2010 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

NN 是最大的满足下列条件的整数:它是 3636 的倍数,各位数字均为偶数且互不相同。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let NN be the greatest integer multiple of 3636 all of whose digits are even and no two of whose digits are the same. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

知识点:整除性数字
难度评级:1890
小提示:

因为 36=4936 = 4 \cdot 9,数字和必须能被 99 整除,且最后两位组成的数必须是 44 的倍数。

Since 36=49,36 = 4 \cdot 9, the digit sum must be divisible by 99 and the last two digits must form a multiple of 44

大提示:

互不相同的偶数字只能来自 {0,2,4,6,8}\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\},所以数字和为偶数,因此必须是 1818。使用满足条件的最大数字。

Distinct even digits come from {0,2,4,6,8},\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}, so the digit sum is even and hence must be 18.18. Use the largest such digits.

解答:

因为 36=4936 = 4 \cdot 9,数 NN 必须同时能被 4499 整除。它的数字是 {0,2,4,6,8}\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\} 中互不相同的元素,这些数字总和为 2020,所以 NN 不能使用全部五个数字。数字和必须是 99 的倍数,并且是偶数,所以必须是 1818;唯一可能的数字集合是 {4,6,8}\{4, 6, 8\}{0,4,6,8}\{0, 4, 6, 8\}

{0,4,6,8}\{0, 4, 6, 8\} 组成的最大数是 86408640,末两位 404044 的倍数。所以 N=8640N = 8640,除以 10001000 的余数是 640640

Since 36=49,36 = 4 \cdot 9, the number NN must be divisible by both 44 and 9.9. Its digits are distinct members of {0,2,4,6,8},\{0, 2, 4, 6, 8\}, whose total is 20,20, so NN cannot use all five. The digit sum must be a multiple of 9,9, and being even it must be 18;18; the only such digit sets are {4,6,8}\{4, 6, 8\} and {0,4,6,8}.\{0, 4, 6, 8\}.

The largest number formed from {0,4,6,8}\{0, 4, 6, 8\} is 8640,8640, which ends in 40,40, a multiple of 4.4. So N=8640,N = 8640, and the remainder upon division by 10001000 is 640.640.

2.

在单位正方形 SS 的内部随机选取一点 PP。令 d(P)d(P) 表示 PPSS 最近边的距离。满足 15d(P)13\frac{1}{5} \le d(P) \le \frac{1}{3} 的概率等于 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

A point PP is chosen at random in the interior of a unit square S.S. Let d(P)d(P) denote the distance from PP to the closest side of S.S. The probability that 15d(P)13\frac{1}{5} \le d(P) \le \frac{1}{3} is equal to mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:几何概率面积
难度评级:2020
小提示:

到每条边距离至少为 tt 的点集,是一个同心正方形,边长为 12t1 - 2t

The set of points at distance at least tt from every side is a concentric square of side 12t1 - 2t

大提示:

有利区域在边长 35\frac{3}{5} 的正方形内,并在边长 13\frac{1}{3} 的正方形外;作面积相减。

The favorable region lies inside the square of side 35\frac{3}{5} and outside the square of side 13;\frac{1}{3}; subtract areas

解答:

满足 d(P)td(P) \ge t 的点形成边长为 12t1 - 2t 的同心正方形。因此 d(P)15d(P) \ge \frac{1}{5} 使 PP 位于边长 35\frac{3}{5} 的同心正方形内,而 d(P)13d(P) \le \frac{1}{3} 使 PP 位于边长 13\frac{1}{3} 的开同心正方形之外。

因为单位正方形面积为 11,所求概率就是这两个正方形之间的面积:(35)2(13)2=92519=8125225=56225 \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= \frac{9}{25} - \frac{1}{9} \\ &= \frac{81 - 25}{225} = \frac{56}{225} \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 m+n=56+225=281m + n = 56 + 225 = 281

The points with d(P)td(P) \ge t form a concentric square of side 12t.1 - 2t. So d(P)15d(P) \ge \frac{1}{5} puts PP inside the concentric square of side 35,\frac{3}{5}, and d(P)13d(P) \le \frac{1}{3} keeps PP outside the open concentric square of side 13.\frac{1}{3}.

Since the unit square has area 1,1, the probability is the area between those two squares: (35)2(13)2=92519=8125225=56225. \begin{aligned} &\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{1}{3}\right)^2 \\ &= \frac{9}{25} - \frac{1}{9} \\ &= \frac{81 - 25}{225} = \frac{56}{225}. \end{aligned} Thus m+n=56+225=281.m + n = 56 + 225 = 281.

3.

KK 是所有因子 (ba)(b - a) 的乘积(这些因子不一定互不相同),其中整数 aabb 满足 1a<b201 \le a \lt b \le 20。求最大的正整数 nn,使得 2n2^n 整除 KK

Let KK be the product of all factors (ba)(b - a) (not necessarily distinct) where aa and bb are integers satisfying 1a<b20.1 \le a \lt b \le 20. Find the greatest positive integer nn such that 2n2^n divides K.K.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

差值 v=bav = b - a 可以取 1,2,,191, 2, \ldots, 19,且每个差值恰好出现 20v20 - v 次。

The difference v=bav = b - a takes each value 1,2,,19,1, 2, \ldots, 19, occurring exactly 20v20 - v times

大提示:

对偶数 v=2,4,,18v = 2, 4, \ldots, 18,把 (20v)(20 - v) 乘以 vv 中因子 22 的指数后相加。

Add (20v)(20 - v) times the exponent of 22 in v,v, over even v=2,4,,18v = 2, 4, \ldots, 18

解答:

对每个值 v=bav = b - a,数对 (a,b)=(1,v+1)(a, b) = (1, v+1)(2,v+2)(2, v+2)\ldots(20v,20)(20-v, 20) 表明 vv 恰好出现 20v20 - v 次,所以 K=v=119v20vK = \prod_{v=1}^{19} v^{20-v}。因此 KK 中因子 22 的指数为 v(20v)e(v)\sum_v (20 - v)\,e(v),其中 e(v)e(v)vv 中因子 22 的指数。

只有偶数 vv 有贡献:v=2,6,10,14,18v = 2, 6, 10, 14, 18e=1e = 1v=4,12v = 4, 12e=2e = 2v=8v = 8e=3e = 3v=16v = 16e=4e = 4。总和为 18+162+14+123+10+82+6+44+2=150 \begin{aligned} &18 + 16 \cdot 2 + 14 + 12 \cdot 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 10 + 8 \cdot 2 + 6 + 4 \cdot 4 + 2 \\ &= 150 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 n=150n = 150

For each value v=ba,v = b - a, the pairs (a,b)=(1,v+1),(a, b) = (1, v+1), (2,v+2),(2, v+2), ,\ldots, (20v,20)(20-v, 20) show that vv occurs exactly 20v20 - v times, so K=v=119v20v.K = \prod_{v=1}^{19} v^{20-v}. The exponent of 22 in KK is therefore v(20v)e(v),\sum_v (20 - v)\,e(v), where e(v)e(v) is the exponent of 22 in v.v.

