2025 AIME II 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

六个点 AABBCCDDEEFF 按这个顺序位于同一直线上。设 GG 是不在这条直线上的一点,且 AC=26AC = 26BD=22BD = 22CE=31CE = 31DF=33DF = 33AF=73AF = 73CG=40CG = 40DG=30DG = 30。求 BGE\triangle BGE 的面积。

Six points A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, E,E, and FF lie in a straight line in that order. Suppose that GG is a point not on the line and that AC=26,AC = 26, BD=22,BD = 22, CE=31,CE = 31, DF=33,DF = 33, AF=73,AF = 73, CG=40,CG = 40, and DG=30.DG = 30. Find the area of BGE.\triangle BGE.

知识点:坐标几何距离公式三角形面积
难度评级:2010
小提示:

把这条直线放在数轴上,并令 A=0A = 0;距离 ACACBDBDCECEDFDFAFAF 会确定每个点的位置

Put the line on a number line with A=0;A = 0; the distances AC,AC, BD,BD, CE,CE, DF,DF, AFAF determine every point

大提示:

得到 CD=14CD = 14 后,利用 CG=40CG = 40DG=30DG = 30 求出 GG 到直线的高度;BEBE 是底边

With CD=14,CD = 14, use CG=40CG = 40 and DG=30DG = 30 to find how high GG sits above the line; BEBE is the base

解答:

把直线放在数轴上,并令 A=0A = 0。于是 C=26C = 26E=26+31=57E = 26 + 31 = 57F=73F = 73D=7333=40D = 73 - 33 = 40B=4022=18B = 40 - 22 = 18

G=(x,y)G = (x, y)。由 CG=40CG = 40DG=30DG = 30,可得 (x26)2+y2=1600(x - 26)^2 + y^2 = 1600\text{,} (x40)2+y2=900(x - 40)^2 + y^2 = 900\text{。} 两式相减得 14(2x66)=70014(2x - 66) = 700,所以 x=58x = 58,进而 y2=1600322=576y^2 = 1600 - 32^2 = 576,因此 GG 到直线的高度为 2424

因为 BBEE 都在这条直线上,BE=5718=39BE = 57 - 18 = 39 可作底边,高为 2424,所以面积为 123924=468\frac{1}{2} \cdot 39 \cdot 24 = 468

Place the line on a number line with A=0.A = 0. Then C=26,C = 26, E=26+31=57,E = 26 + 31 = 57, F=73,F = 73, D=7333=40,D = 73 - 33 = 40, and B=4022=18.B = 40 - 22 = 18.

Write G=(x,y).G = (x, y). From CG=40CG = 40 and DG=30,DG = 30, (x26)2+y2=1600,(x - 26)^2 + y^2 = 1600, (x40)2+y2=900.(x - 40)^2 + y^2 = 900. Subtracting gives 14(2x66)=700,14(2x - 66) = 700, so x=58,x = 58, and then y2=1600322=576,y^2 = 1600 - 32^2 = 576, so GG is at height 2424 above the line.

Since BB and EE both lie on the line, BE=5718=39BE = 57 - 18 = 39 is a base with height 24,24, so the area is 123924=468.\frac{1}{2} \cdot 39 \cdot 24 = 468.

2.

求所有满足 n+2n + 2 整除 3(n+3)(n2+9)3(n + 3)(n^2 + 9) 的正整数 nn 的和。

Find the sum of all positive integers nn such that n+2n + 2 divides the product 3(n+3)(n2+9).3(n + 3)(n^2 + 9).

难度评级:1890
小提示:

在模 n+2n + 2 下,乘积 3(n+3)(n2+9)3(n+3)(n^2+9) 同余于一个常数:代入 n2n \equiv -2

Modulo n+2,n + 2, the product 3(n+3)(n2+9)3(n+3)(n^2+9) is congruent to a constant: substitute n2n \equiv -2

大提示:

你需要 n+2n + 2 整除 3113=393 \cdot 1 \cdot 13 = 39,且 n+23n + 2 \ge 3

You need n+2n + 2 to divide 3113=39,3 \cdot 1 \cdot 13 = 39, with n+23n + 2 \ge 3

解答:

在模 n+2n + 2 下计算,此时 n2n \equiv -2。于是 3(n+3)(n2+9)31(4+9)=39(modn+2) \begin{gathered} 3(n + 3)(n^2 + 9) \\ \equiv 3 \cdot 1 \cdot (4 + 9) \\ = 39 \pmod{n + 2} \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以 n+2n + 2 整除 3(n+3)(n2+9)3(n+3)(n^2+9) 当且仅当 n+2n + 2 整除 3939

3939 中至少为 33 的正因数是 3313133939,对应 n=1n = 111113737。它们的和为 1+11+37=491 + 11 + 37 = 49

Work modulo n+2,n + 2, where n2.n \equiv -2. Then 3(n+3)(n2+9)31(4+9)=39(modn+2), \begin{gathered} 3(n + 3)(n^2 + 9) \\ \equiv 3 \cdot 1 \cdot (4 + 9) \\ = 39 \pmod{n + 2}, \end{gathered} so n+2n + 2 divides 3(n+3)(n2+9)3(n+3)(n^2+9) exactly when n+2n + 2 divides 39.39.

The divisors of 3939 that are at least 33 are 3,3, 13,13, and 39,39, giving n=1,n = 1, 11,11, and 37.37. The sum is 1+11+37=49.1 + 11 + 37 = 49.

3.

四个单位正方形组成一个 2×22 \times 2 方格。构成这些正方形边的 1212 条单位线段分别被涂成红色或蓝色,并且每个单位正方形都有 22 条红边和 22 条蓝边。下面给出一个例子(红色为实线,蓝色为虚线)。求这样的涂色方法数。

Four unit squares form a 2×22 \times 2 grid. Each of the 1212 unit line segments forming the sides of the squares is colored either red or blue in such a way that each unit square has 22 red sides and 22 blue sides. One example is shown below (red is solid, blue is dashed). Find the number of such colorings.

难度评级:2440
小提示:

先给四条内部线段(中心的十字)涂色,再统计每个正方形的两条外边有多少种补全方式

Color the four interior segments (the central cross) first, then count completions of each square’s two boundary sides

大提示:

若一个正方形已有 jj 条红色内边,则它的外边有 (22j)\binom{2}{2-j} 种合法涂法;按哪些十字臂为红色将 1616 种十字涂色分组

A square with jj red interior sides has (22j)\binom{2}{2-j} valid boundary colorings; group the 1616 cross colorings by which arms are red

解答:

1212 条线段分成组成中心十字的 44 条内部线段和 88 条边界线段;每个单位正方形恰有两条内边和两条外边。先给十字涂色。一个正方形如果已有 jj 条红色内边,就还需要 2j2 - j 条红色外边,可用 (22j)\binom{2}{2-j} 种方式选择:当 j=0j = 0j=2j = 2 时有 11 种,当 j=1j = 1 时有 22 种。

按红色十字臂的集合给 24=162^4 = 16 种十字涂色分组。若四臂同色(22 种涂色),每个正方形都有 j=0j = 0j=2j = 2,各贡献 11 种,总共 22 种。若恰有一臂为红或恰有一臂为蓝(88 种涂色),接触这条特殊臂的两个正方形有 j=1j = 1,另外两个没有,各贡献 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种,总共 3232 种。若两条相邻臂为红(44 种涂色),四个正方形的相应数值为 j=2,1,1,0j = 2, 1, 1, 0,每种十字涂色各有 44 种补全方式,总共 1616 种。若两条相对臂为红(22 种涂色),四个正方形都有 j=1j = 1,各贡献 24=162^4 = 16 种,总共 3232 种。

涂色方法数为 2+32+16+32=822 + 32 + 16 + 32 = 82

The 1212 segments split into the 44 interior segments forming the central cross and 88 boundary segments, and each unit square has exactly two interior sides (its two cross arms) and two boundary sides. Color the cross first. A square that already has jj red interior sides needs 2j2 - j red boundary sides, which can be chosen in (22j)\binom{2}{2-j} ways: 11 way if j=0j = 0 or j=2,j = 2, and 22 ways if j=1.j = 1.

