2010 AIME II 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
设 是最大的满足下列条件的整数:它是 的倍数,各位数字均为偶数且互不相同。求 除以 的余数。
Let be the greatest integer multiple of all of whose digits are even and no two of whose digits are the same. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
因为 ,数字和必须能被 整除,且最后两位组成的数必须是 的倍数。
Since the digit sum must be divisible by and the last two digits must form a multiple of
大提示:
互不相同的偶数字只能来自 ,所以数字和为偶数,因此必须是 。使用满足条件的最大数字。
Distinct even digits come from so the digit sum is even and hence must be Use the largest such digits.
解答:
因为 ,数 必须同时能被 和 整除。它的数字是 中互不相同的元素,这些数字总和为 ,所以 不能使用全部五个数字。数字和必须是 的倍数,并且是偶数,所以必须是 ;唯一可能的数字集合是 和 。
由 组成的最大数是 ,末两位 是 的倍数。所以 ,除以 的余数是 。
Since the number must be divisible by both and Its digits are distinct members of whose total is so cannot use all five. The digit sum must be a multiple of and being even it must be the only such digit sets are and
The largest number formed from is which ends in a multiple of So and the remainder upon division by is
2.
在单位正方形 的内部随机选取一点 。令 表示 到 最近边的距离。满足 的概率等于 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
A point is chosen at random in the interior of a unit square Let denote the distance from to the closest side of The probability that is equal to where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
到每条边距离至少为 的点集,是一个同心正方形,边长为 。
The set of points at distance at least from every side is a concentric square of side
大提示:
有利区域在边长 的正方形内,并在边长 的正方形外;作面积相减。
The favorable region lies inside the square of side and outside the square of side subtract areas
解答:
满足 的点形成边长为 的同心正方形。因此 使 位于边长 的同心正方形内,而 使 位于边长 的开同心正方形之外。
因为单位正方形面积为 ,所求概率就是这两个正方形之间的面积:所以 。
The points with form a concentric square of side So puts inside the concentric square of side and keeps outside the open concentric square of side
Since the unit square has area the probability is the area between those two squares: Thus
3.
设 是所有因子 的乘积(这些因子不一定互不相同),其中整数 和 满足 。求最大的正整数 ,使得 整除 。
Let be the product of all factors (not necessarily distinct) where and are integers satisfying Find the greatest positive integer such that divides
小提示:
差值 可以取 ,且每个差值恰好出现 次。
The difference takes each value occurring exactly times
大提示:
对偶数 ,把 乘以 中因子 的指数后相加。
Add times the exponent of in over even
解答:
对每个值 ,数对 ,,, 表明 恰好出现 次,所以 。因此 中因子 的指数为 ,其中 是 中因子 的指数。
只有偶数 有贡献: 时 ; 时 ; 时 ; 时 。总和为 所以 。
For each value the pairs show that occurs exactly times, so The exponent of in is therefore where is the exponent of in
Only even contribute: give give gives and gives The total is so
4.
Dave 到达一座机场,机场有十二个登机口排成一直线,相邻登机口之间正好相距 英尺。他的出发登机口随机分配。在该登机口等待后,Dave 被告知出发登机口改到了另一个不同的登机口,这个新登机口也随机分配。设 Dave 走到新登机口的距离为 英尺或更少的概率为分数 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 。
Dave arrives at an airport which has twelve gates arranged in a straight line with exactly feet between adjacent gates. His departure gate is assigned at random. After waiting at that gate, Dave is told the departure gate has been changed to a different gate, again at random. Let the probability that Dave walks feet or less to the new gate be a fraction where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
走 英尺或更少意味着两个登机口编号相差至多 ;数一数不同登机口的有序对。
Walking feet or less means the gate numbers differ by at most count ordered pairs of distinct gates
大提示:
靠近两端的登机口近邻较少:计数为 。
Gates near the ends have fewer close neighbors: the counts are
解答:
将登机口编号为 到 。所有 个不同(原登机口、新登机口)的有序对等可能,且 Dave 走 英尺或更少,当且仅当登机口编号相差至多 。
登机口 有 个合格的新登机口:登机口 和 各有 个,登机口 和 各有 个,登机口 和 各有 个,登机口 和 各有 个,登机口 到 各有 个。总数为 。
概率为 ,所以 。
Number the gates through All ordered pairs of distinct (old, new) gates are equally likely, and Dave walks feet or less exactly when the gate numbers differ by at most
A gate has qualifying new gates: gates and have each, gates and have gates and have gates and have and gates through have each. The total is
The probability is so
5.
