1983 AIME 第 11 题

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11.

图示立体的底面是边长为 ss 的正方形。上方的棱与底面平行,长度为 2s2s。其他各棱的长度均为 ss。已知 s=62s=6\sqrt2,求该立体的体积。

The solid shown has a square base of side length s.s. The upper edge is parallel to the base and has length 2s.2s. All other edges have length s.s. Given that s=62,s=6\sqrt2, what is the volume of the solid?

答案:288
知识点:立体几何体积长度、面积与体积的缩放关系
难度评级:2720
小提示:

把上方棱的任一端点投影到底面上,以求出立体的高

Find the height by projecting either endpoint of the upper edge onto the base

大提示:

在离底面高度为总高的 tt 倍处,截面是边长分别为 s(1t)s(1-t)s(1+t)s(1+t) 的矩形

At a fraction tt of the height, the cross-section is a rectangle with sides s(1t)s(1-t) and s(1+t)s(1+t)

解答:

上方棱的每个端点都与正方形底面某一条边的两个端点相连。因此,它到该边中点的距离为 3s2\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}。每个上方端点的投影都越过该中点 s2\frac{s}{2},因为两个投影端点相距 2s2s,而底面两条对边的中点相距 ss。所以立体的高 hh 满足 h2=(3s2)2(s2)2=s22 h^2=\left(\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^2 =\frac{s^2}{2}\text{,}从而 h=s2h=\frac{s}{\sqrt2}

在离底面高度为总高的 tt 倍处,截面为长宽分别是 s(1t)s(1-t)s(1+t)s(1+t) 的矩形,面积为 s2(1t2)s^2(1-t^2)。由卡瓦列里原理,所求体积等于棱柱体积 s2hs^2h 减去棱锥体积 s2h3\frac{s^2h}{3}V=23s2h=23s3 V=\frac23s^2h=\frac{\sqrt2}{3}s^3\text{。}代入 s=62s=6\sqrt2,得到 V=288V=288

Each endpoint of the upper edge is joined to the endpoints of one side of the square base. Its distance to that side’s midpoint is therefore 3s2.\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}. The projection of each upper endpoint lies s2\frac{s}{2} beyond that midpoint, because the two projected endpoints are 2s2s apart while the two opposite-side midpoints are ss apart. Thus the height hh satisfies h2=(3s2)2(s2)2=s22, h^2=\left(\frac{\sqrt3s}{2}\right)^2-\left(\frac{s}{2}\right)^2 =\frac{s^2}{2}, so h=s2.h=\frac{s}{\sqrt2}.

At a fraction tt of the height above the base, the cross-section is a rectangle whose dimensions are s(1t)s(1-t) and s(1+t).s(1+t). Its area is s2(1t2).s^2(1-t^2). By Cavalieri’s principle, the volume is the volume s2hs^2h of a prism minus the volume s2h3\frac{s^2h}{3} of a pyramid: V=23s2h=23s3. V=\frac23s^2h=\frac{\sqrt2}{3}s^3. Substituting s=62s=6\sqrt2 gives V=288.V=288.

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