Only even vv contribute: v=2,6,10,14,18v = 2, 6, 10, 14, 18 give e=1;e = 1; v=4,12v = 4, 12 give e=2;e = 2; v=8v = 8 gives e=3;e = 3; and v=16v = 16 gives e=4.e = 4. The total is 18+162+14+123+10+82+6+44+2=150, \begin{aligned} &18 + 16 \cdot 2 + 14 + 12 \cdot 3 \\ &\quad {}+ 10 + 8 \cdot 2 + 6 + 4 \cdot 4 + 2 \\ &= 150, \end{aligned} so n=150.n = 150.

4.

Dave 到达一座机场,机场有十二个登机口排成一直线,相邻登机口之间正好相距 100100 英尺。他的出发登机口随机分配。在该登机口等待后,Dave 被告知出发登机口改到了另一个不同的登机口,这个新登机口也随机分配。设 Dave 走到新登机口的距离为 400400 英尺或更少的概率为分数 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

Dave arrives at an airport which has twelve gates arranged in a straight line with exactly 100100 feet between adjacent gates. His departure gate is assigned at random. After waiting at that gate, Dave is told the departure gate has been changed to a different gate, again at random. Let the probability that Dave walks 400400 feet or less to the new gate be a fraction mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2170
小提示:

400400 英尺或更少意味着两个登机口编号相差至多 44;数一数不同登机口的有序对。

Walking 400400 feet or less means the gate numbers differ by at most 4;4; count ordered pairs of distinct gates

大提示:

靠近两端的登机口近邻较少:计数为 4,5,6,7,8,8,8,8,7,6,5,44, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4

Gates near the ends have fewer close neighbors: the counts are 4,5,6,7,8,8,8,8,7,6,5,44, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4

解答:

将登机口编号为 111212。所有 1211=13212 \cdot 11 = 132 个不同(原登机口、新登机口)的有序对等可能,且 Dave 走 400400 英尺或更少,当且仅当登机口编号相差至多 44

登机口 iimin(i+4,12)max(i4,1)\min(i + 4, 12) - \max(i - 4, 1) 个合格的新登机口:登机口 111212 各有 44 个,登机口 221111 各有 55 个,登机口 331010 各有 66 个,登机口 4499 各有 77 个,登机口 5588 各有 88 个。总数为 2(4+5+6+7)+48=762(4 + 5 + 6 + 7) + 4 \cdot 8 = 76

概率为 76132=1933\frac{76}{132} = \frac{19}{33},所以 m+n=19+33=52m + n = 19 + 33 = 52

Number the gates 11 through 12.12. All 1211=13212 \cdot 11 = 132 ordered pairs of distinct (old, new) gates are equally likely, and Dave walks 400400 feet or less exactly when the gate numbers differ by at most 4.4.

A gate ii has min(i+4,12)max(i4,1)\min(i + 4, 12) - \max(i - 4, 1) qualifying new gates: gates 11 and 1212 have 44 each, gates 22 and 1111 have 5,5, gates 33 and 1010 have 6,6, gates 44 and 99 have 7,7, and gates 55 through 88 have 88 each. The total is 2(4+5+6+7)+48=76.2(4 + 5 + 6 + 7) + 4 \cdot 8 = 76.

The probability is 76132=1933,\frac{76}{132} = \frac{19}{33}, so m+n=19+33=52.m + n = 19 + 33 = 52.

5.

正数 xxyyzz 满足 xyz=1081xyz = 10^{81},且 (log10x)(log10yz)(\log_{10} x)(\log_{10} yz) +(log10y)(log10z)=468+ (\log_{10} y)(\log_{10} z) = 468。求 (log10x)2+(log10y)2+(log10z)2\small \sqrt{(\log_{10} x)^2 + (\log_{10} y)^2 + (\log_{10} z)^2}

Positive numbers x,x, y,y, and zz satisfy xyz=1081xyz = 10^{81} and (log10x)(log10yz)(\log_{10} x)(\log_{10} yz) +(log10y)(log10z)=468.+ (\log_{10} y)(\log_{10} z) = 468. Find (log10x)2+(log10y)2+(log10z)2.\small \sqrt{(\log_{10} x)^2 + (\log_{10} y)^2 + (\log_{10} z)^2}.

知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:2170
小提示:

a=log10xa = \log_{10} xb=log10yb = \log_{10} yc=log10zc = \log_{10} z:则 a+b+c=81a + b + c = 81,第二个条件表示 ab+ac+bc=468ab + ac + bc = 468

Let a=log10x,a = \log_{10} x, b=log10y,b = \log_{10} y, c=log10z:c = \log_{10} z: then a+b+c=81a + b + c = 81 and the second condition says ab+ac+bc=468ab + ac + bc = 468

大提示:

使用 (a+b+c)2(a + b + c)^2 =a2+b2+c2= a^2 + b^2 + c^2 +2(ab+ac+bc)+ 2(ab + ac + bc)

Use (a+b+c)2(a + b + c)^2 =a2+b2+c2= a^2 + b^2 + c^2 +2(ab+ac+bc)+ 2(ab + ac + bc)

解答:

a=log10xa = \log_{10} xb=log10yb = \log_{10} yc=log10zc = \log_{10} z。对 xyz=1081xyz = 10^{81} 取对数,得到 a+b+c=81a + b + c = 81。因为 log10yz=b+c\log_{10} yz = b + c,第二个条件为 a(b+c)+bc=ab+ac+bca(b + c) + bc = ab + ac + bc =468= 468

将和平方,a2+b2+c2=(a+b+c)22(ab+ac+bc)=8122468=6561936=5625 \begin{aligned} a^2 + b^2 + c^2 &= (a + b + c)^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(ab + ac + bc) \\ &= 81^2 - 2 \cdot 468 \\ &= 6561 - 936 \\ &= 5625 \end{aligned}\text{,}所求值为 5625=75\sqrt{5625} = 75

Let a=log10x,a = \log_{10} x, b=log10y,b = \log_{10} y, and c=log10z.c = \log_{10} z. Taking logs of xyz=1081xyz = 10^{81} gives a+b+c=81.a + b + c = 81. Since log10yz=b+c,\log_{10} yz = b + c, the second condition is a(b+c)+bc=ab+ac+bca(b + c) + bc = ab + ac + bc =468.= 468.

Squaring the sum, a2+b2+c2=(a+b+c)22(ab+ac+bc)=8122468=6561936=5625, \begin{aligned} a^2 + b^2 + c^2 &= (a + b + c)^2 \\ &\quad {}- 2(ab + ac + bc) \\ &= 81^2 - 2 \cdot 468 \\ &= 6561 - 936 \\ &= 5625, \end{aligned} so the requested value is 5625=75.\sqrt{5625} = 75.

