2010 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AC=13AC = 13,BC=14BC = 14,且 AB=15AB = 15。点 MM 和 DD 在 AC‾\overline{AC} 上,满足 AM=MCAM = MC 且 ∠ABD=∠DBC\angle ABD = \angle DBC。点 NN 和 EE 在 AB‾\overline{AB} 上,满足 AN=NBAN = NB 且 ∠ACE=∠ECB\angle ACE = \angle ECB。设 PP 是 △AMN\triangle AMN 与 △ADE\triangle ADE 的外接圆的另一个交点。射线 APAP 与 BC‾\overline{BC} 交于 QQ。比值 BQCQ\frac{BQ}{CQ} 可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mm 和 nn 是互质正整数。求 m−nm - n。

In triangle ABC,ABC, AC=13,AC = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and AB=15.AB = 15. Points MM and DD lie on AC‾\overline{AC} with AM=MCAM = MC and ∠ABD=∠DBC.\angle ABD = \angle DBC. Points NN and EE lie on AB‾\overline{AB} with AN=NBAN = NB and ∠ACE=∠ECB.\angle ACE = \angle ECB. Let PP be the other point of intersection of the circumcircles of △AMN\triangle AMN and △ADE.\triangle ADE. Ray APAP meets BC‾\overline{BC} at Q.Q. The ratio BQCQ\frac{BQ}{CQ} can be written in the form mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m−n.m - n.

答案:218
知识点:圆内接四边形角平分线定理正弦定理面积比
难度评级:3700
小提示:

使用角平分线定理,计算中点与角平分线交点之间的短线段 NENE 和 MDMD。

Use the angle bisector theorem to compute the short segments NENE and MDMD between the midpoints and the bisector feet

大提示:

圆内接四边形 AMPNAMPN 和 AEPDAEPD 使三角形 ENPENP 与 DMPDMP 相似,而正弦定理把 NPMP\frac{NP}{MP} 转化为 sin⁡∠BAQsin⁡∠CAQ\frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ}。

The cyclic quadrilaterals AMPNAMPN and AEPDAEPD make triangles ENPENP and DMPDMP similar, and the law of sines turns NPMP\frac{NP}{MP} into sin⁡∠BAQsin⁡∠CAQ\frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ}

解答:

由角平分线定理,AE=1327⋅15AE = \frac{13}{27} \cdot 15,且 CD=1429⋅13CD = \frac{14}{29} \cdot 13,所以 EE 位于 AN‾\overline{AN} 上,DD 位于 MC‾\overline{MC} 上,并且 NE=AN−AE=152−659=518,MD=CM−CD=132−18229=1358。 \begin{aligned} NE &= AN - AE = \frac{15}{2} - \frac{65}{9} \\ &= \frac{5}{18}, \\ MD &= CM - CD = \frac{13}{2} - \frac{182}{29} \\ &= \frac{13}{58} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 AMPNAMPN 共圆,∠ENP=∠ANP\angle ENP = \angle ANP =180∘−∠AMP= 180^\circ - \angle AMP =∠DMP= \angle DMP,又因为 AEPDAEPD 共圆,∠NEP=180∘−∠AEP\angle NEP = 180^\circ - \angle AEP =∠ADP= \angle ADP =∠MDP= \angle MDP。因此三角形 ENPENP 和 DMPDMP 相似,所以 NPMP=NEMD\frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{NE}{MD}。在三角形 ANPANP 和 AMPAMP 中使用正弦定理,并注意角 ∠ANP\angle ANP 与 ∠AMP\angle AMP 互补,sin⁡∠BAQsin⁡∠CAQ=sin⁡∠NAPsin⁡∠MAP=NPMP=5181358=145117。 \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ} &= \frac{\sin\angle NAP}{\sin\angle MAP} \\ &= \frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{\frac{5}{18}}{\frac{13}{58}} \\ &= \frac{145}{117} \end{aligned}\text{。}

比较三角形 ABQABQ 和 ACQACQ 的面积,它们共用塞瓦线 AQ‾\overline{AQ},BQCQ=[ABQ][ACQ]=ABsin⁡∠BAQACsin⁡∠CAQ=1513⋅145117=725507, \begin{aligned} \frac{BQ}{CQ} &= \frac{[ABQ]}{[ACQ]} \\ &= \frac{AB \sin\angle BAQ}{AC \sin\angle CAQ} \\ &= \frac{15}{13} \cdot \frac{145}{117} = \frac{725}{507} \end{aligned}\text{,}该分数已为最简形式,因为 507=3⋅132507 = 3 \cdot 13^2,而 725=52⋅29725 = 5^2 \cdot 29。因此 m−n=725−507=218m - n = 725 - 507 = 218。

By the angle bisector theorem, AE=1327⋅15AE = \frac{13}{27} \cdot 15 and CD=1429⋅13,CD = \frac{14}{29} \cdot 13, so EE lies on AN‾\overline{AN} and DD lies on MC‾,\overline{MC}, with NE=AN−AE=152−659=518,MD=CM−CD=132−18229=1358. \begin{aligned} NE &= AN - AE = \frac{15}{2} - \frac{65}{9} \\ &= \frac{5}{18}, \\ MD &= CM - CD = \frac{13}{2} - \frac{182}{29} \\ &= \frac{13}{58}. \end{aligned}

Since AMPNAMPN is cyclic, ∠ENP=∠ANP\angle ENP = \angle ANP =180∘−∠AMP= 180^\circ - \angle AMP =∠DMP,= \angle DMP, and since AEPDAEPD is cyclic, ∠NEP=180∘−∠AEP\angle NEP = 180^\circ - \angle AEP =∠ADP= \angle ADP =∠MDP.= \angle MDP. Hence triangles ENPENP and DMPDMP are similar, so NPMP=NEMD.\frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{NE}{MD}. By the law of sines in triangles ANPANP and AMP,AMP, whose angles ∠ANP\angle ANP and ∠AMP\angle AMP are supplementary, sin⁡∠BAQsin⁡∠CAQ=sin⁡∠NAPsin⁡∠MAP=NPMP=5181358=145117. \begin{aligned} \frac{\sin\angle BAQ}{\sin\angle CAQ} &= \frac{\sin\angle NAP}{\sin\angle MAP} \\ &= \frac{NP}{MP} = \frac{\frac{5}{18}}{\frac{13}{58}} \\ &= \frac{145}{117}. \end{aligned}

Comparing the areas of triangles ABQABQ and ACQ,ACQ, which share the cevian AQ‾,\overline{AQ}, BQCQ=[ABQ][ACQ]=ABsin⁡∠BAQACsin⁡∠CAQ=1513⋅145117=725507, \begin{aligned} \frac{BQ}{CQ} &= \frac{[ABQ]}{[ACQ]} \\ &= \frac{AB \sin\angle BAQ}{AC \sin\angle CAQ} \\ &= \frac{15}{13} \cdot \frac{145}{117} = \frac{725}{507}, \end{aligned} which is in lowest terms since 507=3⋅132507 = 3 \cdot 13^2 and 725=52⋅29.725 = 5^2 \cdot 29. Thus m−n=725−507=218.m - n = 725 - 507 = 218.

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