1983 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

xxyyzz 均大于 11,且 ww 为满足下列条件的正数:logxw=24,logyw=40,logxyzw=12 \begin{aligned} \log_x w &= 24,\\ \log_y w &= 40,\\ \log_{xyz} w &= 12 \end{aligned}\text{。}logzw\log_z w

Let x,x, y,y, and zz all exceed 11 and let ww be a positive number such that logxw=24,logyw=40,logxyzw=12. \begin{aligned} \log_x w &= 24,\\ \log_y w &= 40,\\ \log_{xyz} w &= 12. \end{aligned} Find logzw.\log_z w.

知识点:对数代数变形
难度评级:1930
小提示:

把每个已知对数改写为以 ww 为底的对数

Rewrite each given logarithm with base ww

大提示:

logw(xyz)\log_w(xyz) 展开为三个对数之和

Expand logw(xyz)\log_w(xyz) as a sum of three logarithms

解答:

对各已知对数取倒数,得到 logwx=124,logwy=140,logw(xyz)=112 \begin{aligned} \log_w x&=\frac1{24},\\ \log_w y&=\frac1{40},\\ \log_w(xyz)&=\frac1{12} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 logwz=112124140=160 \log_w z=\frac1{12}-\frac1{24}-\frac1{40} =\frac1{60}\text{。}再取倒数,得到 logzw=60\log_z w=60

Taking reciprocals of the given logarithms gives logwx=124,logwy=140,logw(xyz)=112. \begin{aligned} \log_w x&=\frac1{24},\\ \log_w y&=\frac1{40},\\ \log_w(xyz)&=\frac1{12}. \end{aligned} Therefore logwz=112124140=160. \log_w z=\frac1{12}-\frac1{24}-\frac1{40} =\frac1{60}. Taking the reciprocal yields logzw=60.\log_z w=60.

2.

f(x)=xp+x15f(x)=|x-p|+|x-15| +xp15{}+|x-p-15|,其中 0<p<150<p<15。求 f(x)f(x)xx 属于区间 px15p\leq x\leq15 时的最小值。

Let f(x)=xp+x15f(x)=|x-p|+|x-15| +xp15,{}+|x-p-15|, where 0<p<15.0<p<15. Determine the minimum value taken by f(x)f(x) for xx in the interval px15.p\leq x\leq15.

知识点:绝对值最优化
难度评级:1590
小提示:

在给定区间内判断每个绝对值中的表达式的符号

Determine the sign of each expression inside an absolute value on the given interval

大提示:

px15p\leq x\leq15 上,把 f(x)f(x) 化为一个递减的一次函数

On px15,p\leq x\leq15, simplify f(x)f(x) to a decreasing linear function

解答:

因为 px15p\leq x\leq15,所以 xp=xp,x15=15x,xp15=p+15x \begin{aligned} |x-p|&=x-p,\\ |x-15|&=15-x,\\ |x-p-15|&=p+15-x \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 f(x)=30xf(x)=30-x。该函数在右端点 x=15x=15 处取得最小值 1515

Since px15,p\leq x\leq15, we have xp=xp,x15=15x,xp15=p+15x. \begin{aligned} |x-p|&=x-p,\\ |x-15|&=15-x,\\ |x-p-15|&=p+15-x. \end{aligned} Hence f(x)=30x.f(x)=30-x. This is minimized at the right endpoint x=15,x=15, where its value is 15.15.

3.

求下列方程所有实根的乘积:x2+18x+30=2x2+18x+45 \begin{gathered} x^2+18x+30\\ {}=2\sqrt{x^2+18x+45} \end{gathered}\text{?}

What is the product of the real roots of the equation x2+18x+30=2x2+18x+45? \begin{gathered} x^2+18x+30\\ {}=2\sqrt{x^2+18x+45}? \end{gathered}

难度评级:2210
小提示:

根号外的表达式比被开方数少 1515

The expression outside the radical is 1515 less than the radicand

大提示:

t=x2+18x+45t=\sqrt{x^2+18x+45},并解 t215=2tt^2-15=2t

Set t=x2+18x+45t=\sqrt{x^2+18x+45} and solve t215=2tt^2-15=2t

解答:

t=x2+18x+45t=\sqrt{x^2+18x+45},则 t0t\geq0。原方程化为 t215=2t t^2-15=2t\text{,}(t5)(t+3)=0(t-5)(t+3)=0。因此 t=5t=5,并且 x2+18x+45=25 x^2+18x+45=25\text{,}所以实根满足 x2+18x+20=0x^2+18x+20=0。由韦达定理,所有实根的乘积为 2020

Set t=x2+18x+45,t=\sqrt{x^2+18x+45}, so t0.t\geq0. The equation becomes t215=2t, t^2-15=2t, or (t5)(t+3)=0.(t-5)(t+3)=0. Thus t=5,t=5, and x2+18x+45=25, x^2+18x+45=25, so the real roots satisfy x2+18x+20=0.x^2+18x+20=0. By Vieta’s formulas, their product is 20.20.