6.

求最小的正整数 nn,使得多项式 x4nx+63x^4 - nx + 63 可以写成两个非常数整系数多项式的乘积。

Find the smallest positive integer nn with the property that the polynomial x4nx+63x^4 - nx + 63 can be written as a product of two nonconstant polynomials with integer coefficients.

难度评级:2500
小提示:

试着分解为两个二次式 (x2+px+q)(x2px+r)(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r);比较系数可得 q+r=p2q + r = p^2qr=63qr = 63

Try splitting into two quadratics (x2+px+q)(x2px+r);(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r); matching coefficients gives q+r=p2q + r = p^2 and qr=63qr = 63

大提示:

寻找乘积为 6363、和为完全平方数的因数对,并同时比较一次因式的情况;若有整数根,它必须整除 6363

Look for factor pairs of 6363 whose sum is a perfect square, and also compare with the case of a linear factor, whose root must divide 6363

解答:

如果存在一次因式,则某个整数 bb 是根,所以 b4nb+63=0b^4 - nb + 63 = 0n=b3+63bn = b^3 + \frac{63}{b},这迫使 6363 能被 bb 整除且 b>0b \gt 0。最小值是 4848,在 b=3b = 3 时取得。

否则该多项式分解为两个二次式,可取为首一多项式;由于 x3x^3 项系数为零,它们有形式 (x2+px+q)(x2px+r)=x4+(q+rp2)x2+p(rq)x+qr \begin{aligned} &(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r) \\ &= x^4 + (q + r - p^2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ p(r - q)x + qr \end{aligned}\text{。}比较系数得 q+r=p2q + r = p^2qr=63qr = 63,且 n=p(qr)n = p(q - r)。乘积为 6363 且和为平方数的因数对为 {7,9}\{7, 9\}(和为 1616,所以 p=4p = 4)以及 {1,63}\{1, 63\}(和为 6464,所以 p=8p = 8),给出 n=42=8n = 4 \cdot 2 = 8n=862=496n = 8 \cdot 62 = 496

所有正值中最小的是 n=8n = 8;事实上 (x2+4x+9)(x24x+7)(x^2 + 4x + 9)(x^2 - 4x + 7) =x48x+63= x^4 - 8x + 63

If there is a linear factor, then some integer bb is a root, so b4nb+63=0b^4 - nb + 63 = 0 and n=b3+63b,n = b^3 + \frac{63}{b}, forcing 6363 to be divisible by bb and b>0.b \gt 0. The smallest value is 48,48, at b=3.b = 3.

Otherwise the polynomial splits into two quadratics, which we may take monic; since the x3x^3 coefficient vanishes, they have the form (x2+px+q)(x2px+r)=x4+(q+rp2)x2+p(rq)x+qr. \begin{aligned} &(x^2 + px + q)(x^2 - px + r) \\ &= x^4 + (q + r - p^2)x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ p(r - q)x + qr. \end{aligned} Matching coefficients gives q+r=p2,q + r = p^2, qr=63,qr = 63, and n=p(qr).n = p(q - r). The factor pairs of 6363 with square sum are {7,9}\{7, 9\} (sum 16,16, so p=4p = 4) and {1,63}\{1, 63\} (sum 64,64, so p=8p = 8), giving n=42=8n = 4 \cdot 2 = 8 or n=862=496.n = 8 \cdot 62 = 496.

The smallest positive value overall is n=8;n = 8; indeed (x2+4x+9)(x24x+7)(x^2 + 4x + 9)(x^2 - 4x + 7) =x48x+63.= x^4 - 8x + 63.

7.

P(z)=z3+az2+bz+cP(z) = z^3 + az^2 + bz + c,其中 aabbcc 为实数。存在一个复数 ww,使得 P(z)P(z) 的三个根分别为 w+3iw + 3iw+9iw + 9i2w42w - 4,其中 i2=1i^2 = -1。求 a+b+c|a + b + c|

Let P(z)=z3+az2+bz+c,P(z) = z^3 + az^2 + bz + c, where a,a, b,b, and cc are real. There exists a complex number ww such that the three roots of P(z)P(z) are w+3i,w + 3i, w+9i,w + 9i, and 2w4,2w - 4, where i2=1.i^2 = -1. Find a+b+c.|a + b + c|.

难度评级:2410
小提示:

根的和 4w+12i44w + 12i - 4 必须为实数;这可以确定 ww 的虚部。

The sum of the roots, 4w+12i4,4w + 12i - 4, must be real; this determines the imaginary part of ww

大提示:

实系数迫使两个非实根互为共轭,并且 1+a+b+c=P(1)1 + a + b + c = P(1)

Real coefficients force the two non-real roots to be conjugates, and 1+a+b+c=P(1)1 + a + b + c = P(1)

解答:

w=x+yiw = x + yi,其中 xxyy 为实数。根的和为 4w+12i4=a4w + 12i - 4 = -a,它是实数,所以 4y+12=04y + 12 = 0y=3y = -3。根于是为 xxx+6ix + 6i2x46i2x - 4 - 6i。因为系数为实数,两个非实根必须互为共轭,所以 2x4=x2x - 4 = x,得 x=4x = 4。根为 444+6i4 + 6i46i4 - 6i

现在 1+a+b+c=P(1)=(14)(1(4+6i))(1(46i))=(3)(9+36)=135 \begin{aligned} 1 + a + b + c &= P(1) \\ &= (1 - 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(1 - (4 + 6i)\bigr) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(1 - (4 - 6i)\bigr) \\ &= (-3)(9 + 36) \\ &= -135 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a+b+c=136a + b + c = -136a+b+c=136|a + b + c| = 136

Write w=x+yiw = x + yi with xx and yy real. The sum of the roots is 4w+12i4=a,4w + 12i - 4 = -a, which is real, so 4y+12=04y + 12 = 0 and y=3.y = -3. The roots are then x,x, x+6i,x + 6i, and 2x46i.2x - 4 - 6i. Because the coefficients are real, the two non-real roots must be conjugates, so 2x4=x,2x - 4 = x, giving x=4.x = 4. The roots are 4,4, 4+6i,4 + 6i, and 46i.4 - 6i.

Now 1+a+b+c=P(1)=(14)(1(4+6i))(1(46i))=(3)(9+36)=135, \begin{aligned} 1 + a + b + c &= P(1) \\ &= (1 - 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(1 - (4 + 6i)\bigr) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \bigl(1 - (4 - 6i)\bigr) \\ &= (-3)(9 + 36) \\ &= -135, \end{aligned} so a+b+c=136a + b + c = -136 and a+b+c=136.|a + b + c| = 136.

8.

