1983 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
设 、 和 均大于 ,且 为满足下列条件的正数:求 。
Let and all exceed and let be a positive number such that Find
2.
设 ,其中 。求 在 属于区间 时的最小值。
Let where Determine the minimum value taken by for in the interval
小提示:
在给定区间内判断每个绝对值中的表达式的符号
Determine the sign of each expression inside an absolute value on the given interval
大提示:
在 上,把 化为一个递减的一次函数
On simplify to a decreasing linear function
解答:
因为 ,所以 因此 。该函数在右端点 处取得最小值 。
Since we have Hence This is minimized at the right endpoint where its value is
3.
求下列方程所有实根的乘积:
What is the product of the real roots of the equation
4.
如图所示,一个机械加工切削工具的形状是带缺口的圆。圆的半径为 厘米, 的长度为 厘米, 的长度为 厘米,且角 为直角。求 到圆心的距离(单位为厘米)的平方。
A machine-shop cutting tool has the shape of a notched circle, as shown. The radius of the circle is cm, the length of is cm, and that of is cm. The angle is a right angle. Find the square of the distance (in centimeters) from to the center of the circle.
小提示:
设 、、
Put and
大提示:
圆心位于线段 的垂直平分线上,并且与其中点相距
The center lies on the perpendicular bisector of at distance from its midpoint
解答:
设 、、。 的中点为 ,且 。若 为圆心,则 与 垂直的向量 的长度恰为 。因此两个可能的圆心是 图中的圆心位于缺口的另一侧,所以 。因此 。
Put and The midpoint of is and If is the center, then A vector perpendicular to is which already has length Thus the two possible centers are The pictured notched circle has its center on the side opposite the notch, so Therefore
5.
设两个复数 和 的平方和为 ,立方和为 。 能取得的最大实数值是多少?
Suppose that the sum of the squares of two complex numbers and is and the sum of the cubes is What is the largest real value that can have?
6.
设 。求 除以 的余数。
Let Determine the remainder on dividing by
7.
亚瑟王的二十五名骑士围坐在他们惯用的圆桌旁。从中随机选出三名骑士去消灭一条惹麻烦的龙,每组三人的组合被选中的可能性相同。设 为所选三人中至少有两人原本相邻而坐的概率。若将 写成最简分数,求其分子与分母之和。
Twenty-five of King Arthur’s knights are seated at their customary round table. Three of them are chosen, with all choices of three equally likely, and are sent off to slay a troublesome dragon. Let be the probability that at least two of the three had been sitting next to each other. If is written as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the sum of the numerator and denominator?
小提示:
计算任意两名所选骑士都不相邻的补集选法数
Count the complementary selections in which no two chosen knights are adjacent
大提示:
分成包含某个固定骑士的选法和不包含该骑士的选法
Split into selections containing a fixed knight and selections not containing that knight
解答:
共有 种选法。固定一个座位。若不选该座位,则在其余 个座位中选出三个互不相邻的座位,等价于从一列 个位置中选三个不连续的位置,共有 种。若选定该固定座位,则它的两个邻座不能选,而另外两个座位必须在剩余的一列 个位置中互不连续,共有 种。
因此,所选座位中没有相邻座位的选法数为 所以 所求和为 。
There are selections. Fix one seat. If it is not selected, choosing three nonadjacent seats among the remaining seats is equivalent to choosing three nonconsecutive positions from a row of giving If the fixed seat is selected, its two neighbors are forbidden, and the other two selected seats must be nonconsecutive among the remaining row of giving
Thus the number with no adjacent selected seats is Therefore and the requested sum is
8.
求下列整数的最大 位素因数:。
What is the largest -digit prime factor of the integer
小提示:
对素数 ,比较 在 中的指数与它在 中指数的两倍
For a prime compare the exponent of in with twice its exponent in
大提示:
从 到 的素数会抵消,而从 到 的素数不会
Primes from through cancel; primes from through do not
解答:
对素数 ,有 ,所以 若 ,该式为 ;若 ,该式为 。因此没有大于 的素数整除该二项式系数,而 与 之间的每个素数都能整除它。其中最大的素数是 。
For a prime we have so If this is If it is Hence no prime greater than divides the binomial coefficient, while every prime between and does. The largest such prime is
9.