6.
求最小的正整数 ,使得多项式 可以写成两个非常数整系数多项式的乘积。
Find the smallest positive integer with the property that the polynomial can be written as a product of two nonconstant polynomials with integer coefficients.
小提示:
试着分解为两个二次式 ;比较系数可得 且 。
Try splitting into two quadratics matching coefficients gives and
大提示:
寻找乘积为 、和为完全平方数的因数对,并同时比较一次因式的情况;若有整数根,它必须整除 。
Look for factor pairs of whose sum is a perfect square, and also compare with the case of a linear factor, whose root must divide
解答:
如果存在一次因式,则某个整数 是根,所以 ,,这迫使 能被 整除且 。最小值是 ,在 时取得。
否则该多项式分解为两个二次式,可取为首一多项式;由于 项系数为零,它们有形式 比较系数得 ,,且 。乘积为 且和为平方数的因数对为 (和为 ,所以 )以及 (和为 ,所以 ),给出 或 。
所有正值中最小的是 ;事实上 。
If there is a linear factor, then some integer is a root, so and forcing to be divisible by and The smallest value is at
Otherwise the polynomial splits into two quadratics, which we may take monic; since the coefficient vanishes, they have the form Matching coefficients gives and The factor pairs of with square sum are (sum so ) and (sum so ), giving or
The smallest positive value overall is indeed
7.
设 ,其中 、 和 为实数。存在一个复数 ,使得 的三个根分别为 、 和 ,其中 。求 。
Let where and are real. There exists a complex number such that the three roots of are and where Find
小提示:
根的和 必须为实数;这可以确定 的虚部。
The sum of the roots, must be real; this determines the imaginary part of
大提示:
实系数迫使两个非实根互为共轭,并且 。
Real coefficients force the two non-real roots to be conjugates, and
解答:
设 ,其中 、 为实数。根的和为 ,它是实数,所以 ,。根于是为 、 和 。因为系数为实数,两个非实根必须互为共轭,所以 ,得 。根为 、、。
现在 所以 ,。
Write with and real. The sum of the roots is which is real, so and The roots are then and Because the coefficients are real, the two non-real roots must be conjugates, so giving The roots are and
Now so and
8.
设 是满足以下性质的非空集合 和 的有序对数:
• ,
• ,
• 的元素个数不属于 ,
• 的元素个数不属于 。
求 。
Let be the number of ordered pairs of nonempty sets and that have the following properties:
•
•
• the number of elements of is not an element of
• the number of elements of is not an element of
Find
小提示:
若 ,则 ,条件迫使 且 。
If then and the conditions force and
大提示:
对每个 ,从未指定的 个数中选择剩下的 个元素放入 。情况 不成立,因为 必须同时属于两个集合。
For each choose the remaining elements of from the unassigned numbers. The case fails because would have to lie in both sets.
解答:
令 ,则 ,其中 。因为每个元素恰好属于一个集合, 意味着 ,而 意味着 。若 ,则 必须同时属于两个集合,这是不可能的,所以 。
对其他每个 ,元素 和 已经放好, 中剩下的 个元素可从其他 个数中选出,有 种方式, 取其余元素。因此
Let so with Since every element lies in exactly one set, means and means If then would have to belong to both sets, which is impossible, so
For each other the elements and are already placed, and the remaining elements of can be chosen from the other numbers in ways, with taking the rest. Hence
9.