Group the 24=162^4 = 16 cross colorings by the set of red arms. If all four arms have the same color (22 colorings), every square has j=0j = 0 or j=2,j = 2, contributing 11 each: total 2.2. If exactly one arm is red or exactly one is blue (88 colorings), the two squares touching the odd arm have j=1j = 1 and the others do not, contributing 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 each: total 32.32. If two adjacent arms are red (44 colorings), the squares have j=2,1,1,0,j = 2, 1, 1, 0, contributing 44 each: total 16.16. If two opposite arms are red (22 colorings), all four squares have j=1,j = 1, contributing 24=162^4 = 16 each: total 32.32.

The number of colorings is 2+32+16+32=82.2 + 32 + 16 + 32 = 82.

4.

乘积 k=463logk(5k21)logk+1(5k24)=log4(515)log5(512)log5(524)log6(521)log6(535)log7(532)log63(53968)log64(53965) \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{\log_k (5^{k^2 - 1})}{\log_{k+1} (5^{k^2 - 4})} \\ = \frac{\log_4 (5^{15})}{\log_5 (5^{12})} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log_5 (5^{24})}{\log_6 (5^{21})} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log_6 (5^{35})}{\log_7 (5^{32})} \\ \quad \cdots \frac{\log_{63} (5^{3968})}{\log_{64} (5^{3965})} \end{gathered} 等于 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The product k=463logk(5k21)logk+1(5k24)=log4(515)log5(512)log5(524)log6(521)log6(535)log7(532)log63(53968)log64(53965) \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{\log_k (5^{k^2 - 1})}{\log_{k+1} (5^{k^2 - 4})} \\ = \frac{\log_4 (5^{15})}{\log_5 (5^{12})} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log_5 (5^{24})}{\log_6 (5^{21})} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log_6 (5^{35})}{\log_7 (5^{32})} \\ \quad \cdots \frac{\log_{63} (5^{3968})}{\log_{64} (5^{3965})} \end{gathered} is equal to mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

知识点:对数裂项相消
难度评级:2300
小提示:

由换底公式,每个因子等于 k21k24log(k+1)logk\frac{k^2-1}{k^2-4} \cdot \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k}

By change of base, each factor equals k21k24log(k+1)logk\frac{k^2-1}{k^2-4} \cdot \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k}

大提示:

分解 k21=(k1)(k+1)k^2 - 1 = (k-1)(k+1)k24=(k2)(k+2)k^2 - 4 = (k-2)(k+2);所有部分都会裂项相消

Factor k21=(k1)(k+1)k^2 - 1 = (k-1)(k+1) and k24=(k2)(k+2);k^2 - 4 = (k-2)(k+2); everything telescopes

解答:

由换底公式,logk(5k21)=(k21)log5logk\log_k (5^{k^2-1}) = \frac{(k^2 - 1)\log 5}{\log k},所以乘积的每个因子等于 k21logkk24log(k+1)=(k1)(k+1)(k2)(k+2)log(k+1)logk \begin{gathered} \frac{\frac{k^2-1}{\log k}}{\frac{k^2-4}{\log(k+1)}} \\ = \frac{(k-1)(k+1)}{(k-2)(k+2)} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k} \end{gathered}\text{。}

三个部分在 k=4,,63k = 4, \ldots, 63 上都会裂项相消:k=463k1k2=622=31\prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{k-1}{k-2} = \frac{62}{2} = 31\text{,}k=463k+1k+2=565=113\prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{k+1}{k+2} = \frac{5}{65} = \frac{1}{13}\text{,}k=463log(k+1)logk=log64log4=3 \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k} \\ = \frac{\log 64}{\log 4} = 3 \end{gathered}\text{。}

该乘积为 311133=931331 \cdot \frac{1}{13} \cdot 3 = \frac{93}{13},已经是最简分数,所以 m+n=93+13=106m + n = 93 + 13 = 106

By the change-of-base formula, logk(5k21)=(k21)log5logk,\log_k (5^{k^2-1}) = \frac{(k^2 - 1)\log 5}{\log k}, so each factor of the product equals k21logkk24log(k+1)=(k1)(k+1)(k2)(k+2)log(k+1)logk. \begin{gathered} \frac{\frac{k^2-1}{\log k}}{\frac{k^2-4}{\log(k+1)}} \\ = \frac{(k-1)(k+1)}{(k-2)(k+2)} \\ \quad {}\cdot \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k}. \end{gathered}

All three pieces telescope over k=4,,63:k = 4, \ldots, 63: k=463k1k2=622=31,\prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{k-1}{k-2} = \frac{62}{2} = 31, k=463k+1k+2=565=113,\prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{k+1}{k+2} = \frac{5}{65} = \frac{1}{13}, k=463log(k+1)logk=log64log4=3. \begin{gathered} \prod_{k=4}^{63} \frac{\log(k+1)}{\log k} \\ = \frac{\log 64}{\log 4} = 3. \end{gathered}

The product is 311133=9313,31 \cdot \frac{1}{13} \cdot 3 = \frac{93}{13}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=93+13=106.m + n = 93 + 13 = 106.

5.

ABC\triangle ABC 的三个角为 BAC=84\angle BAC = 84^\circABC=60\angle ABC = 60^\circACB=36\angle ACB = 36^\circ。令 DDEEFF 分别为边 BC\overline{BC}AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB} 的中点。DEF\triangle DEF 的外接圆分别与 BD\overline{BD}AE\overline{AE}AF\overline{AF} 交于点 GGHHJJ。点 GGDDEEHHJJFF 如图所示将 DEF\triangle DEF 的外接圆分成六段小弧。求 DE+2HJ+3FG\overset{\frown}{DE} + 2 \cdot \overset{\frown}{HJ} + 3 \cdot \overset{\frown}{FG},其中弧度数以度为单位。

Suppose ABC\triangle ABC has angles BAC=84,\angle BAC = 84^\circ, ABC=60,\angle ABC = 60^\circ, and ACB=36.\angle ACB = 36^\circ. Let D,D, E,E, and FF be the midpoints of sides BC,\overline{BC}, AC,\overline{AC}, and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively. The circumcircle of DEF\triangle DEF intersects BD,\overline{BD}, AE,\overline{AE}, and AF\overline{AF} at points G,G, H,H, and J,J, respectively. The points G,G, D,D, E,E, H,H, J,J, and FF divide the circumcircle of DEF\triangle DEF into six minor arcs, as shown. Find DE+2HJ+3FG,\overset{\frown}{DE} + 2 \cdot \overset{\frown}{HJ} + 3 \cdot \overset{\frown}{FG}, where the arcs are measured in degrees.

难度评级:2720
小提示:

经过三边中点的圆是九点圆,所以 GGHHJJ 是三条高的垂足,并且 DEF\triangle DEFABC\triangle ABC 有相同的角

The circle through the midpoints is the nine-point circle, so G,G, H,H, JJ are the feet of the altitudes, and DEF\triangle DEF has the same angles as ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

因为 BJC=BHC=90\angle BJC = \angle BHC = 90^\circ,点 DDBBCCHHJJ 的距离相等;利用等腰三角形可将这些弧的度数转化为 ABC\triangle ABC 的角度

Since BJC=BHC=90,\angle BJC = \angle BHC = 90^\circ, DD is equidistant from B,B, C,C, H,H, J;J; isosceles triangles turn the arcs into angles of ABC\triangle ABC

解答:

中点三角形 DEFDEF 的边分别平行于 ABCABC 的边,所以 FDE=84\angle FDE = 84^\circDEF=60\angle DEF = 60^\circ,且 DFE=36\angle DFE = 36^\circ。它的外接圆是九点圆,与 ABCABC 的边第二次相交于各高的垂足:GG 是从 AA 所作高的垂足,HH 是从 BB 所作高的垂足,JJ 是从 CC 所作高的垂足。由圆周角定理,DE=2DFE=72\overset{\frown}{DE} = 2\angle DFE = 72^\circ