4.

如图所示,一个机械加工切削工具的形状是带缺口的圆。圆的半径为 50\sqrt{50} 厘米,ABAB 的长度为 66 厘米,BCBC 的长度为 22 厘米,且角 ABCABC 为直角。求 BB 到圆心的距离(单位为厘米)的平方。

A machine-shop cutting tool has the shape of a notched circle, as shown. The radius of the circle is 50\sqrt{50} cm, the length of ABAB is 66 cm, and that of BCBC is 22 cm. The angle ABCABC is a right angle. Find the square of the distance (in centimeters) from BB to the center of the circle.

难度评级:2210
小提示:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)A=(0,6)A=(0,6)C=(2,0)C=(2,0)

Put B=(0,0),B=(0,0), A=(0,6),A=(0,6), and C=(2,0)C=(2,0)

大提示:

圆心位于线段 ACAC 的垂直平分线上,并且与其中点相距 40\sqrt{40}

The center lies on the perpendicular bisector of ACAC at distance 40\sqrt{40} from its midpoint

解答:

B=(0,0)B=(0,0)A=(0,6)A=(0,6)C=(2,0)C=(2,0)ACAC 的中点为 M=(1,3)M=(1,3),且 AC=40AC=\sqrt{40}。若 OO 为圆心,则 OM=OA2AM2=5010=40 \begin{aligned} OM&=\sqrt{OA^2-AM^2}\\ &=\sqrt{50-10}=\sqrt{40} \end{aligned}\text{。}AC=(2,6)AC=(2,-6) 垂直的向量 (6,2)(6,2) 的长度恰为 40\sqrt{40}。因此两个可能的圆心是 M+(6,2)=(7,5),M(6,2)=(5,1) \begin{aligned} M+(6,2)&=(7,5),\\ M-(6,2)&=(-5,1) \end{aligned}\text{。}图中的圆心位于缺口的另一侧,所以 O=(5,1)O=(-5,1)。因此 BO2=(5)2+12=26BO^2=(-5)^2+1^2=26

Put B=(0,0),B=(0,0), A=(0,6),A=(0,6), and C=(2,0).C=(2,0). The midpoint of ACAC is M=(1,3),M=(1,3), and AC=40.AC=\sqrt{40}. If OO is the center, then OM=OA2AM2=5010=40. \begin{aligned} OM&=\sqrt{OA^2-AM^2}\\ &=\sqrt{50-10}=\sqrt{40}. \end{aligned} A vector perpendicular to AC=(2,6)AC=(2,-6) is (6,2),(6,2), which already has length 40.\sqrt{40}. Thus the two possible centers are M+(6,2)=(7,5),M(6,2)=(5,1). \begin{aligned} M+(6,2)&=(7,5),\\ M-(6,2)&=(-5,1). \end{aligned} The pictured notched circle has its center on the side opposite the notch, so O=(5,1).O=(-5,1). Therefore BO2=(5)2+12=26.BO^2=(-5)^2+1^2=26.

5.

设两个复数 xxyy 的平方和为 77,立方和为 1010x+yx+y 能取得的最大实数值是多少?

Suppose that the sum of the squares of two complex numbers xx and yy is 77 and the sum of the cubes is 10.10. What is the largest real value that x+yx+y can have?

难度评级:2390
小提示:

s=x+ys=x+yp=xyp=xy

Let s=x+ys=x+y and p=xyp=xy

大提示:

利用 x2+y2=s22px^2+y^2=s^2-2p 消去 pp,并代入 x3+y3=s33psx^3+y^3=s^3-3ps

Use x2+y2=s22px^2+y^2=s^2-2p to eliminate pp from x3+y3=s33psx^3+y^3=s^3-3ps

解答:

s=x+ys=x+yp=xyp=xy。由 x2+y2=s22p=7x^2+y^2=s^2-2p=7 可得 p=s272p=\frac{s^2-7}{2}。此外,10=x3+y3=s33ps=s33s(s27)2 \begin{aligned} 10&=x^3+y^3\\ &=s^3-3ps\\ &=s^3-\frac{3s(s^2-7)}2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 s321s+20=0,(s1)(s4)(s+5)=0 \begin{aligned} s^3-21s+20&=0,\\ (s-1)(s-4)(s+5)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}每个根都对应于二次方程 t2st+p=0t^2-st+p=0 的一对可能复根,所以 s=x+ys=x+y 能取得的最大实数值为 44