设 是正六边形。令 、、、、、 分别为边 、、、、、 的中点。线段 、、、、、 围成一个较小的正六边形。若较小六边形面积与 面积之比写成最简分数 ,其中 和 是互质正整数,求 。
Let be a regular hexagon. Let and be the midpoints of sides and respectively. The segments and bound a smaller regular hexagon. Let the ratio of the area of the smaller hexagon to the area of be expressed as a fraction where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
将中心放在原点;由对称性,较小六边形是正的且同心,所以只需求中心到其中一个顶点的距离。
Place the center at the origin; by symmetry the smaller hexagon is regular and concentric, so it suffices to find the distance from the center to one of its vertices
大提示:
小六边形的一个顶点是直线 和 的交点;当外接圆半径为 时,该点为 。
One vertex of the small hexagon is the intersection of lines and with circumradius it is
解答:
将六边形中心放在原点,外接圆半径为 :,,,且 。于是 ,。旋转 会置换这六条线段,所以较小六边形是正六边形且与原六边形同心,面积比等于中心到顶点距离之比的平方。
一个顶点是 和 的交点。直线 为 ,直线 为 。代入得 ,所以 ,。
该顶点到中心的距离平方为 ,而 到中心距离为 。面积比为 ,所以 。
Center the hexagon at the origin with circumradius and Then and Rotation by permutes the six segments, so the smaller hexagon is regular and concentric, and the area ratio is the square of the ratio of distances from the center to a vertex.
One vertex is the intersection of and Line is and line is Substituting gives so and
That vertex has squared distance from the center, while is at distance The ratio of areas is and
10.
求有多少个整系数二次多项式 ,它们有整数零点并且满足 。
Find the number of second-degree polynomials with integer coefficients and integer zeros for which
小提示:
写成 ,于是 ;数一数 和无序根对的选择。
Write so count choices of and the unordered root pair
大提示:
当 时,把四个质因数分配给 、、,并检查 的四种符号模式都可行。单独处理 。
When split the four primes among and check that all four sign patterns of work. Treat separately.
解答:
写 ,其中整数根为 、;这样的多项式由 和无序对 确定。条件 给出 。因为 是无平方因子数,四个质因数中的每一个都完整地分配给 、、 中的一个。
先假设 。选择四个质因数中哪些 个进入根中( 种),并将这些质因数分配给两个根(无序方式 种),得到 种绝对值选择。对每一种, 的四种符号模式 、、、 都不同,并且各自决定 的符号,因此有 个多项式。
若 ,无平方因子性迫使 ,所以 :选项为根 或 且 ,或者根 且 ,再增加 个。总数为 。
Write with integer roots and such a polynomial is determined by and the unordered pair The condition says Since is squarefree, each of the four primes goes entirely to one of
First suppose Choosing which of the four primes divide the roots ( ways) and splitting those primes between the two roots ( unordered ways) gives choices of magnitudes. For each, the four sign patterns of are distinct and each forces the sign of giving polynomials.
If squarefreeness forces so the options are roots or with or roots with adding more. In total
11.
定义一个 T-grid 为满足以下两个性质的 矩阵:
恰好五个元素为 ,剩下四个元素为 。
在八条行、列和长对角线中(长对角线为 和 ),至多有一条的三个元素全相等。
求不同 T-grid 的个数。
Define a T-grid to be a matrix which satisfies the following two properties:
Exactly five of the entries are ’s, and the remaining four entries are ’s.
Among the eight rows, columns, and long diagonals (the long diagonals are and ), no more than one of the eight has all three entries equal.
Find the number of distinct T-grids.