对于 FG\overset{\frown}{FG}:因为 DFCA\overline{DF} \parallel \overline{CA},且 GG 在射线 DBDB 上,所以 FDG\angle FDG 等于直线 CACACBCB 的夹角,也就是 3636^\circ,因此 FG=236=72\overset{\frown}{FG} = 2 \cdot 36^\circ = 72^\circ。对于 HJ\overset{\frown}{HJ}:因为 BJC=BHC=90\angle BJC = \angle BHC = 90^\circ,所以 HHJJ 都在以 BC\overline{BC} 为直径、以 DD 为圆心的圆上,因此 DJ=DBDJ = DBDH=DCDH = DC。等腰三角形 BDJBDJ 给出 JDB=180260=60\angle JDB = 180^\circ - 2 \cdot 60^\circ = 60^\circ,等腰三角形 CDHCDH 给出 HDC=180236=108\angle HDC = 180^\circ - 2 \cdot 36^\circ = 108^\circ。于是 JDH=18060\angle JDH = 180^\circ - 60^\circ 108=12- 108^\circ = 12^\circ,所以 HJ=24\overset{\frown}{HJ} = 24^\circ

因此 DE+2HJ\overset{\frown}{DE} + 2 \cdot \overset{\frown}{HJ} +3FG+ 3 \cdot \overset{\frown}{FG} =72+48+216=336= 72 + 48 + 216 = 336

The medial triangle DEFDEF has sides parallel to those of ABC,ABC, so FDE=84,\angle FDE = 84^\circ, DEF=60,\angle DEF = 60^\circ, and DFE=36.\angle DFE = 36^\circ. Its circumcircle is the nine-point circle, whose second intersections with the sides of ABCABC are the feet of the altitudes: GG is the foot from A,A, HH the foot from B,B, and JJ the foot from C.C. By the inscribed angle theorem, DE=2DFE=72.\overset{\frown}{DE} = 2\angle DFE = 72^\circ.

For FG:\overset{\frown}{FG}: since DFCA\overline{DF} \parallel \overline{CA} and GG lies on ray DB,DB, the angle FDG\angle FDG equals the angle between lines CACA and CB,CB, which is 36,36^\circ, so FG=236=72.\overset{\frown}{FG} = 2 \cdot 36^\circ = 72^\circ. For HJ:\overset{\frown}{HJ}: because BJC=BHC=90,\angle BJC = \angle BHC = 90^\circ, both HH and JJ lie on the circle with diameter BC\overline{BC} centered at D,D, so DJ=DBDJ = DB and DH=DC.DH = DC. Isosceles triangle BDJBDJ gives JDB=180260=60,\angle JDB = 180^\circ - 2 \cdot 60^\circ = 60^\circ, and isosceles triangle CDHCDH gives HDC=180236=108.\angle HDC = 180^\circ - 2 \cdot 36^\circ = 108^\circ. Hence JDH=18060\angle JDH = 180^\circ - 60^\circ 108=12- 108^\circ = 12^\circ and HJ=24.\overset{\frown}{HJ} = 24^\circ.

Therefore DE+2HJ\overset{\frown}{DE} + 2 \cdot \overset{\frown}{HJ} +3FG+ 3 \cdot \overset{\frown}{FG} =72+48+216=336.= 72 + 48 + 216 = 336.

6.

半径为 66、圆心为点 AA 的圆 ω1\omega_1 在点 BB 处与半径为 1515 的圆 ω2\omega_2 内切。点 CCDDω2\omega_2 上,且 BC\overline{BC}ω2\omega_2 的直径,并且 BCAD\overline{BC} \perp \overline{AD}。矩形 EFGHEFGH 内接于 ω1\omega_1,满足 EFBC\overline{EF} \perp \overline{BC}CC 比起 EF\overline{EF},更靠近 GH\overline{GH},且 DD 比起 EH\overline{EH},更靠近 FG\overline{FG},如图所示。三角形 DGF\triangle DGFCHG\triangle CHG 面积相等。矩形 EFGHEFGH 的面积为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Circle ω1\omega_1 with radius 66 centered at point AA is internally tangent at point BB to circle ω2\omega_2 with radius 15.15. Points CC and DD lie on ω2\omega_2 such that BC\overline{BC} is a diameter of ω2\omega_2 and BCAD.\overline{BC} \perp \overline{AD}. The rectangle EFGHEFGH is inscribed in ω1\omega_1 such that EFBC,\overline{EF} \perp \overline{BC}, CC is closer to GH\overline{GH} than to EF,\overline{EF}, and DD is closer to FG\overline{FG} than to EH,\overline{EH}, as shown. Triangles DGF\triangle DGF and CHG\triangle CHG have equal areas. The area of rectangle EFGHEFGH is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2650
小提示:

使用坐标:令 ω2\omega_2 的圆心为原点,B=(15,0)B = (15, 0)A=(9,0)A = (9, 0)D=(9,12)D = (9, 12),并设矩形顶点为 (9±a,±b)(9 \pm a, \pm b),其中 a2+b2=36a^2 + b^2 = 36

Use coordinates: center of ω2\omega_2 at the origin, B=(15,0),B = (15, 0), A=(9,0),A = (9, 0), D=(9,12),D = (9, 12), and rectangle vertices (9±a,±b)(9 \pm a, \pm b) with a2+b2=36a^2 + b^2 = 36

大提示:

两个三角形的面积分别是 a(12b)a(12 - b)b(24a)b(24 - a);令它们相等时,abab 项会抵消

The two triangle areas are a(12b)a(12 - b) and b(24a);b(24 - a); setting them equal makes the abab terms cancel

解答:

ω2\omega_2 的圆心为原点,并取 B=(15,0)B = (15, 0)。在 BB 处内切可得 A=(9,0)A = (9, 0),且 C=(15,0)C = (-15, 0)。因为 ADBC\overline{AD} \perp \overline{BC}DDω2\omega_2 上,所以 D=(9,12)D = (9, 12)(取图中在线上方的 DD)。由于 EFBC\overline{EF} \perp \overline{BC},矩形有竖直边,因此顶点为 (9±a,±b)(9 \pm a, \pm b),其中 a2+b2=36a^2 + b^2 = 36。关于 CCDD 的条件说明 GH\overline{GH} 是左边,FG\overline{FG} 是上边:F=(9+a,b)F = (9 + a, b)G=(9a,b)G = (9 - a, b)H=(9a,b)H = (9 - a, -b)E=(9+a,b)E = (9 + a, -b)

三角形 DGFDGF 的底边 GF=2aGF = 2a,高为 12b12 - b,所以面积为 a(12b)a(12 - b)。三角形 CHGCHG 的底边 GH=2bGH = 2b,高为 (9a)(15)=24a(9 - a) - (-15) = 24 - a,所以面积为 b(24a)b(24 - a)。令二者相等,12aab=24bab12a - ab = 24b - ab,故 a=2ba = 2b,再由 a2+b2=5b2=36a^2 + b^2 = 5b^2 = 36

矩形面积为 2a2b=8b2=28852a \cdot 2b = 8b^2 = \frac{288}{5},所以 m+n=288+5=293m + n = 288 + 5 = 293

Center ω2\omega_2 at the origin with B=(15,0).B = (15, 0). Internal tangency at BB puts A=(9,0),A = (9, 0), and C=(15,0).C = (-15, 0). Since ADBC\overline{AD} \perp \overline{BC} and DD is on ω2,\omega_2, we get D=(9,12)D = (9, 12) (taking DD above the line). Because EFBC,\overline{EF} \perp \overline{BC}, the rectangle has vertical sides, so its vertices are (9±a,±b)(9 \pm a, \pm b) with a2+b2=36.a^2 + b^2 = 36. The conditions on CC and DD make GH\overline{GH} the left side and FG\overline{FG} the top side: F=(9+a,b),F = (9 + a, b), G=(9a,b),G = (9 - a, b), H=(9a,b),H = (9 - a, -b), E=(9+a,b).E = (9 + a, -b).

Triangle DGFDGF has base GF=2aGF = 2a and height 12b,12 - b, so its area is a(12b).a(12 - b). Triangle CHGCHG has base GH=2bGH = 2b and height (9a)(15)=24a,(9 - a) - (-15) = 24 - a, so its area is b(24a).b(24 - a). Setting these equal, 12aab=24bab,12a - ab = 24b - ab, so a=2b,a = 2b, and then a2+b2=5b2=36.a^2 + b^2 = 5b^2 = 36.

The area of the rectangle is 2a2b=8b2=2885,2a \cdot 2b = 8b^2 = \frac{288}{5}, so m+n=288+5=293.m + n = 288 + 5 = 293.

