1983 AIME 第 15 题

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15.

所附图形显示了圆内两条相交的弦,其中 BB 位于劣弧 ADAD 上。设圆的半径为 55BC=6BC=6,并且 ADADBCBC 平分。再设 ADAD 是从 AA 出发且被 BCBC 平分的唯一弦。由此可知劣弧 ABAB 所对圆心角的正弦是一个有理数。若将这个数写成最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n},求乘积 mnmn

The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with BB on minor arc AD.AD. Suppose that the radius of the circle is 5,5, that BC=6,BC=6, and that ADAD is bisected by BC.BC. Suppose further that ADAD is the only chord starting at AA which is bisected by BC.BC. It follows that the sine of the minor arc ABAB is a rational number. If this fraction is expressed as a fraction mn\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms, what is the product mn?mn?

答案:175
知识点:切线圆幂坐标几何
难度评级:3270
小提示:

所有从 AA 出发的弦的中点,都位于以 AA 与圆心的连线为直径的圆上

The midpoints of all chords from AA lie on the circle with diameter joining AA to the center

大提示:

唯一性说明 BCBCADAD 的中点处与该中点圆相切

Uniqueness makes BCBC tangent to that midpoint circle at the midpoint of ADAD

解答:

HHADAD 的中点。令 H=(0,0)H=(0,0)A=(a,0)A=(-a,0)D=(a,0)D=(a,0),并设圆心为 O=(0,k)O=(0,k)。则 a2+k2=25a^2+k^2=25。所有从 AA 出发的弦的中点组成一个圆,其圆心为 A+O2\frac{A+O}{2},半径为 52\frac{5}{2}。因为 ADAD 是唯一一条被直线 BCBC 平分的这种弦,所以该直线在 HH 处与中点圆相切。

因此,BCBC 的一个单位方向向量可取为 u=(k,a)5u=\frac{(k,a)}{5},它与 A+O=(a,k)A+O=(-a,k) 垂直。令 B=puB=-puC=quC=qu,其中 p,q>0p,q>0。则 p+q=6p+q=6,而相交弦定理给出 pq=a2pq=a^2。把这条直线代入原圆方程,还可得 qp=2uO=2ak5 q-p=2u\mathbin{\cdot}O=\frac{2ak}{5}\text{。}因此 364a2=(qp)2=4a2(25a2)25 \begin{aligned} 36-4a^2&=(q-p)^2\\ &=\frac{4a^2(25-a^2)}{25} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a450a2+225=0a^4-50a^2+225=0。其根为 a2=5a^2=54545,但 a2=pq(p+q)24=9a^2=pq\leq\frac{(p+q)^2}{4}=9。因此 a2=5a^2=5,且 {p,q}={1,5}\{p,q\}=\{1,5\}

a=5a=\sqrt5k=25k=2\sqrt5p=1p=1,使端点 BB 位于劣弧 ADAD 上。则 OA=(5,25),OB=(25,115) \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{OA} &=(-\sqrt5,-2\sqrt5),\\ \overrightarrow{OB} &=\left(-\frac2{\sqrt5}, -\frac{11}{\sqrt5}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}劣弧 ABAB 所对圆心角的正弦,等于这两个半径向量行列式的绝对值除以 525^2,即 sinAB=11425=725 \sin\overset{\frown}{AB}=\frac{|11-4|}{25}=\frac7{25}\text{。}因此 mn=725=175mn=7\cdot25=175

Let HH be the midpoint of AD.AD. Put H=(0,0),H=(0,0), A=(a,0),A=(-a,0), D=(a,0),D=(a,0), and let the circle’s center be O=(0,k).O=(0,k). Then a2+k2=25.a^2+k^2=25. The midpoints of all chords starting at AA form the circle with center A+O2\frac{A+O}{2} and radius 52.\frac{5}{2}. Because ADAD is the only such chord bisected by the line BC,BC, that line is tangent to the midpoint circle at H.H.

Hence a unit direction vector for BCBC may be taken as u=(k,a)5,u=\frac{(k,a)}{5}, perpendicular to A+O=(a,k).A+O=(-a,k). Write B=puB=-pu and C=qu,C=qu, where p,q>0.p,q>0. Then p+q=6,p+q=6, and intersecting chords give pq=a2.pq=a^2. Substituting the line into the original circle also gives qp=2uO=2ak5. q-p=2u\mathbin{\cdot}O=\frac{2ak}{5}. Therefore 364a2=(qp)2=4a2(25a2)25, \begin{aligned} 36-4a^2&=(q-p)^2\\ &=\frac{4a^2(25-a^2)}{25}, \end{aligned} so a450a2+225=0.a^4-50a^2+225=0. Its roots are a2=5a^2=5 and 45,45, but a2=pq(p+q)24=9.a^2=pq\leq\frac{(p+q)^2}{4}=9. Thus a2=5,a^2=5, and {p,q}={1,5}.\{p,q\}=\{1,5\}.

Choose a=5,a=\sqrt5, k=25,k=2\sqrt5, and p=1p=1 for the endpoint BB on minor arc AD.AD. Then OA=(5,25),OB=(25,115). \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{OA} &=(-\sqrt5,-2\sqrt5),\\ \overrightarrow{OB} &=\left(-\frac2{\sqrt5}, -\frac{11}{\sqrt5}\right). \end{aligned} The sine of the central angle subtending minor arc ABAB is the absolute determinant of these radius vectors divided by 52,5^2, namely sinAB=11425=725. \sin\overset{\frown}{AB}=\frac{|11-4|}{25}=\frac7{25}. Hence mn=725=175.mn=7\cdot25=175.

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