小提示:
满足第一条性质的 的放置共有 种;减去其中有两条或更多条全同线的情况。
There are placements of the ’s; subtract those where two or more of the eight lines are constant
大提示:
两条全同线必须要么是一条全 的行或列和一条与它平行的全 线,要么是两条相交的全 线,后者恰好使用五个 。
Two constant lines must be either a row/column of ’s with a parallel line of ’s, or two crossing lines of ’s, which use exactly five ’s
解答:
满足 的矩阵有 个;我们减去有两条或更多全同线的矩阵。两条全 线不可能(它们至少需要 个零),一条全 线和一条全 线不能相交,因而必须是平行行或平行列;同样,两条全 线不能平行(会有 个一),所以必须相交,使用恰好 个一。
情况 :一条全 线和一条与它平行的全 线。全 的行或列有 种选择,平行的全 线有 种选择,剩下的平行线用两个 和一个 填充,有 种方法,共 个矩阵。每条垂直线随后都同时含有 和 ,所以不会出现第三条全同线,也没有重复计数。
情况 :两条相交的全 线,其余位置为 。这对线可以是一行一列(),一行或一列与一条对角线(),或两条对角线(),共 个矩阵;可检查其余四个 从不会形成一条全同线。所以答案为 。
There are matrices satisfying we subtract those with two or more constant lines. Two lines of ’s are impossible (they would need at least zeros), and a line of ’s and a line of ’s cannot cross, so they must be parallel rows or parallel columns; likewise two lines of ’s cannot be parallel ( ones), so they must cross, using exactly ones.
Case a line of ’s and a parallel line of ’s. There are choices for the all- row or column, for the parallel all- line, and ways to fill the remaining parallel line with two ’s and one matrices. Every perpendicular line then contains both a and a so no third constant line appears and nothing is double-counted.
Case two crossing lines of ’s and ’s elsewhere. The pair can be a row and a column (), a row or column with a diagonal (), or the two diagonals (), for matrices; one checks the four remaining ’s never form a constant line. So
12.
两个不全等的整边等腰三角形有相同的周长和相同的面积。两个三角形的底边长度之比为 。求它们公共周长的最小可能值。
Two noncongruent integer-sided isosceles triangles have the same perimeter and the same area. The ratio of the lengths of the bases of the two triangles is Find the minimum possible value of their common perimeter.
小提示:
将底边写成 和 ;面积相等意味着高为 和 。用勾股定理表示每条腰。
Write the bases as and equal areas mean the altitudes are and Express each leg with the Pythagorean theorem.
大提示:
令周长相等并平方两次,得到 ;再要求两条腰 和 都是整数。
Setting the perimeters equal and squaring twice gives then demand that both legs, and be integers
解答:
因为整数底边之比为 ,它们为 和 ,其中 是正整数。面积相等使相应高与底边成反比,设为 和 。两条腰分别为 和 ,周长相等给出
将 移到左边并平方,得 ;再次平方并化简,留下 ,所以 。两条腰分别变为 和
为使所有边都是整数, 必须整除 。取 得到三角形 和 ,它们的周长都为 ,面积都为 。最小公共周长为 。
Since the integer bases are in ratio they are and for a positive integer Equal areas make the corresponding altitudes inversely proportional to the bases, say and The legs are then and and equal perimeters give
Moving to the left and squaring yields squaring again and simplifying leaves so The legs become and
For all sides to be integers, must divide Taking gives the triangles and each with perimeter and area The minimum common perimeter is
13.