7.

AA20252025 的正整数因数集合。令 BB 为从 AA 中随机选取的一个子集。BB 是非空集合且其元素的最小公倍数为 20252025 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Let AA be the set of positive integer divisors of 2025.2025. Let BB be a randomly selected subset of A.A. The probability that BB is a nonempty set with the property that the least common multiple of its elements is 20252025 is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

2025=34522025 = 3^4 \cdot 5^21515 个因数;最小公倍数为 20252025 当且仅当该子集含有一个 8181 的倍数和一个 2525 的倍数

2025=34522025 = 3^4 \cdot 5^2 has 1515 divisors; the lcm is 20252025 exactly when the subset contains a multiple of 8181 and a multiple of 2525

大提示:

使用容斥:有 2122^{12} 个子集避开全部三个 8181 的倍数,有 2102^{10} 个子集避开全部五个 2525 的倍数

Use inclusion-exclusion: 2122^{12} subsets avoid all three multiples of 81,81, and 2102^{10} avoid all five multiples of 2525

解答:

因为 2025=34522025 = 3^4 \cdot 5^2,集合 AA53=155 \cdot 3 = 15 个元素,所以共有 2152^{15} 个子集。一个子集的最小公倍数为 20252025 当且仅当它至少含有一个可被 34=813^4 = 81 整除的因数,并且至少含有一个可被 52=255^2 = 25 整除的因数(这样的子集自动非空)。不被 8181 整除的因数有 1212 个,不被 2525 整除的因数有 1010 个,二者都不整除的有 88 个。

由容斥,符合条件的子集数为 215212210+28=3276840961024+256=27904 \begin{gathered} 2^{15} - 2^{12} - 2^{10} + 2^8 \\ = 32768 - 4096 - 1024 + 256 \\ = 27904 \end{gathered}\text{。} 因为 27904=2810927904 = 2^8 \cdot 109,概率为 2790432768=109128\frac{27904}{32768} = \frac{109}{128},所以 m+n=109+128=237m + n = 109 + 128 = 237

Since 2025=3452,2025 = 3^4 \cdot 5^2, the set AA has 53=155 \cdot 3 = 15 elements, and there are 2152^{15} subsets. A subset has least common multiple 20252025 exactly when it contains at least one divisor divisible by 34=813^4 = 81 and at least one divisible by 52=255^2 = 25 (such a subset is automatically nonempty). There are 1212 divisors not divisible by 81,81, 1010 not divisible by 25,25, and 88 divisible by neither.

By inclusion-exclusion, the number of good subsets is 215212210+28=3276840961024+256=27904. \begin{gathered} 2^{15} - 2^{12} - 2^{10} + 2^8 \\ = 32768 - 4096 - 1024 + 256 \\ = 27904. \end{gathered} Since 27904=28109,27904 = 2^8 \cdot 109, the probability is 2790432768=109128,\frac{27904}{32768} = \frac{109}{128}, and m+n=109+128=237.m + n = 109 + 128 = 237.

8.

Silas 有无限多枚 11 分硬币、1010 分硬币和 2525 分硬币。他想找出若干硬币,使总价值为 NN 分,其中 NN 是正整数。他使用所谓的 贪心算法:每一步都选择不会使当前总价值超过 NN 的最大面值硬币。例如,为了凑 4242 分,Silas 会选择一枚 2525 分硬币、一枚 1010 分硬币,然后选择 7711 分硬币。然而,这组 99 枚硬币比必要数量更多;事实上,选择 441010 分硬币和 2211 分硬币也能得到同样总价值 4242 分,且只用 66 枚硬币。

一般来说,若不存在另一组 11 分、1010 分和 2525 分硬币,能用严格更少的硬币数凑出 NN 分,则称贪心算法对该 NN 成功。求 1110001000(含端点)之间使贪心算法成功的 NN 的个数。

From an unlimited supply of 11-cent coins, 1010-cent coins, and 2525-cent coins, Silas wants to find a collection of coins that has a total value of NN cents, where NN is a positive integer. He uses the so-called greedy algorithm, successively choosing the coin of greatest value that does not cause the value of his collection to exceed N.N. For example, to get 4242 cents, Silas will choose a 2525-cent coin, then a 1010-cent coin, then 77 11-cent coins. However, this collection of 99 coins uses more coins than necessary to get a total of 4242 cents; indeed, choosing 44 1010-cent coins and 22 11-cent coins achieves the same total value with only 66 coins.

In general, the greedy algorithm succeeds for a given NN if no other collection of 11-cent, 1010-cent, and 2525-cent coins gives a total value of NN cents using strictly fewer coins than the collection given by the greedy algorithm. Find the number of values of NN between 11 and 10001000 inclusive for which the greedy algorithm succeeds.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

在最优组合中,最多有 99 枚一分硬币,最多有 44 枚十分硬币,所以它使用 N25\lfloor \frac{N}{25} \rfloor 枚二十五分硬币或少一枚

In an optimal collection there are at most 99 pennies and at most 44 dimes, so it uses N25\lfloor \frac{N}{25} \rfloor quarters or one fewer

大提示:

比较 rrr+25r + 25 所需的十分硬币与一分硬币数量,其中 r=Nmod25r = N \bmod 25;贪心算法会在两段连续五个余数上失败

Compare dime-and-penny coin counts for rr and r+25,r + 25, where r=Nmod25;r = N \bmod 25; greedy fails on two runs of five consecutive residues

解答:

在任意最优组合中,最多有 99 枚一分硬币(十枚一分可换成一枚十分),最多有 44 枚十分硬币(五枚十分可换成两枚二十五分),所以十分和一分硬币的总价值最多为 4949 分。因此一个最优组合使用 q=N25q = \lfloor \frac{N}{25} \rfloor 枚二十五分硬币,和贪心算法一样,或使用 q1q - 1 枚二十五分硬币。对于只由十分和一分硬币组成的金额 vv,最佳硬币数为 f(v)=v10+(vmod10)f(v) = \lfloor \frac{v}{10} \rfloor + (v \bmod 10),这正是贪心算法处理余数的方式。

r=Nmod25r = N \bmod 25。贪心算法使用 q+f(r)q + f(r) 枚硬币,唯一的竞争方案使用 (q1)+f(r+25)(q - 1) + f(r + 25) 枚硬币(当 q1q \ge 1 时可行),所以贪心算法失败当且仅当 f(r+25)f(r)f(r + 25) \le f(r)。列表计算:对 r=0,,4r = 0, \ldots, 4f(r+25)=r+7>f(r)=rf(r+25) = r + 7 \gt f(r) = r;对 r=5,,9r = 5, \ldots, 9f(r+25)=r2rf(r+25) = r - 2 \le r;对 r=10,,14r = 10, \ldots, 14f(r+25)=r2>r9f(r+25) = r - 2 \gt r - 9;对 r=15,,19r = 15, \ldots, 19f(r+25)=r11r9f(r+25) = r - 11 \le r - 9;对 r=20,,24r = 20, \ldots, 24f(r+25)=r11>r18f(r+25) = r - 11 \gt r - 18。所以贪心算法失败恰好发生在 N25N \ge 25r{5,,9}{15,,19}r \in \{5, \ldots, 9\} \cup \{15, \ldots, 19\} 时。

1,,10001, \ldots, 1000 中,每个模 2525 的余数类都有 4040NN,所以上述 1010 个余数给出 400400 个值,其中小于 25251010 个值不计入失败(此时 q=0q = 0)。因而贪心算法失败于 390390 个值,成功于 1000390=6101000 - 390 = 610 个值。

In any optimal collection there are at most 99 pennies (ten pennies could become a dime) and at most 44 dimes (five dimes could become two quarters), so its dimes and pennies are worth at most 4949 cents. Hence an optimal collection uses either q=N25q = \lfloor \frac{N}{25} \rfloor quarters, like greedy, or q1q - 1 quarters. For an amount vv made only of dimes and pennies, the best count is f(v)=v10+(vmod10),f(v) = \lfloor \frac{v}{10} \rfloor + (v \bmod 10), which is what greedy does on the remainder.