Let s=x+ys=x+y and p=xy.p=xy. From x2+y2=s22p=7,x^2+y^2=s^2-2p=7, we get p=s272.p=\frac{s^2-7}{2}. Also, 10=x3+y3=s33ps=s33s(s27)2. \begin{aligned} 10&=x^3+y^3\\ &=s^3-3ps\\ &=s^3-\frac{3s(s^2-7)}2. \end{aligned} Hence s321s+20=0,(s1)(s4)(s+5)=0. \begin{aligned} s^3-21s+20&=0,\\ (s-1)(s-4)(s+5)&=0. \end{aligned} Each root gives a possible pair of complex roots of t2st+p=0,t^2-st+p=0, so the largest real possible value of s=x+ys=x+y is 4.4.

6.

an=6n+8na_n=6^n+8^n。求 a83a_{83} 除以 4949 的余数。

Let an=6n+8n.a_n=6^n+8^n. Determine the remainder on dividing a83a_{83} by 49.49.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

利用等式 6=716=7-18=7+18=7+1

Write 6=716=7-1 and 8=7+18=7+1

大提示:

4949 时,每个二项式展开中只有常数项和一次项不会消失

Modulo 49,49, only the constant and linear terms of each binomial expansion survive

解答:

4949 时,所有含有 727^2 的二项式项都消失。由于 8383 为奇数,683=(71)831+837 6^{83}=(7-1)^{83}\equiv -1+83\cdot7 并且 883=(7+1)831+837 8^{83}=(7+1)^{83}\equiv 1+83\cdot7\text{。}两式之和同余于 1667=116235(mod49)166\cdot7=1162\equiv35\pmod{49}

Modulo 49,49, every binomial term containing 727^2 vanishes. Since 8383 is odd, 683=(71)831+837 6^{83}=(7-1)^{83}\equiv -1+83\cdot7 and 883=(7+1)831+837. 8^{83}=(7+1)^{83}\equiv 1+83\cdot7. Their sum is congruent to 1667=116235(mod49).166\cdot7=1162\equiv35\pmod{49}.

7.

亚瑟王的二十五名骑士围坐在他们惯用的圆桌旁。从中随机选出三名骑士去消灭一条惹麻烦的龙,每组三人的组合被选中的可能性相同。设 PP 为所选三人中至少有两人原本相邻而坐的概率。若将 PP 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。

Twenty-five of King Arthur’s knights are seated at their customary round table. Three of them are chosen, with all choices of three equally likely, and are sent off to slay a troublesome dragon. Let PP be the probability that at least two of the three had been sitting next to each other. If PP is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?

难度评级:2410
小提示:

计算任意两名所选骑士都不相邻的补集选法数

Count the complementary selections in which no two chosen knights are adjacent

大提示:

分成包含某个固定骑士的选法和不包含该骑士的选法

Split into selections containing a fixed knight and selections not containing that knight

解答:

共有 (253)=2300\binom{25}{3}=2300 种选法。固定一个座位。若不选该座位,则在其余 2424 个座位中选出三个互不相邻的座位,等价于从一列 2424 个位置中选三个不连续的位置,共有 (223)\binom{22}{3} 种。若选定该固定座位,则它的两个邻座不能选,而另外两个座位必须在剩余的一列 2222 个位置中互不连续,共有 (212)\binom{21}{2} 种。

因此,所选座位中没有相邻座位的选法数为 (223)+(212)=1540+210=1750 \begin{aligned} \binom{22}{3}+\binom{21}{2} &=1540+210\\ &=1750 \end{aligned}\text{。}所以 P=117502300=1146 P=1-\frac{1750}{2300}=\frac{11}{46}\text{,}所求和为 11+46=5711+46=57

There are (253)=2300\binom{25}{3}=2300 selections. Fix one seat. If it is not selected, choosing three nonadjacent seats among the remaining 2424 seats is equivalent to choosing three nonconsecutive positions from a row of 24,24, giving (223).\binom{22}{3}. If the fixed seat is selected, its two neighbors are forbidden, and the other two selected seats must be nonconsecutive among the remaining row of 22,22, giving (212).\binom{21}{2}.