求 在 时的最小值。
Find the minimum value of for
答案:12
小提示:
令 ,它在给定区间内为正
Set which is positive on the given interval
大提示:
对 应用均值不等式,并验证等号可以成立
Apply AM-GM to and verify that equality is attainable
解答:
令 。原式化为 等号在 ,即 时成立。连续函数 的值趋于 (当 趋于 时),且函数值 对应于 。因此,它会取得值 ,且取值点位于 内,所以下界 可以取得。
Let The expression becomes with equality when or The continuous function tends to as tends to and equals at Thus it takes the value somewhere in so the lower bound is attained.
10.
数 、 和 有一个共同点:它们都是以 开头且恰有两个相同数字的四位数。这样的数共有多少个?
The numbers and have something in common: each is a four-digit number beginning with that has exactly two identical digits. How many such numbers are there?
小提示:
把重复数字为 的情形与其他情形分开
Separate the case where the repeated digit is from the case where it is not
大提示:
在每种情形中,先选择重复数字所在的位置,再选择剩下的不同数字
In each case, choose the repeated digit’s positions before choosing the remaining distinct digit
解答:
若重复数字是 ,则后三位中恰有一位是 。该位置有 种选择,下一个数字有 种选择,最后一个数字有 种选择,因为后两个数字必须彼此不同且都不等于 。因此共有 个数。
若重复的是 以外的数字,则重复数字有 种选择,在后三位中选择它出现的两个位置有 种方法,剩余数字有 种选择。因此又有 个数,总数为 。
If is the repeated digit, exactly one of the last three positions contains There are choices for that position, choices for the next digit, and for the last digit, since those two digits must differ from each other and from This gives numbers.
If a digit other than is repeated, there are choices for that digit, ways to choose its two positions among the last three, and choices for the remaining digit. This gives another numbers. The total is
11.
图示立体的底面是边长为 的正方形。上方的棱与底面平行,长度为 。其他各棱的长度均为 。已知 ,求该立体的体积。
The solid shown has a square base of side length The upper edge is parallel to the base and has length All other edges have length Given that what is the volume of the solid?
答案:288
小提示:
把上方棱的任一端点投影到底面上,以求出立体的高
Find the height by projecting either endpoint of the upper edge onto the base
大提示:
在离底面高度为总高的 倍处,截面是边长分别为 和 的矩形
At a fraction of the height, the cross-section is a rectangle with sides and
解答:
上方棱的每个端点都与正方形底面某一条边的两个端点相连。因此,它到该边中点的距离为 。每个上方端点的投影都越过该中点 ,因为两个投影端点相距 ,而底面两条对边的中点相距 。所以立体的高 满足 从而 。
在离底面高度为总高的 倍处,截面为长宽分别是 和 的矩形,面积为 。由卡瓦列里原理,所求体积等于棱柱体积 减去棱锥体积 :代入 ,得到 。
Each endpoint of the upper edge is joined to the endpoints of one side of the square base. Its distance to that side’s midpoint is therefore The projection of each upper endpoint lies beyond that midpoint, because the two projected endpoints are apart while the two opposite-side midpoints are apart. Thus the height satisfies so
At a fraction of the height above the base, the cross-section is a rectangle whose dimensions are and Its area is By Cavalieri’s principle, the volume is the volume of a prism minus the volume of a pyramid: Substituting gives
12.
圆的一条直径 的长度是一个 位整数(十进制)。将该整数的两个数字反转,所得数是与直径垂直的弦 的长度。它们的交点 到圆心 的距离是正有理数。求 的长度。
Diameter of a circle has length a -digit integer (base ten). Reversing the digits gives the length of the perpendicular chord The distance from their intersection point to the center is a positive rational number. Determine the length of
小提示:
把直径写成 ,把弦写成
Write the diameter as and the chord as
大提示:
圆心到弦的距离平方,等于直径平方与弦长平方之差的四分之一
The squared distance from the center to the chord is one fourth the difference of their squares
解答:
设直径为 ,弦长为 。由于从圆心向弦所作的垂线平分弦,要使 为有理数, 必须是完全平方数。因此它等于 ,所以 因为 和 是满足 的数字,左边至多为 ,所以 或 。若 ,两个因数为 和 ,得到 、。若 , 的各对因数要么奇偶性不同,要么会给出 。因此直径为 。
Let the diameter be and the chord be Since a perpendicular from the center bisects a chord, For to be rational, must be a square. Thus it equals so Because and are digits with the left side is at most so or If the factors are and giving and If the factor pairs of either have different parity or give Hence the diameter is
13.