Let r=Nmod25.r = N \bmod 25. Greedy uses q+f(r)q + f(r) coins, and the only rival uses (q1)+f(r+25)(q - 1) + f(r + 25) coins (possible when q1q \ge 1), so greedy fails exactly when f(r+25)f(r).f(r + 25) \le f(r). Tabulating: for r=0,,4,r = 0, \ldots, 4, f(r+25)=r+7>f(r)=r;f(r+25) = r + 7 \gt f(r) = r; for r=5,,9,r = 5, \ldots, 9, f(r+25)=r2r;f(r+25) = r - 2 \le r; for r=10,,14,r = 10, \ldots, 14, f(r+25)=r2>r9;f(r+25) = r - 2 \gt r - 9; for r=15,,19,r = 15, \ldots, 19, f(r+25)=r11r9;f(r+25) = r - 11 \le r - 9; for r=20,,24,r = 20, \ldots, 24, f(r+25)=r11>r18.f(r+25) = r - 11 \gt r - 18. So greedy fails exactly when N25N \ge 25 and r{5,,9}{15,,19}.r \in \{5, \ldots, 9\} \cup \{15, \ldots, 19\}.

Each residue class mod 2525 contains 4040 values of NN in 1,,1000,1, \ldots, 1000, so these 1010 residues give 400400 values, of which the 1010 values less than 2525 do not count (there q=0q = 0). Greedy fails for 390390 values and succeeds for 1000390=610.1000 - 390 = 610.

9.

区间 0<x<2π0 \lt x \lt 2\pi 中有 nnxx 的值满足 f(x)=sin(7πsin(5x))=0f(x) = \sin(7\pi \cdot \sin(5x)) = 0。在这些 nnxx 中,有 tt 个使得 y=f(x)y = f(x) 的图像与 xx 轴相切。求 n+tn + t

There are nn values of xx in the interval 0<x<2π0 \lt x \lt 2\pi where f(x)=sin(7πsin(5x))=0.f(x) = \sin(7\pi \cdot \sin(5x)) = 0. For tt of these nn values of x,x, the graph of y=f(x)y = f(x) is tangent to the xx-axis. Find n+t.n + t.

难度评级:2920
小提示:

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 当且仅当 sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7},其中所取整数满足 7k7-7 \le k \le 7;在 sin(5x)\sin(5x) 的五个周期内分别统计每个 kk 的解数

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 exactly when sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7} for an integer 7k7;-7 \le k \le 7; count solutions for each kk over five periods of sin(5x)\sin(5x)

大提示:

xx 轴相切还需要 f(x)=0f'(x) = 0,这迫使 cos(5x)=0\cos(5x) = 0,也就是 sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1

Tangency to the xx-axis also needs f(x)=0,f'(x) = 0, which forces cos(5x)=0,\cos(5x) = 0, i.e. sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1

解答:

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 当且仅当 7πsin(5x)7\pi \sin(5x)π\pi 的整数倍,也就是 sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7},其中整数 kk 满足 k7|k| \le 7。当 xx 遍历 (0,2π)(0, 2\pi) 时,5x5x 遍历 (0,10π)(0, 10\pi),也就是五个完整周期。对于 k=0k = 0,解为 5x=π,2π,,9π5x = \pi, 2\pi, \ldots, 9\pi:共有 99 个。对于 k=±1,,±6k = \pm 1, \ldots, \pm 61212 个取值,每个周期贡献 22 个解,共 1010 个解。对于 k=±7k = \pm 7,需要 sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1,各出现 55 次。所以 n=9+120+10=139n = 9 + 120 + 10 = 139

图像在零点处与 xx 轴相切当且仅当 f(x)f'(x) =35πcos(7πsin(5x))cos(5x)= 35\pi \cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) \cos(5x) =0= 0。在任何零点处,cos(7πsin(5x))=cos(kπ)\cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) = \cos(k\pi) =±10= \pm 1 \ne 0,所以相切要求 cos(5x)=0\cos(5x) = 0,也就是 sin(5x)=±1\sin(5x) = \pm 1:这正是 k=±7k = \pm 7 的那 1010 个零点(此时 sin(5x)\sin(5x) 取极值,因此 ff 只接触而不穿过)。所以 t=10t = 10n+t=149n + t = 149

f(x)=0f(x) = 0 exactly when 7πsin(5x)7\pi \sin(5x) is a multiple of π,\pi, that is, sin(5x)=k7\sin(5x) = \frac{k}{7} for an integer kk with k7.|k| \le 7. As xx runs over (0,2π),(0, 2\pi), the quantity 5x5x runs over (0,10π),(0, 10\pi), five full periods. For k=0,k = 0, the solutions are 5x=π,2π,,9π:5x = \pi, 2\pi, \ldots, 9\pi: 99 values. For each of the 1212 values k=±1,,±6,k = \pm 1, \ldots, \pm 6, each period contributes 22 solutions: 1010 values each. For k=±7,k = \pm 7, we need sin(5x)=±1,\sin(5x) = \pm 1, which happens 55 times each. So n=9+120+10=139.n = 9 + 120 + 10 = 139.

The graph is tangent to the xx-axis at a zero exactly when f(x)f'(x) =35πcos(7πsin(5x))cos(5x)= 35\pi \cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) \cos(5x) =0= 0 there. At any zero, cos(7πsin(5x))=cos(kπ)\cos(7\pi \sin(5x)) = \cos(k\pi) =±10,= \pm 1 \ne 0, so tangency requires cos(5x)=0,\cos(5x) = 0, which means sin(5x)=±1:\sin(5x) = \pm 1: exactly the 1010 zeros with k=±7k = \pm 7 (there sin(5x)\sin(5x) has an extremum, so ff touches without crossing). Thus t=10t = 10 and n+t=149.n + t = 149.

10.

十六把椅子排成一排。八个人各选择一把椅子坐下,并且没有人同时紧挨着另外两个人。令 NN 为可能被选中的 1616 把椅子的子集数量。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Sixteen chairs are arranged in a row. Eight people each select a chair in which to sit so that no person sits next to two other people. Let NN be the number of subsets of 1616 chairs that could be selected. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2790
小提示:

没有人同时紧挨着另外两个人,等价于没有 33 把连续椅子都被占用:这 88 个人形成大小为 1122 的区块

No one sitting next to two others means no 33 consecutive occupied chairs: the 88 people form blocks of size 11 or 22

大提示:

若有 mm 个区块,用 (m8m)\binom{m}{8-m} 种方式选择哪些区块是二连座,并用 (9m)\binom{9}{m} 种方式把这些区块放入 88 把空椅子形成的 99 个空隙中

With mm blocks, pick which are pairs in (m8m)\binom{m}{8-m} ways and place the blocks in the 99 gaps around the 88 empty chairs in (9m)\binom{9}{m} ways

解答:

一个人同时紧挨着另外两个人,恰好等价于三把连续椅子都被占用,所以我们要数没有三把连续椅子被选中的 1616 把椅子的 88 元子集。被占用的椅子于是形成大小为 1122 的极大区块。若有 mm 个区块,则其中 8m8 - m 个是二连座,2m82m - 8 个是单座,所以 4m84 \le m \le 8,二连座的位置可用 (m8m)\binom{m}{8-m} 种方式选择。88 把空椅子形成 99 个空隙(包括两端),mm 个区块占据 mm 个不同空隙:有 (9m)\binom{9}{m} 种方式。

因此 N=m=48(m8m)(9m)=1126+10126+1584+736+19=2907 \begin{gathered} N = \sum_{m=4}^{8} \binom{m}{8-m}\binom{9}{m} \\ = 1 \cdot 126 + 10 \cdot 126 + 15 \cdot 84 \\ \quad {}+ 7 \cdot 36 + 1 \cdot 9 = 2907 \end{gathered}\text{。}

N=2907N = 2907 除以 10001000 的余数为 907907

A person sits next to two others exactly when three consecutive chairs are all occupied, so we count 88-element subsets of the 1616 chairs with no three consecutive chairs chosen. The occupied chairs then form maximal blocks of size 11 or 2.2. If there are mm blocks, then 8m8 - m of them are pairs and 2m82m - 8 are singles, so 4m8,4 \le m \le 8, and the pair positions can be chosen in (m8m)\binom{m}{8-m} ways. The 88 empty chairs create 99 gaps (including the ends), and the mm blocks occupy mm distinct gaps: (9m)\binom{9}{m} ways.

