2025 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

正好有三个正实数 kk,使得定义在正实数上的函数 f(x)=(x−18)(x−72)x⋅(x−98)(x−k) \begin{aligned} f(x) &= \frac{(x - 18)(x - 72)}{x} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) \end{aligned} 恰好在两个正实数 xx 处取得最小值。求这三个 kk 的和。

There are exactly three positive real numbers kk such that the function f(x)=(x−18)(x−72)x⋅(x−98)(x−k) \begin{aligned} f(x) &= \frac{(x - 18)(x - 72)}{x} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) \end{aligned} defined over the positive real numbers achieves its minimum value at exactly two positive real numbers x.x. Find the sum of these three values of k.k.

答案:240
知识点:多项式因式分解最优化
难度评级:3500
小提示:

最小值 cc 被取到两次,当且仅当 (x−18)(x−72)(x−98)(x−k)(x-18)(x-72)(x-98)(x-k) −cx- cx 是一个完全平方 (x2−Sx+P)2(x^2 - Sx + P)^2

The minimum value cc is attained twice exactly when (x−18)(x−72)(x−98)(x−k)(x-18)(x-72)(x-98)(x-k) −cx- cx is a perfect square (x2−Sx+P)2(x^2 - Sx + P)^2

大提示:

比较系数:2S=188+k2S = 188 + k 且 P2=18⋅72⋅98⋅kP^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k;代入 k=2t2k = 2t^2 会得到一个有三个正根的四次方程 tt

Match coefficients: 2S=188+k2S = 188 + k and P2=18⋅72⋅98⋅k;P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k; substituting k=2t2k = 2t^2 yields a quartic in tt with three positive roots

解答:

对 x>0x \gt 0,当 x→0+x \to 0^+ 时 f(x)→+∞f(x) \to +\infty(分子趋向 18⋅72⋅98⋅k>018 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \gt 0),且当 x→∞x \to \infty 时也趋于正无穷,所以 ff 在 (0,∞)(0, \infty) 上取得全局最小值 cc。它恰在两个点取得,当且仅当 f(x)−c≥0f(x) - c \ge 0 且有两个不同的正二重根,即 (x−18)(x−72)⋅(x−98)(x−k)−cx=(x2−Sx+P)2, \begin{gathered} (x - 18)(x - 72) \\ \quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) - cx \\ = (x^2 - Sx + P)^2 \end{gathered}\text{,} 其中 x2−Sx+Px^2 - Sx + P 的根为正且不同(所以 S,P>0S, P \gt 0)。

比较 x3x^3、x2x^2 和常数项的系数(xx 项只决定 cc),得到 2S=188+k,2S = 188 + k\text{,} S2+2P=10116+188k,S^2 + 2P = 10116 + 188k\text{,} P2=18⋅72⋅98⋅k=127008k。 \begin{gathered} P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \\ = 127008k \end{gathered}\text{。} 代入 k=2t2k = 2t^2,其中 t>0t \gt 0,则 S=94+t2S = 94 + t^2,且 P=504tP = 504t。中间的方程变为 (94+t2)2+1008t(94 + t^2)^2 + 1008t =10116+376t2= 10116 + 376t^2,即 t4−188t2+1008t−1280=0,t^4 - 188t^2 + 1008t - 1280 = 0\text{,} 它可分解为 (t−2)(t−4)(t+16)(t - 2)(t - 4)(t + 16) (t−10)=0(t - 10) = 0。

正根 t=2,4,10t = 2, 4, 10 给出 k=2t2=8,32,200k = 2t^2 = 8, 32, 200(每个确实满足 S2>4PS^2 \gt 4P,与题目保证的正好三个值相符)。它们的和为 8+32+200=2408 + 32 + 200 = 240。

For x>0,x \gt 0, f(x)→+∞f(x) \to +\infty both as x→0+x \to 0^+ (the numerator tends to 18⋅72⋅98⋅k>018 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \gt 0) and as x→∞,x \to \infty, so ff attains a global minimum value cc on (0,∞).(0, \infty). It is attained at exactly two points precisely when f(x)−c≥0f(x) - c \ge 0 with two distinct positive double roots, i.e. (x−18)(x−72)⋅(x−98)(x−k)−cx=(x2−Sx+P)2 \begin{gathered} (x - 18)(x - 72) \\ \quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) - cx \\ = (x^2 - Sx + P)^2 \end{gathered} where the roots of x2−Sx+Px^2 - Sx + P are positive and distinct (so S,P>0S, P \gt 0).

Matching coefficients of x3,x^3, x2,x^2, and the constant (the xx-coefficient just determines cc): 2S=188+k,2S = 188 + k, S2+2P=10116+188k,S^2 + 2P = 10116 + 188k, P2=18⋅72⋅98⋅k=127008k. \begin{gathered} P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \\ = 127008k. \end{gathered} Substitute k=2t2k = 2t^2 with t>0:t \gt 0: then S=94+t2S = 94 + t^2 and P=504t.P = 504t. The middle equation becomes (94+t2)2+1008t(94 + t^2)^2 + 1008t =10116+376t2,= 10116 + 376t^2, i.e. t4−188t2+1008t−1280=0,t^4 - 188t^2 + 1008t - 1280 = 0, which factors as (t−2)(t−4)(t+16)(t - 2)(t - 4)(t + 16) (t−10)=0.(t - 10) = 0.

The positive roots t=2,4,10t = 2, 4, 10 give k=2t2=8,32,200k = 2t^2 = 8, 32, 200 (each indeed yields S2>4P,S^2 \gt 4P, matching the problem’s promise of exactly three values). The sum is 8+32+200=240.8 + 32 + 200 = 240.

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