NN 是满足以下性质的非空集合 A\mathcal{A}B\mathcal{B} 的有序对数:

AB\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\}

AB=\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset

A\mathcal{A} 的元素个数不属于 A\mathcal{A}

B\mathcal{B} 的元素个数不属于 B\mathcal{B}

NN

Let NN be the number of ordered pairs of nonempty sets A\mathcal{A} and B\mathcal{B} that have the following properties:

AB\mathcal{A} \cup \mathcal{B} ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12},\small = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\},

AB=,\mathcal{A} \cap \mathcal{B} = \emptyset,

• the number of elements of A\mathcal{A} is not an element of A,\mathcal{A},

• the number of elements of B\mathcal{B} is not an element of B.\mathcal{B}.

Find N.N.

难度评级:2520
小提示:

A=k|\mathcal{A}| = k,则 B=12k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k,条件迫使 kBk \in \mathcal{B}12kA12 - k \in \mathcal{A}

If A=k,|\mathcal{A}| = k, then B=12k,|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k, and the conditions force kBk \in \mathcal{B} and 12kA12 - k \in \mathcal{A}

大提示:

对每个 k6k \ne 6,从未指定的 1010 个数中选择剩下的 k1k - 1 个元素放入 A\mathcal{A}。情况 k=6k = 6 不成立,因为 66 必须同时属于两个集合。

For each k6,k \ne 6, choose the remaining k1k - 1 elements of A\mathcal{A} from the 1010 unassigned numbers. The case k=6k = 6 fails because 66 would have to lie in both sets.

解答:

k=Ak = |\mathcal{A}|,则 B=12k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k,其中 1k111 \le k \le 11。因为每个元素恰好属于一个集合,kAk \notin \mathcal{A} 意味着 kBk \in \mathcal{B},而 12kB12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} 意味着 12kA12 - k \in \mathcal{A}。若 k=6k = 6,则 66 必须同时属于两个集合,这是不可能的,所以 k6k \ne 6

对其他每个 kk,元素 kk12k12 - k 已经放好,A\mathcal{A} 中剩下的 k1k - 1 个元素可从其他 1010 个数中选出,有 (10k1)\binom{10}{k-1} 种方式,B\mathcal{B} 取其余元素。因此 N=k=111(10k1)(105)=210252=772 \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Let k=A,k = |\mathcal{A}|, so B=12k|\mathcal{B}| = 12 - k with 1k11.1 \le k \le 11. Since every element lies in exactly one set, kAk \notin \mathcal{A} means kB,k \in \mathcal{B}, and 12kB12 - k \notin \mathcal{B} means 12kA.12 - k \in \mathcal{A}. If k=6,k = 6, then 66 would have to belong to both sets, which is impossible, so k6.k \ne 6.

For each other k,k, the elements kk and 12k12 - k are already placed, and the remaining k1k - 1 elements of A\mathcal{A} can be chosen from the other 1010 numbers in (10k1)\binom{10}{k-1} ways, with B\mathcal{B} taking the rest. Hence N=k=111(10k1)(105)=210252=772. \begin{aligned} N &= \sum_{k=1}^{11} \binom{10}{k-1} - \binom{10}{5} \\ &= 2^{10} - 252 = 772. \end{aligned}

9.

ABCDEFABCDEF 是正六边形。令 GGHHIIJJKKLL 分别为边 ABABBCBCCDCDDEDEEFEFAFAF 的中点。线段 AHAHBIBICJCJDKDKELELFGFG 围成一个较小的正六边形。若较小六边形面积与 ABCDEFABCDEF 面积之比写成最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n

Let ABCDEFABCDEF be a regular hexagon. Let G,G, H,H, I,I, J,J, K,K, and LL be the midpoints of sides AB,AB, BC,BC, CD,CD, DE,DE, EF,EF, and AF,AF, respectively. The segments AH,AH, BI,BI, CJ,CJ, DK,DK, EL,EL, and FGFG bound a smaller regular hexagon. Let the ratio of the area of the smaller hexagon to the area of ABCDEFABCDEF be expressed as a fraction mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2430
小提示:

将中心放在原点;由对称性,较小六边形是正的且同心,所以只需求中心到其中一个顶点的距离。

Place the center at the origin; by symmetry the smaller hexagon is regular and concentric, so it suffices to find the distance from the center to one of its vertices

大提示:

小六边形的一个顶点是直线 AHAHFGFG 的交点;当外接圆半径为 11 时,该点为 (57,37)\left(\frac{5}{7}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{7}\right)

One vertex of the small hexagon is the intersection of lines AHAH and FG;FG; with circumradius 11 it is (57,37)\left(\frac{5}{7}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{7}\right)

解答:

将六边形中心放在原点,外接圆半径为 11A=(1,0)A = (1, 0)B=(12,32)B = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)C=(12,32)C = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right),且 F=(12,32)F = \left(\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)。于是 H=(0,32)H = \left(0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)G=(34,34)G = \left(\frac{3}{4}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\right)。旋转 6060^\circ 会置换这六条线段,所以较小六边形是正六边形且与原六边形同心,面积比等于中心到顶点距离之比的平方。

一个顶点是 AHAHFGFG 的交点。直线 AHAHx+23y=1x + \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\,y = 1,直线 FGFGy=33x23y = 3\sqrt{3}\,x - 2\sqrt{3}。代入得 x+6x4=1x + 6x - 4 = 1,所以 x=57x = \frac{5}{7}y=37y = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{7}

该顶点到中心的距离平方为 2549+349=47\frac{25}{49} + \frac{3}{49} = \frac{4}{7},而 AA 到中心距离为 11。面积比为 47\frac{4}{7},所以 m+n=4+7=11m + n = 4 + 7 = 11

Center the hexagon at the origin with circumradius 1:1: A=(1,0),A = (1, 0), B=(12,32),B = \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), C=(12,32),C = \left(-\frac{1}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right), and F=(12,32).F = \left(\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right). Then H=(0,32)H = \left(0, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right) and G=(34,34).G = \left(\frac{3}{4}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}\right). Rotation by 6060^\circ permutes the six segments, so the smaller hexagon is regular and concentric, and the area ratio is the square of the ratio of distances from the center to a vertex.

One vertex is the intersection of AHAH and FG.FG. Line AHAH is x+23y=1,x + \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}\,y = 1, and line FGFG is y=33x23.y = 3\sqrt{3}\,x - 2\sqrt{3}. Substituting gives x+6x4=1,x + 6x - 4 = 1, so x=57x = \frac{5}{7} and y=37.y = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{7}.

That vertex has squared distance 2549+349=47\frac{25}{49} + \frac{3}{49} = \frac{4}{7} from the center, while AA is at distance 1.1. The ratio of areas is 47,\frac{4}{7}, and m+n=4+7=11.m + n = 4 + 7 = 11.

10.