Therefore N=m=48(m8m)(9m)=1126+10126+1584+736+19=2907. \begin{gathered} N = \sum_{m=4}^{8} \binom{m}{8-m}\binom{9}{m} \\ = 1 \cdot 126 + 10 \cdot 126 + 15 \cdot 84 \\ \quad {}+ 7 \cdot 36 + 1 \cdot 9 = 2907. \end{gathered}

The remainder when N=2907N = 2907 is divided by 10001000 is 907.907.

11.

SS 为正 2424 边形的顶点集合。求画出 1212 条等长线段的方法数,使得 SS 中每个顶点都恰好是这 1212 条线段之一的端点。

Let SS be the set of vertices of a regular 2424-gon. Find the number of ways to draw 1212 segments of equal lengths so that each vertex in SS is an endpoint of exactly one of the 1212 segments.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

等长意味着每条线段都沿圆周跨过相同数量 kk 个顶点,其中 1k121 \le k \le 12

Equal lengths means every segment steps the same number kk of vertices around the circle, for some 1k121 \le k \le 12

大提示:

对于步长 kk,这些弦形成 gcd(24,k)\gcd(24, k) 个长度为 24gcd(24,k)\frac{24}{\gcd(24, k)} 的环;一个偶长度环恰有 22 个完美匹配

For step k,k, the chords form gcd(24,k)\gcd(24, k) cycles of length 24gcd(24,k);\frac{24}{\gcd(24, k)}; an even cycle has exactly 22 perfect matchings

解答:

圆上等间距点形成的两条弦等长,当且仅当它们跨过相同数量的顶点,所以所有 1212 条线段都连接相距 kk 个顶点的一对顶点,其中共同的步长为 k{1,,12}k \in \{1, \ldots, 12\}。固定 kk2424 个顶点上连接每个 iii±k(mod24)i \pm k \pmod{24}:我们需要这个图中的一个完美匹配。若 k<12k \lt 12,该图是 gcd(24,k)\gcd(24, k) 个长度为 24gcd(24,k)\frac{24}{\gcd(24, k)} 的环的不交并;若 k=12k = 12,它是 1212 条互不相交的直径。

一个偶长度环恰有 22 个完美匹配(交替取边),奇长度环没有。因此每个 k<12k \lt 12 且环长为偶数的情形贡献 2gcd(24,k)2^{\gcd(24, k)}k=1,5,7,11k = 1, 5, 7, 11 各给 22k=2,10k = 2, 10 各给 44k=3,9k = 3, 9 各给 88k=4k = 41616k=6k = 66464。对于 k=8k = 8,环长为奇数 33,贡献 00。对于 k=12k = 12,匹配被迫确定:11 种。

总数为 42+24+284 \cdot 2 + 2 \cdot 4 + 2 \cdot 8 +16+64+0+1+ 16 + 64 + 0 + 1 =113= 113

Two chords of a circle through equally spaced points have equal length exactly when they skip the same number of vertices, so all 1212 segments join pairs of vertices exactly kk apart for one common k{1,,12}.k \in \{1, \ldots, 12\}. For fixed k,k, form the graph on the 2424 vertices joining each ii to i±k(mod24):i \pm k \pmod{24}: we need a perfect matching in this graph. For k<12k \lt 12 the graph is a disjoint union of gcd(24,k)\gcd(24, k) cycles of length 24gcd(24,k),\frac{24}{\gcd(24, k)}, while for k=12k = 12 it is 1212 disjoint diameters.

A cycle of even length has exactly 22 perfect matchings (alternate edges), and a cycle of odd length has none. So each k<12k \lt 12 with even cycle length contributes 2gcd(24,k):2^{\gcd(24, k)}: k=1,5,7,11k = 1, 5, 7, 11 give 22 each; k=2,10k = 2, 10 give 44 each; k=3,9k = 3, 9 give 88 each; k=4k = 4 gives 16;16; k=6k = 6 gives 64.64. For k=8k = 8 the cycles have odd length 3,3, giving 0.0. For k=12k = 12 the matching is forced: 11 way.

The total is 42+24+284 \cdot 2 + 2 \cdot 4 + 2 \cdot 8 +16+64+0+1+ 16 + 64 + 0 + 1 =113.= 113.

12.

A1A2A11A_1A_2 \ldots A_{11} 为一个非凸简单 1111 边形,满足以下性质:

• 对每个整数 2i102 \le i \le 10AiA1Ai+1\triangle A_iA_1A_{i+1} 的面积为 11

• 对每个整数 2i102 \le i \le 10cos(AiA1Ai+1)=1213\cos(\angle A_iA_1A_{i+1}) = \frac{12}{13}

1111 边形 A1A2A11A_1A_2 \ldots A_{11} 的周长等于 2020

那么 A1A2+A1A11A_1A_2 + A_1A_{11} 可表示为 mnpq\frac{m\sqrt{n} - p}{q},其中 mmnnppqq 是正整数,nn 不被任何质数的平方整除,且没有质数同时整除 mmppqq。求 m+n+p+qm + n + p + q

Let A1A2A11A_1A_2 \ldots A_{11} be an 1111-sided non-convex simple polygon with the following properties:

• For every integer 2i10,2 \le i \le 10, the area of AiA1Ai+1\triangle A_iA_1A_{i+1} is 1.1.

• For every integer 2i10,2 \le i \le 10, cos(AiA1Ai+1)=1213.\cos(\angle A_iA_1A_{i+1}) = \frac{12}{13}.

• The perimeter of the 1111-gon A1A2A11A_1A_2 \ldots A_{11} is equal to 20.20.

Then A1A2+A1A11A_1A_2 + A_1A_{11} can be expressed as mnpq\frac{m\sqrt{n} - p}{q} where m,m, n,n, p,p, and qq are positive integers, nn is not divisible by the square of any prime, and no prime divides all of m,m, p,p, and q.q. Find m+n+p+q.m + n + p + q.

难度评级:3160
小提示:

ri=A1Air_i = A_1A_i。相等面积迫使 riri+1=265r_i r_{i+1} = \frac{26}{5},所以 rir_i 在两个值 aabb 之间交替

Let ri=A1Ai.r_i = A_1A_i. The equal areas force riri+1=265,r_i r_{i+1} = \frac{26}{5}, so the rir_i alternate between two values aa and bb

大提示:

每条边 AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} 有相同长度 ss,且 s2=(a+b)220s^2 = (a+b)^2 - 20;周长给出 9s+a+b=209s + a + b = 20

Each side AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} has the same length ss with s2=(a+b)220;s^2 = (a+b)^2 - 20; the perimeter gives 9s+a+b=209s + a + b = 20

解答:

ri=A1Air_i = A_1A_i,其中 2i112 \le i \le 11,并令公共角为 θ\theta,满足 cosθ=1213\cos\theta = \frac{12}{13}sinθ=513\sin\theta = \frac{5}{13}。每个面积条件说明 12riri+1513=1\frac{1}{2} r_i r_{i+1} \cdot \frac{5}{13} = 1,所以对 i=2,,10i = 2, \ldots, 10riri+1=265r_i r_{i+1} = \frac{26}{5}。连续乘积相等迫使 rir_i 在两个值之间交替:设 a=r2=r4=a = r_2 = r_4 = \cdotsb=r3=r5=b = r_3 = r_5 = \cdots,且 ab=265ab = \frac{26}{5};特别地,r11=br_{11} = b

由余弦定理,对每个 2i102 \le i \le 10,边 AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} 都有相同长度 ss,且 s2=a2+b22ab1213=(a+b)22ab485=(a+b)220 \begin{gathered} s^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cdot \tfrac{12}{13} \\ = (a + b)^2 - 2ab - \tfrac{48}{5} \\ = (a+b)^2 - 20 \end{gathered}\text{。}u=a+bu = a + b,周长条件为 9u220+u=209\sqrt{u^2 - 20} + u = 20。将 9u220=20u9\sqrt{u^2 - 20} = 20 - u 两边平方,得到 81u21620=40040u+u281u^2 - 1620 = 400 - 40u + u^2,化简为 4u2+2u101=04u^2 + 2u - 101 = 0,所以 u=1+954u = \frac{-1 + 9\sqrt{5}}{4}(正根;且 20u>020 - u \gt 0 符合要求)。

因此 A1A2+A1A11=a+bA_1A_2 + A_1A_{11} = a + b =9514= \frac{9\sqrt{5} - 1}{4},其中 55 无平方因子,且没有质数同时整除 991144。答案为 9+5+1+4=199 + 5 + 1 + 4 = 19

Let ri=A1Air_i = A_1A_i for 2i11,2 \le i \le 11, and let θ\theta be the common angle, with cosθ=1213\cos\theta = \frac{12}{13} and sinθ=513.\sin\theta = \frac{5}{13}. Each area condition says 12riri+1513=1,\frac{1}{2} r_i r_{i+1} \cdot \frac{5}{13} = 1, so riri+1=265r_i r_{i+1} = \frac{26}{5} for i=2,,10.i = 2, \ldots, 10. Consecutive products being equal forces the rir_i to alternate between two values a=r2=r4=a = r_2 = r_4 = \cdots and b=r3=r5=,b = r_3 = r_5 = \cdots, with ab=265;ab = \frac{26}{5}; in particular r11=b.r_{11} = b.