对于 的每个非空子集,按以下方法定义一个唯一的交错和:先把子集中的数按递减顺序排列,再从最大的数开始,对后续各数交替做加法和减法。(例如, 的交错和是 ,而 的交错和就是 。)求 时所有这些交错和的总和。
For and each of its nonempty subsets a unique alternating sum is defined as follows: Arrange the numbers in the subset in decreasing order and then, beginning with the largest, alternately add and subtract successive numbers. (For example, the alternating sum for is and for it is simply ) Find the sum of all such alternating sums for
小提示:
在所有子集中,分别计算每个数对总和的贡献
Add the contribution of each number separately over all subsets
大提示:
的符号只取决于子集中大于 的元素个数是偶数还是奇数
The sign of depends only on whether the subset contains an even or odd number of elements greater than
解答:
固定 。一旦选入 ,比它小的 个元素都可以任意选择,因此产生因子 。若恰好选入 个元素,而可供选择的较大元素共有 个,则 的符号为 。所以总和中 的系数为 该系数等于 (若 ),并等于 (若 )。因此总和为 。
Fix Once is included, the smaller elements may be chosen arbitrarily, contributing a factor of If exactly of the larger elements are chosen, the sign of is Therefore the coefficient of in the total is This is for and for Hence the total is
14.
在所附图形中,两个半径分别为 和 的圆,其圆心相距 个单位。在两个交点之一 处画一条直线,使弦 与 的长度相等。求 长度的平方。
In the adjoining figure, two circles of radii and are drawn with their centers units apart. At one of the points of intersection, a line is drawn in such a way that the chords and have equal length. Find the square of the length of
小提示:
把两个圆心放在 和 ,并求出 的坐标
Put the centers at and and find the coordinates of
大提示:
若 、,则在每个圆中,分别把相应端点与交点满足的等半径方程相减
If and subtract the two equal-radius equations
解答:
把半径为 的圆的圆心放在 ,另一个圆心放在 。两个圆的方程相减,得到 其中取正的 坐标对应图中的交点。
设公共弦长为 , 为从 指向 的单位向量。则 ,且 。在第一个圆中比较 与 ,在第二个圆中比较 与 ,得到 两式相加可知 ,所以 两个点积方程相减,得到 因此 。
Put the center of the radius- circle at and the other center at Subtracting the two circle equations gives where the positive -coordinate selects the pictured intersection.
Let the common chord length be and let be the unit vector from toward Then and Comparing with in the first circle and with in the second gives Adding shows that so Subtracting the two dot-product equations gives Therefore
15.
所附图形显示了圆内两条相交的弦,其中 位于劣弧 上。设圆的半径为 ,,并且 被 平分。再设 是从 出发且被 平分的唯一弦。由此可知劣弧 所对圆心角的正弦是一个有理数。若将这个数写成最简分数 ,求乘积 。
The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with on minor arc Suppose that the radius of the circle is that and that is bisected by Suppose further that is the only chord starting at which is bisected by It follows that the sine of the minor arc is a rational number. If this fraction is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the product
小提示:
所有从 出发的弦的中点,都位于以 与圆心的连线为直径的圆上
The midpoints of all chords from lie on the circle with diameter joining to the center
大提示:
唯一性说明 在 的中点处与该中点圆相切
Uniqueness makes tangent to that midpoint circle at the midpoint of
解答:
设 为 的中点。令 、、,并设圆心为 。则 。所有从 出发的弦的中点组成一个圆,其圆心为 ,半径为 。因为 是唯一一条被直线 平分的这种弦,所以该直线在 处与中点圆相切。
因此, 的一个单位方向向量可取为 ,它与 垂直。令 、,其中 。则 ,而相交弦定理给出 。把这条直线代入原圆方程,还可得 因此 所以 。其根为 和 ,但 。因此 ,且 。
取 、、,使端点 位于劣弧 上。则 劣弧 所对圆心角的正弦,等于这两个半径向量行列式的绝对值除以 ,即 因此 。
Let be the midpoint of Put and let the circle’s center be Then The midpoints of all chords starting at form the circle with center and radius Because is the only such chord bisected by the line that line is tangent to the midpoint circle at
Hence a unit direction vector for may be taken as perpendicular to Write and where Then and intersecting chords give Substituting the line into the original circle also gives Therefore so Its roots are and but Thus and
Choose and for the endpoint on minor arc Then The sine of the central angle subtending minor arc is the absolute determinant of these radius vectors divided by namely Hence