Thus the number with no adjacent selected seats is (223)+(212)=1540+210=1750. \begin{aligned} \binom{22}{3}+\binom{21}{2} &=1540+210\\ &=1750. \end{aligned} Therefore P=117502300=1146, P=1-\frac{1750}{2300}=\frac{11}{46}, and the requested sum is 11+46=57.11+46=57.

8.

求下列整数的最大 22 位素因数:n=(200100)n=\binom{200}{100}

What is the largest 22-digit prime factor of the integer n=(200100)?n=\binom{200}{100}?

难度评级:2440
小提示:

对素数 p>50p>50,比较 pp200!200! 中的指数与它在 100!100! 中指数的两倍

For a prime p>50,p>50, compare the exponent of pp in 200!200! with twice its exponent in 100!100!

大提示:

67679999 的素数会抵消,而从 51516666 的素数不会

Primes from 6767 through 9999 cancel; primes from 5151 through 6666 do not

解答:

对素数 p>50p>50,有 p2>200p^2>200,所以 vp((200100))=200p2100p \begin{aligned} v_p\left(\binom{200}{100}\right) &=\left\lfloor\frac{200}{p}\right\rfloor\\ &\quad-2\left\lfloor\frac{100}{p}\right\rfloor \end{aligned}\text{。}67p<10067\leq p<100,该式为 22=02-2=0;若 50<p6650<p\leq66,该式为 32=13-2=1。因此没有大于 6666 的素数整除该二项式系数,而 50506666 之间的每个素数都能整除它。其中最大的素数是 6161

For a prime p>50,p>50, we have p2>200,p^2>200, so vp((200100))=200p2100p. \begin{aligned} v_p\left(\binom{200}{100}\right) &=\left\lfloor\frac{200}{p}\right\rfloor\\ &\quad-2\left\lfloor\frac{100}{p}\right\rfloor. \end{aligned} If 67p<100,67\leq p<100, this is 22=0.2-2=0. If 50<p66,50<p\leq66, it is 32=1.3-2=1. Hence no prime greater than 6666 divides the binomial coefficient, while every prime between 5050 and 6666 does. The largest such prime is 61.61.

9.

9x2sin2x+4xsinx \frac{9x^2\sin^2x+4}{x\sin x} 0<x<π0<x<\pi 时的最小值。

Find the minimum value of 9x2sin2x+4xsinx \frac{9x^2\sin^2x+4}{x\sin x} for 0<x<π.0<x<\pi.

难度评级:2300
小提示:

t=xsinxt=x\sin x,它在给定区间内为正

Set t=xsinx,t=x\sin x, which is positive on the given interval

大提示:

9t+4t9t+\frac4t 应用均值不等式,并验证等号可以成立

Apply AM-GM to 9t+4t9t+\frac4t and verify that equality is attainable

解答:

t=xsinx>0t=x\sin x>0。原式化为 9t+4t29t4t=12 9t+\frac4t\geq2\sqrt{9t\cdot\frac4t}=12\text{,}等号在 9t=4t9t=\frac{4}{t},即 t=23t=\frac{2}{3} 时成立。连续函数 xsinxx\sin x 的值趋于 00(当 xx 趋于 00 时),且函数值 π2>23\frac{\pi}{2}>\frac{2}{3} 对应于 x=π2x=\frac{\pi}{2}。因此,它会取得值 23\frac{2}{3},且取值点位于 (0,π2)(0,\frac{\pi}{2}) 内,所以下界 1212 可以取得。

Let t=xsinx>0.t=x\sin x>0. The expression becomes 9t+4t29t4t=12, 9t+\frac4t\geq2\sqrt{9t\cdot\frac4t}=12, with equality when 9t=4t,9t=\frac{4}{t}, or t=23.t=\frac{2}{3}. The continuous function xsinxx\sin x tends to 00 as xx tends to 00 and equals π2>23\frac{\pi}{2}>\frac{2}{3} at x=π2.x=\frac{\pi}{2}. Thus it takes the value 23\frac{2}{3} somewhere in (0,π2),(0,\frac{\pi}{2}), so the lower bound 1212 is attained.

10.

144714471005100512311231 有一个共同点:它们都是以 11 开头且恰有两个相同数字的四位数。这样的数共有多少个?

The numbers 1447,1447, 1005,1005, and 12311231 have something in common: each is a four-digit number beginning with 11 that has exactly two identical digits. How many such numbers are there?