求有多少个整系数二次多项式 f(x)f(x),它们有整数零点并且满足 f(0)=2010f(0) = 2010

Find the number of second-degree polynomials f(x)f(x) with integer coefficients and integer zeros for which f(0)=2010.f(0) = 2010.

难度评级:2890
小提示:

写成 f(x)=a(xr)(xs)f(x) = a(x - r)(x - s),于是 ars=2010=23567a \cdot rs = 2010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67;数一数 aa 和无序根对的选择。

Write f(x)=a(xr)(xs),f(x) = a(x - r)(x - s), so ars=2010=23567;a \cdot rs = 2010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67; count choices of aa and the unordered root pair

大提示:

rs|r| \ne |s| 时,把四个质因数分配给 a|a|r|r|s|s|,并检查 (r,s)(r, s) 的四种符号模式都可行。单独处理 r=s=1|r| = |s| = 1

When rs,|r| \ne |s|, split the four primes among a,|a|, r,|r|, s|s| and check that all four sign patterns of (r,s)(r, s) work. Treat r=s=1|r| = |s| = 1 separately.

解答:

f(x)=a(xr)(xs)f(x) = a(x - r)(x - s),其中整数根为 rrss;这样的多项式由 aa 和无序对 {r,s}\{r, s\} 确定。条件 f(0)=2010f(0) = 2010 给出 ars=2010=23567a \cdot rs = 2010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67。因为 20102010 是无平方因子数,四个质因数中的每一个都完整地分配给 a|a|r|r|s|s| 中的一个。

先假设 rs|r| \ne |s|。选择四个质因数中哪些 k1k \ge 1 个进入根中((4k)\binom{4}{k} 种),并将这些质因数分配给两个根(无序方式 2k12^{k-1} 种),得到 k=14(4k)2k1=4+12+16+8\sum_{k=1}^{4} \binom{4}{k} 2^{k-1} = 4 + 12 + 16 + 8 =40= 40 种绝对值选择。对每一种,(r,s)(r, s) 的四种符号模式 (+,+)(+,+)(+,)(+,-)(,+)(-,+)(,)(-,-) 都不同,并且各自决定 aa 的符号,因此有 440=1604 \cdot 40 = 160 个多项式。

r=s|r| = |s|,无平方因子性迫使 r=s=1|r| = |s| = 1,所以 a=2010|a| = 2010:选项为根 1,11, 11,1-1, -1a=2010a = 2010,或者根 1,11, -1a=2010a = -2010,再增加 33 个。总数为 160+3=163160 + 3 = 163

Write f(x)=a(xr)(xs)f(x) = a(x - r)(x - s) with integer roots rr and s;s; such a polynomial is determined by aa and the unordered pair {r,s}.\{r, s\}. The condition f(0)=2010f(0) = 2010 says ars=2010=23567.a \cdot rs = 2010 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 67. Since 20102010 is squarefree, each of the four primes goes entirely to one of a,|a|, r,|r|, s.|s|.

First suppose rs.|r| \ne |s|. Choosing which k1k \ge 1 of the four primes divide the roots ((4k)\binom{4}{k} ways) and splitting those primes between the two roots (2k12^{k-1} unordered ways) gives k=14(4k)2k1=4+12+16+8\sum_{k=1}^{4} \binom{4}{k} 2^{k-1} = 4 + 12 + 16 + 8 =40= 40 choices of magnitudes. For each, the four sign patterns (+,+),(+,+), (+,),(+,-), (,+),(-,+), (,)(-,-) of (r,s)(r, s) are distinct and each forces the sign of a,a, giving 440=1604 \cdot 40 = 160 polynomials.

If r=s,|r| = |s|, squarefreeness forces r=s=1,|r| = |s| = 1, so a=2010:|a| = 2010: the options are roots 1,11, 1 or 1,1-1, -1 with a=2010,a = 2010, or roots 1,11, -1 with a=2010,a = -2010, adding 33 more. In total 160+3=163.160 + 3 = 163.

11.

定义一个 T-grid 为满足以下两个性质的 3×33 \times 3 矩阵:

(1)(1) 恰好五个元素为 11,剩下四个元素为 00

(2)(2) 在八条行、列和长对角线中(长对角线为 {a13,a22,a31}\{a_{13}, a_{22}, a_{31}\}{a11,a22,a33}\{a_{11}, a_{22}, a_{33}\}),至多有一条的三个元素全相等。

求不同 T-grid 的个数。

Define a T-grid to be a 3×33 \times 3 matrix which satisfies the following two properties:

(1)(1) Exactly five of the entries are 11’s, and the remaining four entries are 00’s.

(2)(2) Among the eight rows, columns, and long diagonals (the long diagonals are {a13,a22,a31}\{a_{13}, a_{22}, a_{31}\} and {a11,a22,a33}\{a_{11}, a_{22}, a_{33}\}), no more than one of the eight has all three entries equal.

Find the number of distinct T-grids.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

满足第一条性质的 11 的放置共有 (95)=126\binom{9}{5} = 126 种;减去其中有两条或更多条全同线的情况。

There are (95)=126\binom{9}{5} = 126 placements of the 11’s; subtract those where two or more of the eight lines are constant

大提示:

两条全同线必须要么是一条全 11 的行或列和一条与它平行的全 00 线,要么是两条相交的全 11 线,后者恰好使用五个 11

Two constant lines must be either a row/column of 11’s with a parallel line of 00’s, or two crossing lines of 11’s, which use exactly five 11’s

解答:

满足 (1)(1) 的矩阵有 (95)=126\binom{9}{5} = 126 个;我们减去有两条或更多全同线的矩阵。两条全 00 线不可能(它们至少需要 55 个零),一条全 11 线和一条全 00 线不能相交,因而必须是平行行或平行列;同样,两条全 11 线不能平行(会有 66 个一),所以必须相交,使用恰好 3+31=53 + 3 - 1 = 5 个一。

情况 11:一条全 11 线和一条与它平行的全 00 线。全 11 的行或列有 66 种选择,平行的全 00 线有 22 种选择,剩下的平行线用两个 11 和一个 00 填充,有 33 种方法,共 623=366 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 36 个矩阵。每条垂直线随后都同时含有 1100,所以不会出现第三条全同线,也没有重复计数。

情况 22:两条相交的全 11 线,其余位置为 00。这对线可以是一行一列(33=93 \cdot 3 = 9),一行或一列与一条对角线(62=126 \cdot 2 = 12),或两条对角线(11),共 2222 个矩阵;可检查其余四个 00 从不会形成一条全同线。所以答案为 1263622=68126 - 36 - 22 = 68

There are (95)=126\binom{9}{5} = 126 matrices satisfying (1);(1); we subtract those with two or more constant lines. Two lines of 00’s are impossible (they would need at least 55 zeros), and a line of 11’s and a line of 00’s cannot cross, so they must be parallel rows or parallel columns; likewise two lines of 11’s cannot be parallel (66 ones), so they must cross, using exactly 3+31=53 + 3 - 1 = 5 ones.

