1996 AIME 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
在幻方中,任意一行、一列或一条对角线上的三个数之和都等于同一个数。图中给出了一个幻方中的四个数。求 。
In a magic square, the sum of the three entries in any row, column, or diagonal is the same value. The figure shows four of the entries of a magic square. Find
小提示:
设中心格中的数为 ,公共和为
Let be the center entry and the common sum
大提示:
在 幻方中,,且关于中心对称的两格之和为
In a magic square, and opposite entries sum to
解答:
设中心格中的数为 ,公共和为 。在任意 幻方中,,且关于中心对称的两格之和为 。因此左下角的数为 。由第一列和第一行可得 第一个方程给出 ,第二个方程给出 。所以 ,从而 。
Let the center entry be and the common sum be In any magic square, and entries opposite across the center sum to Thus the bottom-left entry is The first column and first row give The first equation says while the second says Hence so
2.
对每个实数 ,用 表示不超过 的最大整数。有多少个正整数 同时满足 ,并且 是正偶数?
For each real number let denote the greatest integer that does not exceed For how many positive integers is it true that and that is a positive even integer?
小提示:
把 的每个可能值转化为一个以二的幂为端点的区间
Translate each possible value of into a power-of-two interval
大提示:
小于 的可能偶数值为 、、 和
The possible even values below are and
解答:
若 ,则 。 可以取 、、 或 ,因为 。对应区间中的整数个数分别为 、、 和 。因此所求个数为
If then The value of can be or since The corresponding interval sizes are and Therefore the requested number is
3.
求最小正整数 ,使得 展开并合并同类项后至少有 项。
Find the smallest positive integer for which the expansion of after like terms have been collected, has at least terms.
小提示:
先将底式因式分解,再取其 次方
Factor the expression before raising it to the th power
大提示:
计算 与 的指数有多少种不同搭配
Count the distinct choices of the exponents of and
解答:
底式可分解为 因此它的 次方为 。 的指数可取从 到 的每个值,而每个值都可与 从 到 的每个指数搭配,并且所得各项的系数都不为零。因此共有 项。由于 , 的最小可能值为 ,所以 。
The base factors as Hence its th power is Each exponent of from through can occur with each exponent of from through and every resulting coefficient is nonzero. Thus there are terms. Since the least possible is so
4.
一个边长为一厘米的木制正方体放在水平面上。点光源位于某个上顶点的正上方 厘米处,正方体在水平面上投下阴影。不计正方体下方的区域,阴影面积为 平方厘米。求不超过 的最大整数。
A wooden cube, whose edges are one centimeter long, rests on a horizontal surface. Illuminated by a point source of light that is centimeters directly above an upper vertex, the cube casts a shadow on the horizontal surface. The area of the shadow, which does not include the area beneath the cube, is square centimeters. Find the greatest integer that does not exceed
小提示:
从光源出发,将正方体的上表面投影到水平面上
Project the cube’s upper face onto the horizontal surface from the light source
大提示:
由相似三角形,投影正方形的边长为
Similar triangles give the projected side length as
解答:
光源高出水平面 厘米,并高出正方体上表面 厘米。由相似关系,单位正方形上表面的投影是边长为 的正方形。这个正方形包含正方体下方的单位正方形区域,所以 因此 ,从而 。由于 ,不超过它的最大整数为 。
The light is centimeters above the surface and centimeters above the cube’s top face. By similarity, the projection of that unit-square face is a square of side This square contains the unit-square area beneath the cube, so Therefore giving The greatest integer not exceeding is
5.
设方程 的根为 、 和 ,而方程 的根为 、 和 。求 。
Suppose that the roots of are and and that the roots of are and Find
小提示:
对原三次方程使用韦达定理
Use Vieta’s formulas on the original cubic
大提示:
用基本对称和展开
Expand in symmetric sums
解答:
由韦达定理,另外,这是第二个首一三次多项式的根之积,所以其常数项是这个乘积的相反数。因此 。
Vieta’s formulas give Also, This is the product of the roots of the second monic cubic, so its constant term is the negative of that product. Hence
6.
在一个有五支球队的循环赛中,每支球队都与其他每支球队比赛一场。每支球队在其参加的每场比赛中都有 的获胜概率,且没有平局。设比赛既不产生全胜球队,也不产生全败球队的概率为 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In a five-team tournament, each team plays one game with every other team. Each team has a chance of winning any game it plays. There are no ties. Let be the probability that the tournament will produce neither an undefeated team nor a winless team, where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
比赛结果共有 种等可能情形
There are equally likely tournament outcomes
大提示:
对“存在全胜球队”和“存在全败球队”这两个事件使用容斥原理
Use inclusion-exclusion on the events that an undefeated or a winless team exists
解答:
比赛结果共有 种。指定一支全胜球队会确定它的四场比赛,而其余六场可任意决定,所以存在全胜球队的结果有 种。存在全败球队的结果也有同样多。若指定的两支不同球队分别全胜和全败,则有七场比赛被确定,其他三支球队之间的三场比赛可任意决定。因此交集中的结果有 种。由容斥原理,所求结果数为 概率为 ,所以 。
There are outcomes. A specified undefeated team forces its four games and leaves the other six arbitrary, so there are outcomes with an undefeated team. The same count holds for a winless team. If distinct specified teams are undefeated and winless, seven games are forced and the three games among the other teams are arbitrary. Thus the intersection count is By inclusion-exclusion, the desired count is The probability is so
7.