难度评级:1900
小提示:

把重复数字为 11 的情形与其他情形分开

Separate the case where the repeated digit is 11 from the case where it is not

大提示:

在每种情形中,先选择重复数字所在的位置,再选择剩下的不同数字

In each case, choose the repeated digit’s positions before choosing the remaining distinct digit

解答:

若重复数字是 11,则后三位中恰有一位是 11。该位置有 33 种选择,下一个数字有 99 种选择,最后一个数字有 88 种选择,因为后两个数字必须彼此不同且都不等于 11。因此共有 398=2163\cdot9\cdot8=216 个数。

若重复的是 11 以外的数字,则重复数字有 99 种选择,在后三位中选择它出现的两个位置有 33 种方法,剩余数字有 88 种选择。因此又有 938=2169\cdot3\cdot8=216 个数,总数为 216+216=432216+216=432

If 11 is the repeated digit, exactly one of the last three positions contains 1.1. There are 33 choices for that position, 99 choices for the next digit, and 88 for the last digit, since those two digits must differ from each other and from 1.1. This gives 398=2163\cdot9\cdot8=216 numbers.

If a digit other than 11 is repeated, there are 99 choices for that digit, 33 ways to choose its two positions among the last three, and 88 choices for the remaining digit. This gives another 938=2169\cdot3\cdot8=216 numbers. The total is 216+216=432.216+216=432.

11.

图示立体的底面是边长为 ss 的正方形。上方的棱与底面平行,长度为 2s2s。其他各棱的长度均为 ss。已知 s=62s=6\sqrt2,求该立体的体积。

The solid shown has a square base of side length s.s. The upper edge is parallel to the base and has length 2s.2s. All other edges have length s.s. Given that s=62,s=6\sqrt2, what is the volume of the solid?

难度评级:2720
小提示:

把上方棱的任一端点投影到底面上,以求出立体的高

Find the height by projecting either endpoint of the upper edge onto the base

大提示:

在离底面高度为总高的 tt 倍处,截面是边长分别为 s(1t)s(1-t)s(1+t)s(1+t) 的矩形

At a fraction tt of the height, the cross-section is a rectangle with sides s(1t)s(1-t) and s(1+t)s(1+t)

解答:

上方棱的每个端点都与正方形底面某一条边的两个端点相连。因此,它到该边中点的距离为 3s2\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}。每个上方端点的投影都越过该中点 s2\frac{s}{2},因为两个投影端点相距 2s2s,而底面两条对边的中点相距 ss。所以立体的高 hh 满足 h2=(3s2)2(s2)2=s22 h^2=\left(\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^2 =\frac{s^2}{2}\text{,}从而 h=s2h=\frac{s}{\sqrt2}

在离底面高度为总高的 tt 倍处,截面为长宽分别是 s(1t)s(1-t)s(1+t)s(1+t) 的矩形,面积为 s2(1t2)s^2(1-t^2)。由卡瓦列里原理,所求体积等于棱柱体积 s2hs^2h 减去棱锥体积 s2h3\frac{s^2h}{3}V=23s2h=23s3 V=\frac23s^2h=\frac{\sqrt2}{3}s^3\text{。}代入 s=62s=6\sqrt2,得到 V=288V=288

Each endpoint of the upper edge is joined to the endpoints of one side of the square base. Its distance to that side’s midpoint is therefore 3s2.\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}. The projection of each upper endpoint lies s2\frac{s}{2} beyond that midpoint, because the two projected endpoints are 2s2s apart while the two opposite-side midpoints are ss apart. Thus the height hh satisfies h2=(3s2)2(s2)2=s22, h^2=\left(\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^2 =\frac{s^2}{2}, so h=s2.h=\frac{s}{\sqrt2}.

At a fraction tt of the height above the base, the cross-section is a rectangle whose dimensions are s(1t)s(1-t) and s(1+t).s(1+t). Its area is s2(1t2).s^2(1-t^2). By Cavalieri’s principle, the volume is the volume s2hs^2h of a prism minus the volume s2h3\frac{s^2h}{3} of a pyramid: V=23s2h=23s3. V=\frac23s^2h=\frac{\sqrt2}{3}s^3. Substituting s=62s=6\sqrt2 gives V=288.V=288.

12.

圆的一条直径 ABAB 的长度是一个 22 位整数(十进制)。将该整数的两个数字反转,所得数是与直径垂直的弦 CDCD 的长度。它们的交点 HH 到圆心 OO 的距离是正有理数。求 ABAB 的长度。

Diameter ABAB of a circle has length a 22-digit integer (base ten). Reversing the digits gives the length of the perpendicular chord CD.CD. The distance from their intersection point HH to the center OO is a positive rational number. Determine the length of AB.AB.