Case 1:1: a line of 11’s and a parallel line of 00’s. There are 66 choices for the all-11 row or column, 22 for the parallel all-00 line, and 33 ways to fill the remaining parallel line with two 11’s and one 0:0: 623=366 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 36 matrices. Every perpendicular line then contains both a 11 and a 0,0, so no third constant line appears and nothing is double-counted.

Case 2:2: two crossing lines of 11’s and 00’s elsewhere. The pair can be a row and a column (33=93 \cdot 3 = 9), a row or column with a diagonal (62=126 \cdot 2 = 12), or the two diagonals (11), for 2222 matrices; one checks the four remaining 00’s never form a constant line. So 1263622=68.126 - 36 - 22 = 68.

12.

两个不全等的整边等腰三角形有相同的周长和相同的面积。两个三角形的底边长度之比为 8:78 : 7。求它们公共周长的最小可能值。

Two noncongruent integer-sided isosceles triangles have the same perimeter and the same area. The ratio of the lengths of the bases of the two triangles is 8:7.8 : 7. Find the minimum possible value of their common perimeter.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

将底边写成 8a8a7a7a;面积相等意味着高为 7h7h8h8h。用勾股定理表示每条腰。

Write the bases as 8a8a and 7a;7a; equal areas mean the altitudes are 7h7h and 8h.8h. Express each leg with the Pythagorean theorem.

大提示:

令周长相等并平方两次,得到 225h2=169a2225h^2 = 169a^2;再要求两条腰 109a15\frac{109a}{15}233a30\frac{233a}{30} 都是整数。

Setting the perimeters equal and squaring twice gives 225h2=169a2;225h^2 = 169a^2; then demand that both legs, 109a15\frac{109a}{15} and 233a30,\frac{233a}{30}, be integers

解答:

因为整数底边之比为 8:78 : 7,它们为 8a8a7a7a,其中 aa 是正整数。面积相等使相应高与底边成反比,设为 7h7h8h8h。两条腰分别为 16a2+49h2\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2}494a2+64h2\sqrt{\frac{49}{4}a^2 + 64h^2},周长相等给出 8a+216a2+49h2=7a+2494a2+64h2 \begin{aligned} &8a + 2\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2} \\ &= 7a + 2\sqrt{\tfrac{49}{4}a^2 + 64h^2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

7a7a 移到左边并平方,得 a16a2+49h2=15h24a2a\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2} = 15h^2 - 4a^2;再次平方并化简,留下 225h4=169a2h2225h^4 = 169a^2h^2,所以 h=13a15h = \frac{13a}{15}。两条腰分别变为 16a2+49169a2225=109a15 \sqrt{16a^2 + 49 \cdot \tfrac{169a^2}{225}} = \frac{109a}{15} 494a2+64169a2225=233a30 \sqrt{\tfrac{49}{4}a^2 + 64 \cdot \tfrac{169a^2}{225}} = \frac{233a}{30}\text{。}

为使所有边都是整数,3030 必须整除 aa。取 a=30a = 30 得到三角形 (218,218,240)(218, 218, 240)(233,233,210)(233, 233, 210),它们的周长都为 676676,面积都为 2184021840。最小公共周长为 676676

Since the integer bases are in ratio 8:7,8 : 7, they are 8a8a and 7a7a for a positive integer a.a. Equal areas make the corresponding altitudes inversely proportional to the bases, say 7h7h and 8h.8h. The legs are then 16a2+49h2\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2} and 494a2+64h2,\sqrt{\frac{49}{4}a^2 + 64h^2}, and equal perimeters give 8a+216a2+49h2=7a+2494a2+64h2. \begin{aligned} &8a + 2\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2} \\ &= 7a + 2\sqrt{\tfrac{49}{4}a^2 + 64h^2}. \end{aligned}

Moving 7a7a to the left and squaring yields a16a2+49h2=15h24a2;a\sqrt{16a^2 + 49h^2} = 15h^2 - 4a^2; squaring again and simplifying leaves 225h4=169a2h2,225h^4 = 169a^2h^2, so h=13a15.h = \frac{13a}{15}. The legs become 16a2+49169a2225=109a15 \sqrt{16a^2 + 49 \cdot \tfrac{169a^2}{225}} = \frac{109a}{15} and 494a2+64169a2225=233a30. \sqrt{\tfrac{49}{4}a^2 + 64 \cdot \tfrac{169a^2}{225}} = \frac{233a}{30}.

For all sides to be integers, 3030 must divide a.a. Taking a=30a = 30 gives the triangles (218,218,240)(218, 218, 240) and (233,233,210),(233, 233, 210), each with perimeter 676676 and area 21840.21840. The minimum common perimeter is 676.676.

13.

一副牌中的 5252 张牌编号为 1122\ldots5252。Alex、Blair、Corey、Dylan 各自从牌堆中不放回地抽一张牌,且每张牌被抽到的可能性相同。编号较小的两人组成一队,编号较大的两人组成另一队。已知 Alex 在 aaa+9a + 9 这两张牌中抽到一张,而 Dylan 抽到另一张,令 p(a)p(a) 为 Alex 和 Dylan 在同一队的概率。满足 p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2}p(a)p(a) 的最小值可写为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The 5252 cards in a deck are numbered 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 52.52. Alex, Blair, Corey, and Dylan each picks a card from the deck without replacement and with each card being equally likely to be picked. The two persons with lower numbered cards form a team, and the two persons with higher numbered cards form another team. Let p(a)p(a) be the probability that Alex and Dylan are on the same team, given that Alex picks one of the cards aa and a+9,a + 9, and Dylan picks the other of these two cards. The minimum value of p(a)p(a) for which p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

已知 Alex 和 Dylan 持有 aaa+9a + 9 时,他们成为队友当且仅当 Blair 和 Corey 都抽到小于 aa 的牌,或都抽到大于 a+9a + 9 的牌。

Given that Alex and Dylan hold aa and a+9,a + 9, they are teammates exactly when Blair and Corey both draw below aa or both draw above a+9a + 9

大提示:

p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502)12p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} \ge \frac{1}{2} 化简为 (a22)23852(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2},所以 a8a \le 8a36a \ge 36

p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502)12p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} \ge \frac{1}{2} reduces to (a22)23852,(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2}, so a8a \le 8 or a36a \ge 36

解答:

在 Alex 和 Dylan 持有 aaa+9a + 9 的条件下,Blair 和 Corey 从剩余 5050 张牌中抽 22 张。Alex 和 Dylan 成为队友,当且仅当这两张牌都小于 aa(Alex 和 Dylan 是高牌队),或都大于 a+9a + 9(他们是低牌队)。较小编号以下的牌有 a1a - 1 张,较大编号以上的牌有 52(a+9)=43a52 - (a + 9) = 43 - a 张,所以 p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502)p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}}\text{。}