在一个 棋盘中,有两个方格涂成黄色,其余方格涂成绿色。如果一种配色方案可以通过在棋盘平面内旋转得到另一种方案,就称这两种方案等价。共有多少种不等价的配色方案?
Two of the squares of a checkerboard are painted yellow, and the rest are painted green. Two color schemes are equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by applying a rotation in the plane of the board. How many inequivalent color schemes are possible?
小提示:
分别计算四种旋转所保持的两个黄色方格配色方案数,再取平均值
Average the numbers of two-square colorings fixed by the four rotations
大提示:
只有旋转半周才能保持一对非平凡方格不变
Only a half-turn can fix a nontrivial pair of squares
解答:
在恒等旋转下,所有 对方格都保持不变。旋转四分之一周或四分之三周时,轨道大小只能为 或 ,所以没有由两个黄色方格组成的集合保持不变。旋转半周恰好保持关于中心对称的 对方格不变。因此由伯恩赛德引理可得 种不等价配色方案。
Under the identity rotation, all pairs are fixed. A quarter-turn or three-quarter-turn has only orbits of sizes and so it fixes no two-square set. A half-turn fixes exactly the pairs of squares opposite one another across the center. Burnside’s Lemma therefore gives inequivalent colorings.
8.
两个正数的调和平均数定义为它们倒数的算术平均数的倒数。正整数有序对 满足 ,并且 与 的调和平均数等于 。这样的有序对有多少个?
The harmonic mean of two positive numbers is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. For how many ordered pairs of positive integers with is the harmonic mean of and equal to
小提示:
令 ,把 整理成乘积形式
For rearrange into a product
大提示:
计算 的互补因数对,并要求两个因数都是偶数
Count complementary factor pairs of in which both factors are even
解答:
令 。整理调和平均数方程可得 由于 且 ,两个因数都是正数,并且都必须是偶数。反过来,每个满足 且 的偶数因数分解,都通过 和 给出一个有效的有序对。
现在 。为了使两个互补因数都是偶数,对于素数 ,它在 中的指数可取 ;而对于素数 ,相应指数可取 。这给出 个因数 ,其中包括中心因数 。将互补因数配对并排除中心情形,得到 。
Let Rearranging the harmonic-mean equation gives Because and the two factors are positive, and both must be even. Conversely, each factorization with even gives one valid pair via and
Now For both complementary factors to be even, the exponent of in can be while the exponent of can be This gives divisors including the central factor Pairing complementary divisors and excluding that central case gives
9.
一名无聊的学生沿着一条走廊行走,走廊里有一排编号为 到 的关闭储物柜。他打开 号柜,此后在仍关闭的储物柜中交替跳过一个、打开一个。走到走廊尽头后,他转身往回走。他打开遇到的第一个关闭储物柜,此后又在仍关闭的储物柜中交替跳过一个、打开一个。学生按这种方式来回行走,直到所有储物柜都打开。最后打开的储物柜编号是多少?
A bored student walks down a hall that contains a row of closed lockers, numbered to He opens locker and then alternates between skipping and opening each closed locker thereafter. When he reaches the end of the hall, the student turns around and starts back. He opens the first closed locker he encounters, and then alternates between skipping and opening each closed locker thereafter. The student continues wandering back and forth in this manner until every locker is open. What is the number of the last locker he opens?
小提示:
每次走完后,仍关闭的储物柜编号构成一个等差数列
After each trip, the still-closed lockers form an arithmetic sequence
大提示:
每次走完后,只记录首项、公差和项数
Record only the first term, common difference, and number of terms after each trip
解答:
每次行走时,学生都会按照当前行走方向,在剩余储物柜中打开第一个、第三个、第五个,依此类推。追踪每次走完后仍关闭的等差数列,得到:
次数 首项 公差 项数
因此第九次走完后,只剩下 号柜和 号柜仍关闭。第十次从右侧出发时,先打开 号柜,而 号柜保留下来。所以最后打开的是 号柜。
On every trip the student opens the first, third, fifth, and so on among the remaining lockers in his direction of travel. Tracking the closed arithmetic sequence after each trip gives:
trip first difference count
Thus only lockers and remain after the ninth trip. On the tenth trip, starting from the right, locker is opened and remains. Therefore the last locker opened is
10.