难度评级:2410
小提示:

把直径写成 10a+b10a+b,把弦写成 10b+a10b+a

Write the diameter as 10a+b10a+b and the chord as 10b+a10b+a

大提示:

圆心到弦的距离平方,等于直径平方与弦长平方之差的四分之一

The squared distance from the center to the chord is one fourth the difference of their squares

解答:

设直径为 10a+b10a+b,弦长为 10b+a10b+a。由于从圆心向弦所作的垂线平分弦,4OH2=(10a+b)2(10b+a)2=99(a2b2) \begin{aligned} 4OH^2&=(10a+b)^2\\ &\quad-(10b+a)^2\\ &=99(a^2-b^2) \end{aligned}\text{。}要使 OHOH 为有理数,11(a2b2)11(a^2-b^2) 必须是完全平方数。因此它等于 121c2121c^2,所以 (ab)(a+b)=11c2 (a-b)(a+b)=11c^2\text{。}因为 aabb 是满足 a>ba>b 的数字,左边至多为 8181,所以 c=1c=122。若 c=1c=1,两个因数为 111111,得到 a=6a=6b=5b=5。若 c=2c=24444 的各对因数要么奇偶性不同,要么会给出 a>9a>9。因此直径为 6565

Let the diameter be 10a+b10a+b and the chord be 10b+a.10b+a. Since a perpendicular from the center bisects a chord, 4OH2=(10a+b)2(10b+a)2=99(a2b2). \begin{aligned} 4OH^2&=(10a+b)^2\\ &\quad-(10b+a)^2\\ &=99(a^2-b^2). \end{aligned} For OHOH to be rational, 11(a2b2)11(a^2-b^2) must be a square. Thus it equals 121c2,121c^2, so (ab)(a+b)=11c2. (a-b)(a+b)=11c^2. Because aa and bb are digits with a>b,a>b, the left side is at most 81,81, so c=1c=1 or 2.2. If c=1,c=1, the factors are 11 and 11,11, giving a=6a=6 and b=5.b=5. If c=2,c=2, the factor pairs of 4444 either have different parity or give a>9.a>9. Hence the diameter is 65.65.

13.

对于 {1,2,3,,n}\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\} 的每个非空子集,按以下方法定义一个唯一的交错和:先把子集中的数按递减顺序排列,再从最大的数开始,对后续各数交替做加法和减法。(例如,{1,2,4,6,9}\{1,2,4,6,9\} 的交错和是 96+42+1=69-6+4-2+1=6,而 {5}\{5\} 的交错和就是 55。)求 n=7n=7 时所有这些交错和的总和。

For {1,2,3,,n}\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\} and each of its nonempty subsets a unique alternating sum is defined as follows: Arrange the numbers in the subset in decreasing order and then, beginning with the largest, alternately add and subtract successive numbers. (For example, the alternating sum for {1,2,4,6,9}\{1,2,4,6,9\} is 96+42+1=69-6+4-2+1=6 and for {5}\{5\} it is simply 5.5.) Find the sum of all such alternating sums for n=7.n=7.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

在所有子集中,分别计算每个数对总和的贡献

Add the contribution of each number separately over all subsets

大提示:

kk 的符号只取决于子集中大于 kk 的元素个数是偶数还是奇数

The sign of kk depends only on whether the subset contains an even or odd number of elements greater than kk

解答:

固定 kk。一旦选入 kk,比它小的 k1k-1 个元素都可以任意选择,因此产生因子 2k12^{k-1}。若恰好选入 jj 个元素,而可供选择的较大元素共有 7k7-k 个,则 kk 的符号为 (1)j(-1)^j。所以总和中 kk 的系数为 2k1j=07k(1)j(7kj)=2k1(11)7k \begin{aligned} &2^{k-1}\sum_{j=0}^{7-k} (-1)^j\binom{7-k}{j}\\ &\qquad=2^{k-1}(1-1)^{7-k} \end{aligned}\text{。}该系数等于 00(若 k<7k<7),并等于 262^6(若 k=7k=7)。因此总和为 726=4487\cdot2^6=448

Fix k.k. Once kk is included, the k1k-1 smaller elements may be chosen arbitrarily, contributing a factor of 2k1.2^{k-1}. If exactly jj of the 7k7-k larger elements are chosen, the sign of kk is (1)j.(-1)^j. Therefore the coefficient of kk in the total is 2k1j=07k(1)j(7kj)=2k1(11)7k. \begin{aligned} &2^{k-1}\sum_{j=0}^{7-k} (-1)^j\binom{7-k}{j}\\ &\qquad=2^{k-1}(1-1)^{7-k}. \end{aligned} This is 00 for k<7k<7 and 262^6 for k=7.k=7. Hence the total is 726=448.7\cdot2^6=448.

