1985 AIME 第 11 题

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11.

xyxy 平面中,一个椭圆的两个焦点为 (9,20)(9,20)(49,55)(49,55),且该椭圆与 xx 轴相切。它的长轴长是多少?

An ellipse has foci at (9,20)(9,20) and (49,55)(49,55) in the xyxy-plane and is tangent to the xx-axis. What is the length of its major axis?

答案:85
知识点:椭圆反射(几何)距离公式
难度评级:2360
小提示:

在切点处,椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和,等于 xx 轴上点到两焦点距离之和的最小值

At tangency, the constant sum of distances is the minimum such sum for a point on the xx-axis

大提示:

将一个焦点关于 xx 轴反射,把折线路径化为直线段

Reflect one focus across the xx-axis to turn the broken path into a straight segment

解答:

(49,55)(49,55) 关于 xx 轴反射到 (49,55)(49,-55)。对 xx 轴上的点 PP,它到原来两个焦点的距离之和,等于从 (9,20)(9,20)PP(49,55)(49,-55) 的折线路径长度。其最小值为直线距离 (499)2+(5520)2=402+752=85 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(49-9)^2+(-55-20)^2}\\ &\qquad{}=\sqrt{40^2+75^2}=85 \end{aligned}\text{。}相切意味着椭圆上各点到两焦点的恒定距离和恰好等于这个最小值,而这个距离和就是长轴长,所以答案为 8585

Reflect (49,55)(49,55) across the xx-axis to (49,55).(49,-55). For a point PP on the xx-axis, the sum of its distances to the original foci equals the length of a broken path from (9,20)(9,20) through PP to (49,55).(49,-55). Its minimum is the straight-line distance (499)2+(5520)2=402+752=85. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(49-9)^2+(-55-20)^2}\\ &\qquad{}=\sqrt{40^2+75^2}=85. \end{aligned} Tangency means that the ellipse’s constant distance sum equals this minimum. That sum is the major-axis length, so the answer is 85.85.

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