求下列方程的最小正整数解:
Find the smallest positive integer solution to
小提示:
用正切加法公式识别方程右边的表达式
Recognize the right-hand side using the tangent addition formula
大提示:
对模 的同余方程求解
Solve the resulting congruence modulo
解答:
由正切加法公式,因此 。由于 ,两边乘以 ,得到 最小正整数解为 。
The tangent addition formula gives Hence Since multiplying by gives The smallest positive solution is
11.
设 为方程 的所有虚部为正的根之积,并设 ,其中 ,且 。求 。
Let be the product of the roots of that have positive imaginary part, and suppose that where and Find
小提示:
除以 ,并令
Divide by and set
大提示:
将所得关于 的三次式因式分解,并把每个值识别为
Factor the resulting cubic in and identify each value as
解答:
没有根为零。除以 ,并令 ,得到 它的三个根为 对于每个 ,原方程的对应根为 和 。因此虚部为正的三个根的辐角分别为 、 和 。它们的乘积的辐角为 ,所以 。
No root is zero. Dividing by and setting gives Its three roots are For each value the corresponding roots of the original equation are and Thus the roots with positive imaginary part have arguments and Their product has argument so
12.
将整数 、、、、 的每个排列记为 、、、、,并构造和 所有这些和的平均值可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
For each permutation of the integers form the sum The average value of all such sums can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
五个绝对值差具有相同的平均值
Each of the five absolute differences has the same average
大提示:
对随机选取的无序数对,差为 的数对有 个
For a random unordered pair, difference occurs times
解答:
每一对的差都与从 中均匀选取一个无序数对所得差具有相同的期望。因此 由期望的线性性质,五项和的平均值为 。所以 。
Each paired difference has the same expected value as the difference of a uniformly selected unordered pair from Therefore By linearity of expectation, the average of the five-term sum is Thus
13.
在三角形 中,、,且 。存在一点 ,使得 平分 ,并且 是直角。比值 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
In triangle and There is a point for which bisects and is a right angle. The ratio can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
令 为 的中点,则 、 和 共线
Let be the midpoint of so and are collinear
大提示:
用中线公式求 ,再比较两个共有 的直角三角形
Find with the median formula, then compare two right triangles sharing
解答:
令 为 的中点。于是 、 和 共线。由中线公式,由于 , 角为钝角,所以垂足 位于 的外侧。 和 都在 处为直角。因此 代入可得 ,所以 。
三角形 和 的底边 与 在同一直线上,并且共用从 引出的高;同时 。因此 所以 。
Let be the midpoint of Then and are collinear. The median formula gives Since angle is obtuse, so the perpendicular foot lies beyond Both and are right at Therefore Substitution gives so
Triangles and have bases and on the same line and share the altitude from while Hence Thus
14.
一个 的长方体由 的小正方体粘合而成。这个长方体的一条体对角线穿过多少个 小正方体的内部?
A rectangular solid is made by gluing together cubes. An internal diagonal of this solid passes through the interiors of how many of the cubes?
小提示:
计算体对角线穿过各坐标网格平面的次数
Count the coordinate-plane crossings of the space diagonal
大提示:
用最大公约数修正同时穿过两个或三个网格平面的情形
Correct for crossings of two or three grid planes at once using greatest common divisors
解答:
对于一个 的方块阵列,对角线分别穿过三个方向上的 、 和 个内部网格平面。两个方向的穿越分别有 、 和 次重合,而三个方向的穿越有 次重合。加上起始小正方体,再使用容斥原理,得到 三个两两最大公约数分别为 、 和 ,三者的最大公约数为 。因此对角线穿过内部的小正方体个数为
For an array, the diagonal crosses and internal grid planes of the three orientations. Crossings of two orientations coincide and times, and triple crossings occur times. Adding one for the initial cube and applying inclusion-exclusion gives Here the pairwise gcds are and and the triple gcd is Thus the number of cube interiors met is
15.
在平行四边形 中,设 为对角线 与 的交点。 角和 角都是 角的两倍,而 角的大小为 乘以 角的大小。求不超过 的最大整数。
In parallelogram let be the intersection of diagonals and Angles and are each twice as large as angle and angle is times as large as angle Find the greatest integer that does not exceed
小提示:
令 ,并比较三角形 和
Set and compare triangles and
大提示:
使用正弦定理,得到一个含 、 和 的方程
Use the law of sines to obtain an equation involving and
解答:
令 。则 ,所以 的三个角为 、 和 。由于 ,三角形 的三个角为 、 和 。
在两个三角形中应用正弦定理,并利用 ,得到 令 ,方程化为 由于 ,符合条件的根是 ,所以 。因此 。在 中,位于 和 的两个角分别为 和 ,所以 。因此
Let Then so in the angles are and Because triangle has angles and
Applying the law of sines in the two triangles and using gives With this becomes Since the valid root is so Thus In the angles at and are and so Therefore