By the law of cosines, every side AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} with 2i102 \le i \le 10 has the same length s,s, where s2=a2+b22ab1213=(a+b)22ab485=(a+b)220. \begin{gathered} s^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cdot \tfrac{12}{13} \\ = (a + b)^2 - 2ab - \tfrac{48}{5} \\ = (a+b)^2 - 20. \end{gathered} Writing u=a+b,u = a + b, the perimeter condition is 9u220+u=20.9\sqrt{u^2 - 20} + u = 20. Squaring 9u220=20u9\sqrt{u^2 - 20} = 20 - u gives 81u21620=40040u+u2,81u^2 - 1620 = 400 - 40u + u^2, which simplifies to 4u2+2u101=0,4u^2 + 2u - 101 = 0, so u=1+954u = \frac{-1 + 9\sqrt{5}}{4} (the positive root; then 20u>020 - u \gt 0 as required).

Thus A1A2+A1A11=a+bA_1A_2 + A_1A_{11} = a + b =9514,= \frac{9\sqrt{5} - 1}{4}, with 55 squarefree and no prime dividing all of 9,9, 1,1, 4.4. The answer is 9+5+1+4=19.9 + 5 + 1 + 4 = 19.

13.

定义有理数列 x1x_1x2x_2\ldots,其中 x1=2511x_1 = \frac{25}{11},且 xk+1=13(xk+1xk1)x_{k+1} = \frac{1}{3}\left(x_k + \frac{1}{x_k} - 1\right) 对所有 k1k \ge 1 成立。则 x2025x_{2025} 可表示为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let the sequence of rationals x1,x_1, x2,x_2, \ldots be defined such that x1=2511x_1 = \frac{25}{11} and xk+1=13(xk+1xk1)x_{k+1} = \frac{1}{3}\left(x_k + \frac{1}{x_k} - 1\right) for all k1.k \ge 1. Then x2025x_{2025} can be expressed as mn\frac{m}{n} for relatively prime positive integers mm and n.n. Find the remainder when m+nm + n is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

代换 yk=2xk1xk+1y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1} 会把递推变成 yk+1=yk2yky_{k+1} = y_k^2 - y_k,且 y1=1312y_1 = \frac{13}{12}

The substitution yk=2xk1xk+1y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1} turns the recurrence into yk+1=yk2yk,y_{k+1} = y_k^2 - y_k, with y1=1312y_1 = \frac{13}{12}

大提示:

yk=ck122k1y_k = \frac{c_k}{12^{2^{k-1}}},证明 xk=d+c2dcx_k = \frac{d + c}{2d - c} 已经是最简分数,所以 m+n=3dm + n = 3d

Writing yk=ck122k1,y_k = \frac{c_k}{12^{2^{k-1}}}, show xk=d+c2dcx_k = \frac{d + c}{2d - c} is already in lowest terms, so m+n=3dm + n = 3d

解答:

yk=2xk1xk+1y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1}。由递推式,2xk+11=(2xk1)(xk2)3xk2x_{k+1} - 1 = \frac{(2x_k - 1)(x_k - 2)}{3x_k},并且 xk+1+1=(xk+1)23xkx_{k+1} + 1 = \frac{(x_k + 1)^2}{3x_k},所以 yk+1=(2xk1)(xk2)(xk+1)2=yk(yk1)=yk2yk \begin{gathered} y_{k+1} = \frac{(2x_k - 1)(x_k - 2)}{(x_k + 1)^2} \\ = y_k(y_k - 1) = y_k^2 - y_k \end{gathered}\text{,} 因为 yk1=xk2xk+1y_k - 1 = \frac{x_k - 2}{x_k + 1}。这里 y1=39113611=1312y_1 = \frac{\frac{39}{11}}{\frac{36}{11}} = \frac{13}{12}。归纳可得 yk=ck122k1y_k = \frac{c_k}{12^{2^{k-1}}},其中 c1=13c_1 = 13ck+1=ck(ck122k1)c_{k+1} = c_k\bigl(c_k - 12^{2^{k-1}}\bigr);由于 122k112^{2^{k-1}} 可被 66 整除,每个 ckc_k 都与 66 互质。

反解代换,xk=1+yk2yk=d+c2dcx_k = \frac{1 + y_k}{2 - y_k} = \frac{d + c}{2d - c},其中 d=122k1d = 12^{2^{k-1}}c=ckc = c_k。所有 xkx_k 都为正(当 x>0x \gt 0 时,x+1x11x + \frac{1}{x} - 1 \ge 1),所以 yk=2xk1xk+1(1,2)y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1} \in (-1, 2),使得 d+cd + c2dc2d - c 均为正。d+cd + c2dc2d - c 的任何公因数都整除它们的线性组合 3d3d3c3c;由于 gcd(c,d)=1\gcd(c, d) = 1,它只可能整除 33,但 dd33 的倍数,而 cc 不是,所以 d+cd + c 不是 33 的倍数。因此该分数已经最简,且 m+n=3d=31222024m + n = 3d = 3 \cdot 12^{2^{2024}}

88 时,1222024012^{2^{2024}} \equiv 0。模 125125 时,1212 的乘法阶整除 λ(125)=100\lambda(125) = 100,且 2202416(mod100)2^{2024} \equiv 16 \pmod{100}(它模 4400,并且 22012^{20} \equiv 12525,而 202442024 \equiv 42020),所以 1222024121641(mod125)12^{2^{2024}} \equiv 12^{16} \equiv 41 \pmod{125}。中国剩余定理给出 1222024416(mod1000)12^{2^{2024}} \equiv 416 \pmod{1000},因此 m+n3416m + n \equiv 3 \cdot 416 =1248248(mod1000)= 1248 \equiv 248 \pmod{1000}

Let yk=2xk1xk+1.y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1}. From the recurrence, 2xk+11=(2xk1)(xk2)3xk2x_{k+1} - 1 = \frac{(2x_k - 1)(x_k - 2)}{3x_k} and xk+1+1=(xk+1)23xk,x_{k+1} + 1 = \frac{(x_k + 1)^2}{3x_k}, so yk+1=(2xk1)(xk2)(xk+1)2=yk(yk1)=yk2yk, \begin{gathered} y_{k+1} = \frac{(2x_k - 1)(x_k - 2)}{(x_k + 1)^2} \\ = y_k(y_k - 1) = y_k^2 - y_k, \end{gathered} since yk1=xk2xk+1.y_k - 1 = \frac{x_k - 2}{x_k + 1}. Here y1=39113611=1312.y_1 = \frac{\frac{39}{11}}{\frac{36}{11}} = \frac{13}{12}. By induction yk=ck122k1y_k = \frac{c_k}{12^{2^{k-1}}} where c1=13c_1 = 13 and ck+1=ck(ck122k1);c_{k+1} = c_k\bigl(c_k - 12^{2^{k-1}}\bigr); since 122k112^{2^{k-1}} is divisible by 6,6, every ckc_k stays coprime to 6.6.