14.

在所附图形中,两个半径分别为 6688 的圆,其圆心相距 1212 个单位。在两个交点之一 PP 处画一条直线,使弦 QPQPPRPR 的长度相等。求 QPQP 长度的平方。

In the adjoining figure, two circles of radii 66 and 88 are drawn with their centers 1212 units apart. At P,P, one of the points of intersection, a line is drawn in such a way that the chords QPQP and PRPR have equal length. Find the square of the length of QP.QP.

难度评级:2720
小提示:

把两个圆心放在 (6,0)(-6,0)(6,0)(6,0),并求出 PP 的坐标

Put the centers at (6,0)(-6,0) and (6,0)(6,0) and find the coordinates of PP

大提示:

Q=PuQ=P-\ell uR=P+uR=P+\ell u,则在每个圆中,分别把相应端点与交点满足的等半径方程相减

If Q=PuQ=P-\ell u and R=P+u,R=P+\ell u, subtract the two equal-radius equations

解答:

把半径为 88 的圆的圆心放在 O1=(6,0)O_1=(-6,0),另一个圆心放在 O2=(6,0)O_2=(6,0)。两个圆的方程相减,得到 P=(76,4556) P=\left(\frac76,\frac{\sqrt{455}}6\right)\text{,}其中取正的 yy 坐标对应图中的交点。

设公共弦长为 \elluu 为从 QQ 指向 RR 的单位向量。则 Q=PuQ=P-\ell u,且 R=P+uR=P+\ell u。在第一个圆中比较 QQPP,在第二个圆中比较 RRPP,得到 u(PO1)=2,u(PO2)=2 \begin{aligned} u\mathbin{\cdot}(P-O_1)&=\frac{\ell}{2},\\ u\mathbin{\cdot}(P-O_2)&=-\frac{\ell}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}两式相加可知 uPu\perp P,所以 u=(455,7)504 u=\frac{(\sqrt{455},-7)}{\sqrt{504}}\text{。}两个点积方程相减,得到 =u(O2O1)=12455504 \ell=u\mathbin{\cdot}(O_2-O_1) =\frac{12\sqrt{455}}{\sqrt{504}}\text{。}因此 2=144455504=130\ell^2=\frac{144\cdot455}{504}=130

Put the center of the radius-88 circle at O1=(6,0)O_1=(-6,0) and the other center at O2=(6,0).O_2=(6,0). Subtracting the two circle equations gives P=(76,4556), P=\left(\frac76,\frac{\sqrt{455}}6\right), where the positive yy-coordinate selects the pictured intersection.

Let the common chord length be ,\ell, and let uu be the unit vector from QQ toward R.R. Then Q=PuQ=P-\ell u and R=P+u.R=P+\ell u. Comparing QQ with PP in the first circle and RR with PP in the second gives u(PO1)=2,u(PO2)=2. \begin{aligned} u\mathbin{\cdot}(P-O_1)&=\frac{\ell}{2},\\ u\mathbin{\cdot}(P-O_2)&=-\frac{\ell}{2}. \end{aligned} Adding shows that uP,u\perp P, so u=(455,7)504. u=\frac{(\sqrt{455},-7)}{\sqrt{504}}. Subtracting the two dot-product equations gives =u(O2O1)=12455504. \ell=u\mathbin{\cdot}(O_2-O_1) =\frac{12\sqrt{455}}{\sqrt{504}}. Therefore 2=144455504=130.\ell^2=\frac{144\cdot455}{504}=130.

15.

所附图形显示了圆内两条相交的弦,其中 BB 位于劣弧 ADAD 上。设圆的半径为 55BC=6BC=6,并且 ADADBCBC 平分。再设 ADAD 是从 AA 出发且被 BCBC 平分的唯一弦。由此可知劣弧 ABAB 所对圆心角的正弦是一个有理数。若将这个数写成最简分数 mn\frac{m}{n},求乘积 mnmn

The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with BB on minor arc AD.AD. Suppose that the radius of the circle is 5,5, that BC=6,BC=6, and that ADAD is bisected by BC.BC. Suppose further that ADAD is the only chord starting at AA which is bisected by BC.BC. It follows that the sine of the minor arc ABAB is a rational number. If this fraction is expressed as a fraction mn\frac{m}{n} in lowest terms, what is the product mn?mn?

