BD.\overline{BD}. Angles CABCAB and DBCDBC are each twice as large as angle DBA,DBA, and angle ACBACB is rr times as large as angle AOB.AOB. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed 1000r.1000r.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

DBA=α\angle DBA=\alpha,并比较三角形 ABCABCABDABD

Set DBA=α\angle DBA=\alpha and compare triangles ABCABC and ABDABD

大提示:

使用正弦定理,得到一个含 sin5α\sin5\alphasin2α\sin2\alphasinα\sin\alpha 的方程

Use the law of sines to obtain an equation involving sin5α,\sin5\alpha, sin2α,\sin2\alpha, and sinα\sin\alpha

解答:

DBA=α\angle DBA=\alpha。则 DBC=CAB=2α\angle DBC=\angle CAB=2\alpha,所以 ABC\triangle ABC 的三个角为 2α2\alpha3α3\alpha1805α180^\circ-5\alpha。由于 ADBCAD\parallel BC,三角形 ABDABD 的三个角为 α\alpha2α2\alpha1803α180^\circ-3\alpha

在两个三角形中应用正弦定理,并利用 AD=BCAD=BC,得到 ABBC=sin5αsin2α=sin2αsinα\frac{AB}{BC}=\frac{\sin5\alpha}{\sin2\alpha}=\frac{\sin2\alpha}{\sin\alpha}\text{。}u=cos2αu=\cos^2\alpha,方程化为 16u216u+1=016u^2-16u+1=0\text{。}由于 5α<1805\alpha<180^\circ,符合条件的根是 u=2+34=cos215u=\frac{2+\sqrt3}{4}=\cos^2 15^\circ,所以 α=15\alpha=15^\circ。因此 ACB=105\angle ACB=105^\circ。在 AOB\triangle AOB 中,位于 AABB 的两个角分别为 3030^\circ1515^\circ,所以 AOB=135\angle AOB=135^\circ。因此 r=105135=79,1000r=777\begin{aligned}r&=\frac{105}{135}=\frac79,\\\left\lfloor1000r\right\rfloor&=777\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let DBA=α.\angle DBA=\alpha. Then DBC=CAB=2α,\angle DBC=\angle CAB=2\alpha, so in ABC\triangle ABC the angles are 2α,2\alpha, 3α,3\alpha, and 1805α.180^\circ-5\alpha. Because ADBC,AD\parallel BC, triangle ABDABD has angles α,\alpha, 2α,2\alpha, and 1803α.180^\circ-3\alpha.

Applying the law of sines in the two triangles and using AD=BCAD=BC gives ABBC=sin5αsin2α=sin2αsinα.\frac{AB}{BC}=\frac{\sin5\alpha}{\sin2\alpha}=\frac{\sin2\alpha}{\sin\alpha}. With u=cos2α,u=\cos^2\alpha, this becomes 16u216u+1=0.16u^2-16u+1=0. Since 5α<180,5\alpha<180^\circ, the valid root is u=2+34=cos215,u=\frac{2+\sqrt3}{4}=\cos^2 15^\circ, so α=15.\alpha=15^\circ. Thus ACB=105.\angle ACB=105^\circ. In AOB,\triangle AOB, the angles at AA and BB are 3030^\circ and 15,15^\circ, so AOB=135.\angle AOB=135^\circ. Therefore r=105135=79,1000r=777.\begin{aligned}r&=\frac{105}{135}=\frac79,\\\left\lfloor1000r\right\rfloor&=777.\end{aligned}