2020 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

设 △ABC\triangle ABC 为锐角三角形,外接圆为 ω\omega,垂心为 HH。设 △HBC\triangle HBC 的外接圆在 HH 处的切线与 ω\omega 交于点 XX 和 YY,且 HA=3HA = 3、HX=2HX = 2、HY=6HY = 6。△ABC\triangle ABC 的面积可写成 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mm 与 nn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n。

Let △ABC\triangle ABC be an acute triangle with circumcircle ω\omega and orthocenter H.H. Suppose the tangent to the circumcircle of △HBC\triangle HBC at HH intersects ω\omega at points XX and YY with HA=3,HA = 3, HX=2,HX = 2, and HY=6.HY = 6. The area of △ABC\triangle ABC can be written as mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:58
知识点:外接圆、外心与外接圆半径变换向量
难度评级:3500
小提示:

三角形 HBCHBC 的外接圆是 ω\omega 关于 BCBC 的反射。以外心 OO 为原点时,它的圆心为 B+C=H−AB + C = H - A,所以直线 XYXY 垂直于 OAOA。

The circumcircle of HBCHBC is the reflection of ω\omega over BC.BC. With circumcenter OO at the origin its center is B+C=H−A,B + C = H - A, so line XYXY is perpendicular to OA.OA.

大提示:

令 A=(0,R)A = (0, R),使 XYXY 水平。此时半弦长为 44,HH 距弦的中点为 22,并且 HA=3HA = 3 给出 R−h=5R - h = \sqrt{5},从而确定 RR。

Put A=(0,R)A = (0, R) so XYXY is horizontal. Then the half-chord is 4,4, HH is 22 from the chord’s midpoint, and HA=3HA = 3 gives R−h=5,R - h = \sqrt{5}, determining R.R.

解答:

将 HH 关于直线 BCBC 反射会落在 ω\omega 上,所以三角形 HBCHBC 的外接圆是 ω\omega 关于 BCBC 的反射。取外心 OO 为原点,则向量满足 H=A+B+CH = A + B + C。若 MM 是 BC‾\overline{BC} 的中点,则 OM⊥BCOM \perp BC,所以反射后的圆心是 2M−O=B+C=H−A2M - O = B + C = H - A。在 HH 处相切意味着 XYXY 垂直于从 B+CB + C 到 HH 的半径,该半径就是向量 AA:弦 XYXY 垂直于 OAOA。

放置 A=(0,R)A = (0, R),使 XYXY 是高度为 hh 的水平线,并令 H=(x0,h)H = (x_0, h)。半弦长为 R2−h2\sqrt{R^2 - h^2},而 HX=2HX = 2、HY=6HY = 6 给出 R2−h2=4\sqrt{R^2 - h^2} = 4,且 ∣x0∣=2|x_0| = 2。由 HA=3HA = 3:4+(R−h)2=94 + (R - h)^2 = 9,所以 R−h=5R - h = \sqrt{5}。于是 16=R2−h2=(R−h)(R+h)=5(2R−5), \begin{aligned} 16 &= R^2 - h^2 \\ &= (R - h)(R + h) \\ &= \sqrt{5}\left(2R - \sqrt{5}\right) \end{aligned}\text{,}得 R=2125R = \frac{21}{2\sqrt{5}}。

现在 B+C=H−A=(±2,−5)B + C = H - A = (\pm 2, -\sqrt{5}),所以 M=(±1,−52)M = \left(\pm 1, -\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right),且 OM=32OM = \frac{3}{2},于是 BC=2R2−94=2995BC = 2\sqrt{R^2 - \frac{9}{4}} = 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}}。点 AA 到直线 BCBC(过 MM,且垂直于 OMOM)的距离为 ∣A⋅M−OM2∣OM=214+9432=5\frac{|A \cdot M - OM^2|}{OM} = \frac{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{9}{4}}{\frac{3}{2}} = 5,这里使用了 A⋅M=−5R2=−214A \cdot M = -\frac{\sqrt{5}R}{2} = -\frac{21}{4}。因此 [ABC]=12⋅2995⋅5=495=355, \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}} \cdot 5 \\ &= \sqrt{495} \\ &= 3\sqrt{55} \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 m+n=3+55=58m + n = 3 + 55 = 58。

Reflecting HH over line BCBC lands on ω,\omega, so the circumcircle of HBCHBC is the reflection of ω\omega over BC.BC. Take the circumcenter OO as the origin, so that H=A+B+CH = A + B + C as vectors. If MM is the midpoint of BC‾,\overline{BC}, then OM⊥BC,OM \perp BC, so the reflected center is 2M−O=B+C=H−A.2M - O = B + C = H - A. Tangency at HH means XYXY is perpendicular to the radius from B+CB + C to H,H, which is the vector A:A: the chord XYXY is perpendicular to OA.OA.

Place A=(0,R)A = (0, R) so that XYXY is horizontal at height h,h, with H=(x0,h).H = (x_0, h). The half-chord length is R2−h2,\sqrt{R^2 - h^2}, and HX=2,HX = 2, HY=6HY = 6 give R2−h2=4\sqrt{R^2 - h^2} = 4 with ∣x0∣=2.|x_0| = 2. From HA=3:HA = 3: 4+(R−h)2=9,4 + (R - h)^2 = 9, so R−h=5.R - h = \sqrt{5}. Then 16=R2−h2=(R−h)(R+h)=5(2R−5), \begin{aligned} 16 &= R^2 - h^2 \\ &= (R - h)(R + h) \\ &= \sqrt{5}\left(2R - \sqrt{5}\right), \end{aligned} giving R=2125.R = \frac{21}{2\sqrt{5}}.

Now B+C=H−A=(±2,−5),B + C = H - A = (\pm 2, -\sqrt{5}), so M=(±1,−52)M = \left(\pm 1, -\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2}\right) and OM=32,OM = \frac{3}{2}, whence BC=2R2−94=2995.BC = 2\sqrt{R^2 - \frac{9}{4}} = 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}}. The distance from AA to line BCBC (through M,M, perpendicular to OMOM) is ∣A⋅M−OM2∣OM=214+9432=5,\frac{|A \cdot M - OM^2|}{OM} = \frac{\frac{21}{4} + \frac{9}{4}}{\frac{3}{2}} = 5, using A⋅M=−5R2=−214.A \cdot M = -\frac{\sqrt{5}R}{2} = -\frac{21}{4}. Hence [ABC]=12⋅2995⋅5=495=355, \begin{aligned} [ABC] &= \frac{1}{2} \cdot 2\sqrt{\frac{99}{5}} \cdot 5 \\ &= \sqrt{495} \\ &= 3\sqrt{55}, \end{aligned} and m+n=3+55=58.m + n = 3 + 55 = 58.

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