难度评级:3270
小提示:

所有从 AA 出发的弦的中点,都位于以 AA 与圆心的连线为直径的圆上

The midpoints of all chords from AA lie on the circle with diameter joining AA to the center

大提示:

唯一性说明 BCBCADAD 的中点处与该中点圆相切

Uniqueness makes BCBC tangent to that midpoint circle at the midpoint of ADAD

解答:

HHADAD 的中点。令 H=(0,0)H=(0,0)A=(a,0)A=(-a,0)D=(a,0)D=(a,0),并设圆心为 O=(0,k)O=(0,k)。则 a2+k2=25a^2+k^2=25。所有从 AA 出发的弦的中点组成一个圆,其圆心为 A+O2\frac{A+O}{2},半径为 52\frac{5}{2}。因为 ADAD 是唯一一条被直线 BCBC 平分的这种弦,所以该直线在 HH 处与中点圆相切。

因此,BCBC 的一个单位方向向量可取为 u=(k,a)5u=\frac{(k,a)}{5},它与 A+O=(a,k)A+O=(-a,k) 垂直。令 B=puB=-puC=quC=qu,其中 p,q>0p,q>0。则 p+q=6p+q=6,而相交弦定理给出 pq=a2pq=a^2。把这条直线代入原圆方程,还可得 qp=2uO=2ak5 q-p=2u\mathbin{\cdot}O=\frac{2ak}{5}\text{。}因此 364a2=(qp)2=4a2(25a2)25 \begin{aligned} 36-4a^2&=(q-p)^2\\ &=\frac{4a^2(25-a^2)}{25} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 a450a2+225=0a^4-50a^2+225=0。其根为 a2=5a^2=54545,但 a2=pq(p+q)24=9a^2=pq\leq\frac{(p+q)^2}{4}=9。因此 a2=5a^2=5,且 {p,q}={1,5}\{p,q\}=\{1,5\}

a=5a=\sqrt5k=25k=2\sqrt5p=1p=1,使端点 BB 位于劣弧 ADAD 上。则 OA=(5,25),OB=(25,115) \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{OA} &=(-\sqrt5,-2\sqrt5),\\ \overrightarrow{OB} &=\left(-\frac2{\sqrt5}, -\frac{11}{\sqrt5}\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}劣弧 ABAB 所对圆心角的正弦,等于这两个半径向量行列式的绝对值除以 525^2,即 sinAB=11425=725 \sin\overset{\frown}{AB}=\frac{|11-4|}{25}=\frac7{25}\text{。}因此 mn=725=175mn=7\cdot25=175

Let HH be the midpoint of AD.AD. Put H=(0,0),H=(0,0), A=(a,0),A=(-a,0), D=(a,0),D=(a,0), and let the circle’s center be O=(0,k).O=(0,k). Then a2+k2=25.a^2+k^2=25. The midpoints of all chords starting at AA form the circle with center A+O2\frac{A+O}{2} and radius 52.\frac{5}{2}. Because ADAD is the only such chord bisected by the line BC,BC, that line is tangent to the midpoint circle at H.H.

Hence a unit direction vector for BCBC may be taken as u=(k,a)5,u=\frac{(k,a)}{5}, perpendicular to A+O=(a,k).A+O=(-a,k). Write B=puB=-pu and C=qu,C=qu, where p,q>0.p,q>0. Then p+q=6,p+q=6, and intersecting chords give pq=a2.pq=a^2. Substituting the line into the original circle also gives qp=2uO=2ak5. q-p=2u\mathbin{\cdot}O=\frac{2ak}{5}. Therefore 364a2=(qp)2=4a2(25a2)25, \begin{aligned} 36-4a^2&=(q-p)^2\\ &=\frac{4a^2(25-a^2)}{25}, \end{aligned} so a450a2+225=0.a^4-50a^2+225=0. Its roots are a2=5a^2=5 and 45,45, but a2=pq(p+q)24=9.a^2=pq\leq\frac{(p+q)^2}{4}=9. Thus a2=5,a^2=5, and {p,q}={1,5}.\{p,q\}=\{1,5\}.

Choose a=5,a=\sqrt5, k=25,k=2\sqrt5, and p=1p=1 for the endpoint BB on minor arc AD.AD. Then OA=(5,25),OB=(25,115). \begin{aligned} \overrightarrow{OA} &=(-\sqrt5,-2\sqrt5),\\ \overrightarrow{OB} &=\left(-\frac2{\sqrt5}, -\frac{11}{\sqrt5}\right). \end{aligned} The sine of the central angle subtending minor arc ABAB is the absolute determinant of these radius vectors divided by 52,5^2, namely sinAB=11425=725. \sin\overset{\frown}{AB}=\frac{|11-4|}{25}=\frac7{25}. Hence mn=725=175.mn=7\cdot25=175.