分子为 (a1)(a2)+(43a)(42a)2\frac{(a-1)(a-2) + (43-a)(42-a)}{2} =a244a+904= a^2 - 44a + 904,因此 p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} 变为 a244a+90425492a^2 - 44a + 904 \ge \frac{25 \cdot 49}{2},也就是 (a22)23852(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2}。因为 aa 是整数,a2214|a - 22| \ge 14,所以 a8a \le 8a36a \ge 36

这个抛物线在离 a=22a = 22 最近的可行点处最小:p(8)=p(36)p(8) = p(36) =(72)+(352)(502)= \frac{\binom{7}{2} + \binom{35}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} =6161225= \frac{616}{1225} =88175= \frac{88}{175},确实至少为 12\frac{1}{2}。因此 m+n=88+175=263m + n = 88 + 175 = 263

Condition on Alex and Dylan holding aa and a+9.a + 9. Blair and Corey then draw 22 of the remaining 5050 cards, and Alex and Dylan are teammates exactly when both of those cards are below aa (Alex and Dylan are the high team) or both are above a+9a + 9 (the low team). There are a1a - 1 cards below and 52(a+9)=43a52 - (a + 9) = 43 - a cards above, so p(a)=(a12)+(43a2)(502).p(a) = \frac{\binom{a-1}{2} + \binom{43-a}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}}.

The numerator is (a1)(a2)+(43a)(42a)2\frac{(a-1)(a-2) + (43-a)(42-a)}{2} =a244a+904,= a^2 - 44a + 904, so p(a)12p(a) \ge \frac{1}{2} becomes a244a+90425492,a^2 - 44a + 904 \ge \frac{25 \cdot 49}{2}, that is, (a22)23852.(a - 22)^2 \ge \frac{385}{2}. Since aa is an integer, a2214,|a - 22| \ge 14, so a8a \le 8 or a36.a \ge 36.

The parabola is smallest at the admissible points closest to a=22:a = 22: p(8)=p(36)p(8) = p(36) =(72)+(352)(502)= \frac{\binom{7}{2} + \binom{35}{2}}{\binom{50}{2}} =6161225= \frac{616}{1225} =88175,= \frac{88}{175}, which is indeed at least 12.\frac{1}{2}. Thus m+n=88+175=263.m + n = 88 + 175 = 263.

14.

在直角三角形 ABCABC 中,直角在 CCBAC<45\angle BAC \lt 45^\circ,且 AB=4AB = 4。点 PPAB\overline{AB} 上,满足 APC=2ACP\angle APC = 2\angle ACPCP=1CP = 1。比值 APBP\frac{AP}{BP} 可表示为 p+qrp + q\sqrt{r},其中 ppqqrr 是正整数,且 rr 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 p+q+rp + q + r

In right triangle ABCABC with the right angle at C,C, BAC<45\angle BAC \lt 45^\circ and AB=4.AB = 4. Point PP on AB\overline{AB} has the properties that APC=2ACP\angle APC = 2\angle ACP and CP=1.CP = 1. The ratio APBP\frac{AP}{BP} can be represented in the form p+qr,p + q\sqrt{r}, where p,p, q,q, and rr are positive integers and rr is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find p+q+r.p + q + r.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

因为直角在 CCABAB 是外接圆的直径。延长 CP\overline{CP},使其再次与圆交于 DD

Since the right angle is at C,C, ABAB is a diameter of the circumcircle. Extend CP\overline{CP} to meet the circle again at D.D.

大提示:

角度条件迫使 DP=DO=2DP = DO = 2,所以点 PP 的幂给出 APPB=CPPD=2AP \cdot PB = CP \cdot PD = 2,同时 AP+PB=4AP + PB = 4

The angle condition forces DP=DO=2,DP = DO = 2, so the power of the point PP gives APPB=CPPD=2AP \cdot PB = CP \cdot PD = 2 while AP+PB=4AP + PB = 4

解答:

因为直角在 CC,线段 ABAB 是外接圆直径;令 OO 为圆心,所以半径为 22。令 α=ACP\alpha = \angle ACP,并延长 CP\overline{CP} 使其再次与圆交于 DD。弧 ADAD 对应的圆心角为 AOD=2ACD=2α\angle AOD = 2\angle ACD = 2\alpha,而对顶角给出 DPB=APC=2α\angle DPB = \angle APC = 2\alpha。所以 OD\overline{OD}PD\overline{PD} 与直线 ABAB 所成角相等,三角形 ODPODP 是等腰三角形,且 DP=DO=2DP = DO = 2

由点 PP 的幂,APPB=CPPD=12=2,AP+PB=4 \begin{aligned} AP \cdot PB = CP \cdot PD = 1 \cdot 2 &= 2, \\ AP + PB &= 4 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 APAPPBPBt24t+2t^2 - 4t + 2 的两个根,即 2±22 \pm \sqrt{2}。由于 BAC<45\angle BAC \lt 45^\circ,有 BC<ACBC \lt AC,且 AC2+BC2=16AC^2 + BC^2 = 16,所以 AC>22AC \gt 2\sqrt{2},三角形不等式给出 APACCPAP \ge AC - CP >221\gt 2\sqrt{2} - 1 >22\gt 2 - \sqrt{2}。因此 AP=2+2AP = 2 + \sqrt{2}

因此 APBP=2+222=(2+2)22=3+22 \begin{aligned} \frac{AP}{BP} &= \frac{2 + \sqrt{2}}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{(2 + \sqrt{2})^2}{2} = 3 + 2\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 p+q+r=3+2+2=7p + q + r = 3 + 2 + 2 = 7

Because the right angle is at C,C, segment ABAB is a diameter of the circumcircle; let OO be its center, so the radius is 2.2. Let α=ACP\alpha = \angle ACP and extend CP\overline{CP} to meet the circle again at D.D. The central angle over arc ADAD is AOD=2ACD=2α,\angle AOD = 2\angle ACD = 2\alpha, while vertical angles give DPB=APC=2α.\angle DPB = \angle APC = 2\alpha. So OD\overline{OD} and PD\overline{PD} make equal angles with line AB,AB, and triangle ODPODP is isosceles with DP=DO=2.DP = DO = 2.

By the power of the point P,P, APPB=CPPD=12=2,AP+PB=4, \begin{aligned} AP \cdot PB = CP \cdot PD = 1 \cdot 2 &= 2, \\ AP + PB &= 4, \end{aligned} so APAP and PBPB are the roots of t24t+2,t^2 - 4t + 2, namely 2±2.2 \pm \sqrt{2}. Since BAC<45,\angle BAC \lt 45^\circ, we have BC<ACBC \lt AC with AC2+BC2=16,AC^2 + BC^2 = 16, so AC>22,AC \gt 2\sqrt{2}, and the triangle inequality gives APACCPAP \ge AC - CP >221\gt 2\sqrt{2} - 1 >22.\gt 2 - \sqrt{2}. Hence AP=2+2.AP = 2 + \sqrt{2}.