一副牌中的 张牌编号为 、、、。Alex、Blair、Corey、Dylan 各自从牌堆中不放回地抽一张牌,且每张牌被抽到的可能性相同。编号较小的两人组成一队,编号较大的两人组成另一队。已知 Alex 在 与 这两张牌中抽到一张,而 Dylan 抽到另一张,令 为 Alex 和 Dylan 在同一队的概率。满足 的 的最小值可写为 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
The cards in a deck are numbered Alex, Blair, Corey, and Dylan each picks a card from the deck without replacement and with each card being equally likely to be picked. The two persons with lower numbered cards form a team, and the two persons with higher numbered cards form another team. Let be the probability that Alex and Dylan are on the same team, given that Alex picks one of the cards and and Dylan picks the other of these two cards. The minimum value of for which can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
已知 Alex 和 Dylan 持有 和 时,他们成为队友当且仅当 Blair 和 Corey 都抽到小于 的牌,或都抽到大于 的牌。
Given that Alex and Dylan hold and they are teammates exactly when Blair and Corey both draw below or both draw above
大提示:
化简为 ,所以 或 。
reduces to so or
解答:
在 Alex 和 Dylan 持有 与 的条件下,Blair 和 Corey 从剩余 张牌中抽 张。Alex 和 Dylan 成为队友,当且仅当这两张牌都小于 (Alex 和 Dylan 是高牌队),或都大于 (他们是低牌队)。较小编号以下的牌有 张,较大编号以上的牌有 张,所以
分子为 ,因此 变为 ,也就是 。因为 是整数,,所以 或 。
这个抛物线在离 最近的可行点处最小: ,确实至少为 。因此 。
Condition on Alex and Dylan holding and Blair and Corey then draw of the remaining cards, and Alex and Dylan are teammates exactly when both of those cards are below (Alex and Dylan are the high team) or both are above (the low team). There are cards below and cards above, so
The numerator is so becomes that is, Since is an integer, so or
The parabola is smallest at the admissible points closest to which is indeed at least Thus
14.
在直角三角形 中,直角在 ,,且 。点 在 上,满足 且 。比值 可表示为 ,其中 、、 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
In right triangle with the right angle at and Point on has the properties that and The ratio can be represented in the form where and are positive integers and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
答案:7
小提示:
因为直角在 , 是外接圆的直径。延长 ,使其再次与圆交于 。
Since the right angle is at is a diameter of the circumcircle. Extend to meet the circle again at
大提示:
角度条件迫使 ,所以点 的幂给出 ,同时 。
The angle condition forces so the power of the point gives while
解答:
因为直角在 ,线段 是外接圆直径;令 为圆心,所以半径为 。令 ,并延长 使其再次与圆交于 。弧 对应的圆心角为 ,而对顶角给出 。所以 和 与直线 所成角相等,三角形 是等腰三角形,且 。
由点 的幂,所以 和 是 的两个根,即 。由于 ,有 ,且 ,所以 ,三角形不等式给出 。因此 。
因此 所以 。
Because the right angle is at segment is a diameter of the circumcircle; let be its center, so the radius is Let and extend to meet the circle again at The central angle over arc is while vertical angles give So and make equal angles with line and triangle is isosceles with
By the power of the point so and are the roots of namely Since we have with so and the triangle inequality gives Hence
Therefore and
15.
在三角形 中,,,且 。点 和 在 上,满足 且 。点 和 在 上,满足 且 。设 是 与 的外接圆的另一个交点。射线 与 交于 。比值 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质正整数。求 。
In triangle and Points and lie on with and Points and lie on with and Let be the other point of intersection of the circumcircles of and Ray meets at The ratio can be written in the form where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
使用角平分线定理,计算中点与角平分线交点之间的短线段 和 。
Use the angle bisector theorem to compute the short segments and between the midpoints and the bisector feet
大提示:
圆内接四边形 和 使三角形 与 相似,而正弦定理把 转化为 。
The cyclic quadrilaterals and make triangles and similar, and the law of sines turns into
解答:
由角平分线定理,,且 ,所以 位于 上, 位于 上,并且
因为 共圆, ,又因为 共圆, 。因此三角形 和 相似,所以 。在三角形 和 中使用正弦定理,并注意角 与 互补,
比较三角形 和 的面积,它们共用塞瓦线 ,该分数已为最简形式,因为 ,而 。因此 。
By the angle bisector theorem, and so lies on and lies on with
Since is cyclic, and since is cyclic, Hence triangles and are similar, so By the law of sines in triangles and whose angles and are supplementary,
Comparing the areas of triangles and which share the cevian which is in lowest terms since and Thus