Therefore APBP=2+222=(2+2)22=3+22, \begin{aligned} \frac{AP}{BP} &= \frac{2 + \sqrt{2}}{2 - \sqrt{2}} \\ &= \frac{(2 + \sqrt{2})^2}{2} = 3 + 2\sqrt{2}, \end{aligned} and p+q+r=3+2+2=7.p + q + r = 3 + 2 + 2 = 7.

15.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AC=13AC = 13BC=14BC = 14,且 AB=15AB = 15。点 MMDDAC\overline{AC} 上,满足 AM=MCAM = MCABD=DBC\angle ABD = \angle DBC。点 NNEEAB\overline{AB} 上,满足 AN=NBAN = NBACE=ECB\angle ACE = \angle ECB。设 PPAMN\triangle AMNADE\triangle ADE 的外接圆的另一个交点。射线 APAPBC\overline{BC} 交于 QQ。比值 BQCQ\frac{BQ}{CQ} 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 mnm - n

In triangle ABC,ABC, AC=13,AC = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and AB=15.AB = 15. Points MM and DD lie on AC\overline{AC} with AM=MCAM = MC and ABD=DBC.\angle ABD = \angle DBC. Points NN and EE lie on AB\overline{AB} with AN=NBAN = NB and ACE=ECB.\angle ACE = \angle ECB. Let PP be the other point of intersection of the circumcircles of AMN\triangle AMN and ADE.\triangle ADE. Ray APAP meets BC\overline{BC} at Q.Q. The ratio BQCQ\frac{BQ}{CQ} can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find mn.m - n.

难度评级:3700
小提示:

使用角平分线定理,计算中点与角平分线交点之间的短线段 NENEMDMD

Use the angle bisector theorem to compute the short segments NENE and MDMD between the midpoints and the bisector feet

大提示:

圆内接四边形 AMPNAMPNAEPDAEPD 使三角形 ENPENPDMPDMP 相似,而正弦定理把 NPMP\frac{NP}{MP} 转化为 sinBAQsinCAQ\frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ}

The cyclic quadrilaterals AMPNAMPN and AEPDAEPD make triangles ENPENP and DMPDMP similar, and the law of sines turns NPMP\frac{NP}{MP} into sinBAQsinCAQ\frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ}

解答:

由角平分线定理,AE=132715AE = \frac{13}{27} \cdot 15,且 CD=142913CD = \frac{14}{29} \cdot 13,所以 EE 位于 AN\overline{AN} 上,DD 位于 MC\overline{MC} 上,并且 NE=ANAE=152659=518,MD=CMCD=13218229=1358 \begin{aligned} NE &= AN - AE = \frac{15}{2} - \frac{65}{9} \\ &= \frac{5}{18}, \\ MD &= CM - CD = \frac{13}{2} - \frac{182}{29} \\ &= \frac{13}{58} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 AMPNAMPN 共圆,ENP=ANP\angle ENP = \angle ANP =180AMP= 180^\circ - \angle AMP =DMP= \angle DMP,又因为 AEPDAEPD 共圆,NEP=180AEP\angle NEP = 180^\circ - \angle AEP =ADP= \angle ADP =MDP= \angle MDP。因此三角形 ENPENPDMPDMP 相似,所以 NPMP=NEMD\frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{NE}{MD}。在三角形 ANPANPAMPAMP 中使用正弦定理,并注意角 ANP\angle ANPAMP\angle AMP 互补,sinBAQsinCAQ=sinNAPsinMAP=NPMP=5181358=145117 \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ} &= \frac{\sin\angle NAP}{\sin\angle MAP} \\ &= \frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{\frac{5}{18}}{\frac{13}{58}} \\ &= \frac{145}{117} \end{aligned}\text{。}

比较三角形 ABQABQACQACQ 的面积,它们共用塞瓦线 AQ\overline{AQ}BQCQ=[ABQ][ACQ]=ABsinBAQACsinCAQ=1513145117=725507 \begin{aligned} \frac{BQ}{CQ} &= \frac{[ABQ]}{[ACQ]} \\ &= \frac{AB \sin\angle BAQ}{AC \sin\angle CAQ} \\ &= \frac{15}{13} \cdot \frac{145}{117} = \frac{725}{507} \end{aligned}\text{,}该分数已为最简形式,因为 507=3132507 = 3 \cdot 13^2,而 725=5229725 = 5^2 \cdot 29。因此 mn=725507=218m - n = 725 - 507 = 218

By the angle bisector theorem, AE=132715AE = \frac{13}{27} \cdot 15 and CD=142913,CD = \frac{14}{29} \cdot 13, so EE lies on AN\overline{AN} and DD lies on MC,\overline{MC}, with NE=ANAE=152659=518,MD=CMCD=13218229=1358. \begin{aligned} NE &= AN - AE = \frac{15}{2} - \frac{65}{9} \\ &= \frac{5}{18}, \\ MD &= CM - CD = \frac{13}{2} - \frac{182}{29} \\ &= \frac{13}{58}. \end{aligned}

Since AMPNAMPN is cyclic, ENP=ANP\angle ENP = \angle ANP =180AMP= 180^\circ - \angle AMP =DMP,= \angle DMP, and since AEPDAEPD is cyclic, NEP=180AEP\angle NEP = 180^\circ - \angle AEP =ADP= \angle ADP =MDP.= \angle MDP. Hence triangles ENPENP and DMPDMP are similar, so NPMP=NEMD.\frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{NE}{MD}. By the law of sines in triangles ANPANP and AMP,AMP, whose angles ANP\angle ANP and AMP\angle AMP are supplementary, sinBAQsinCAQ=sinNAPsinMAP=NPMP=5181358=145117. \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ} &= \frac{\sin\angle NAP}{\sin\angle MAP} \\ &= \frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{\frac{5}{18}}{\frac{13}{58}} \\ &= \frac{145}{117}. \end{aligned}

Comparing the areas of triangles ABQABQ and ACQ,ACQ, which share the cevian AQ,\overline{AQ}, BQCQ=[ABQ][ACQ]=ABsinBAQACsinCAQ=1513145117=725507, \begin{aligned} \frac{BQ}{CQ} &= \frac{[ABQ]}{[ACQ]} \\ &= \frac{AB \sin\angle BAQ}{AC \sin\angle CAQ} \\ &= \frac{15}{13} \cdot \frac{145}{117} = \frac{725}{507}, \end{aligned} which is in lowest terms since 507=3132507 = 3 \cdot 13^2 and 725=5229.725 = 5^2 \cdot 29. Thus mn=725507=218.m - n = 725 - 507 = 218.