Inverting the substitution, xk=1+yk2yk=d+c2dcx_k = \frac{1 + y_k}{2 - y_k} = \frac{d + c}{2d - c} with d=122k1d = 12^{2^{k-1}} and c=ck.c = c_k. All xkx_k are positive (for x>0,x \gt 0, x+1x11x + \frac{1}{x} - 1 \ge 1), so yk=2xk1xk+1(1,2),y_k = \frac{2x_k - 1}{x_k + 1} \in (-1, 2), making both d+cd + c and 2dc2d - c positive. Any common divisor of d+cd + c and 2dc2d - c divides their combinations 3d3d and 3c;3c; as gcd(c,d)=1,\gcd(c, d) = 1, it divides 3,3, but dd is divisible by 33 while cc is not, so d+cd + c is not divisible by 3.3. Hence the fraction is in lowest terms and m+n=3d=31222024.m + n = 3d = 3 \cdot 12^{2^{2024}}.

Modulo 8,8, 12220240.12^{2^{2024}} \equiv 0. Modulo 125,125, the multiplicative order of 1212 divides λ(125)=100,\lambda(125) = 100, and 2202416(mod100)2^{2024} \equiv 16 \pmod{100} (it is 00 mod 4,4, and 22012^{20} \equiv 1 mod 2525 with 202442024 \equiv 4 mod 2020), so 1222024121641(mod125).12^{2^{2024}} \equiv 12^{16} \equiv 41 \pmod{125}. The Chinese remainder theorem gives 1222024416(mod1000),12^{2^{2024}} \equiv 416 \pmod{1000}, so m+n3416m + n \equiv 3 \cdot 416 =1248248(mod1000).= 1248 \equiv 248 \pmod{1000}.

14.

ABC\triangle ABC 为直角三角形,A=90\angle A = 90^\circ,且 BC=38BC = 38。三角形内部存在点 KKLL,满足 AK=AL=BK=CL=KL=14 \begin{gathered} AK = AL = BK \\ = CL = KL = 14 \end{gathered}\text{。} 四边形 BKLCBKLC 的面积可表示为 n3n\sqrt{3},其中 nn 是正整数。求 nn

Let ABC\triangle ABC be a right triangle with A=90\angle A = 90^\circ and BC=38.BC = 38. There exist points KK and LL inside the triangle such that AK=AL=BK=CL=KL=14. \begin{gathered} AK = AL = BK \\ = CL = KL = 14. \end{gathered} The area of the quadrilateral BKLCBKLC can be expressed as n3n\sqrt{3} for some positive integer n.n. Find n.n.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

三角形 AKLAKL 是等边三角形,所以 KAL=60\angle KAL = 60^\circ,且 BAK+LAC=30\angle BAK + \angle LAC = 30^\circ;同时 AB=28cosBAKAB = 28\cos\angle BAK

Triangle AKLAKL is equilateral, so KAL=60\angle KAL = 60^\circ and BAK+LAC=30;\angle BAK + \angle LAC = 30^\circ; also AB=28cosBAKAB = 28\cos\angle BAK

大提示:

α+β=30\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ 下,关系 AB2+AC2=382AB^2 + AC^2 = 38^2 会确定 cos(αβ)\cos(\alpha - \beta);从 ABCABC 中减去三角形 ABKABKACLACLAKLAKL

With α+β=30,\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ, the relation AB2+AC2=382AB^2 + AC^2 = 38^2 determines cos(αβ);\cos(\alpha - \beta); subtract triangles ABK,ABK, ACL,ACL, AKLAKL from ABCABC

解答:

因为 AK=AL=KL=14AK = AL = KL = 14,三角形 AKLAKL 是等边三角形,且 KAL=60\angle KAL = 60^\circ。令 α=BAK\alpha = \angle BAKβ=LAC\beta = \angle LAC,所以 α+β=30\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ。因为 AK=KBAK = KB,点 KKAB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线上,所以 AB=214cosα=28cosαAB = 2 \cdot 14\cos\alpha = 28\cos\alpha;同理 AC=28cosβAC = 28\cos\beta。于是 AB2+AC2=382AB^2 + AC^2 = 38^2 给出 cos2α+cos2β=361196\cos^2\alpha + \cos^2\beta = \frac{361}{196},即 cos2α+cos2β=16598\cos 2\alpha + \cos 2\beta = \frac{165}{98}。由和化积,2cos(α+β)cos(αβ)2\cos(\alpha+\beta)\cos(\alpha-\beta) =3cos(αβ)= \sqrt{3}\cos(\alpha - \beta) =16598= \frac{165}{98},所以 cos(αβ)=55398\cos(\alpha - \beta) = \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{98}

分解面积:[BKLC]=[ABC][ABK][BKLC] = [ABC] - [ABK] [ACL][AKL]- [ACL] - [AKL]。首先, [ABC]=12ABAC=392cosαcosβ=196(cos(αβ)+cos(α+β))=1103+983=2083 \begin{gathered} [ABC] = \tfrac{1}{2} AB \cdot AC \\ = 392\cos\alpha\cos\beta \\ = 196\bigl(\cos(\alpha - \beta) + \cos(\alpha + \beta)\bigr) \\ = 110\sqrt{3} + 98\sqrt{3} = 208\sqrt{3} \end{gathered}\text{。} 接着,KKAB\overline{AB} 的高为 14sinα14\sin\alpha,所以 [ABK]=1228cosα[ABK] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 28\cos\alpha 14sinα\cdot 14\sin\alpha =98sin2α= 98\sin 2\alpha,同理 [ACL]=98sin2β[ACL] = 98\sin 2\beta;二者之和为 196sin(α+β)cos(αβ)196\sin(\alpha + \beta)\cos(\alpha - \beta) =9855398= 98 \cdot \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{98} =553= 55\sqrt{3}。最后 [AKL]=34142=493[AKL] = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot 14^2 = 49\sqrt{3}

因此 [BKLC]=2083553[BKLC] = 208\sqrt{3} - 55\sqrt{3} 493=1043- 49\sqrt{3} = 104\sqrt{3},所以 n=104n = 104

Since AK=AL=KL=14,AK = AL = KL = 14, triangle AKLAKL is equilateral and KAL=60.\angle KAL = 60^\circ. Let α=BAK\alpha = \angle BAK and β=LAC,\beta = \angle LAC, so α+β=30.\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ. Because AK=KB,AK = KB, point KK lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB,\overline{AB}, so AB=214cosα=28cosα;AB = 2 \cdot 14\cos\alpha = 28\cos\alpha; similarly AC=28cosβ.AC = 28\cos\beta. Then AB2+AC2=382AB^2 + AC^2 = 38^2 gives cos2α+cos2β=361196,\cos^2\alpha + \cos^2\beta = \frac{361}{196}, i.e. cos2α+cos2β=16598.\cos 2\alpha + \cos 2\beta = \frac{165}{98}. By sum-to-product, 2cos(α+β)cos(αβ)2\cos(\alpha+\beta)\cos(\alpha-\beta) =3cos(αβ)= \sqrt{3}\cos(\alpha - \beta) =16598,= \frac{165}{98}, so cos(αβ)=55398.\cos(\alpha - \beta) = \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{98}.

Decompose [BKLC]=[ABC][ABK][BKLC] = [ABC] - [ABK] [ACL][AKL].- [ACL] - [AKL]. First, [ABC]=12ABAC=392cosαcosβ=196(cos(αβ)+cos(α+β))=1103+983=2083. \begin{gathered} [ABC] = \tfrac{1}{2} AB \cdot AC \\ = 392\cos\alpha\cos\beta \\ = 196\bigl(\cos(\alpha - \beta) + \cos(\alpha + \beta)\bigr) \\ = 110\sqrt{3} + 98\sqrt{3} = 208\sqrt{3}. \end{gathered} Next, KK has height 14sinα14\sin\alpha over AB,\overline{AB}, so [ABK]=1228cosα[ABK] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot 28\cos\alpha 14sinα\cdot 14\sin\alpha =98sin2α,= 98\sin 2\alpha, and likewise [ACL]=98sin2β;[ACL] = 98\sin 2\beta; their sum is 196sin(α+β)cos(αβ)196\sin(\alpha + \beta)\cos(\alpha - \beta) =9855398= 98 \cdot \frac{55\sqrt{3}}{98} =553.= 55\sqrt{3}. Finally [AKL]=34142=493.[AKL] = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot 14^2 = 49\sqrt{3}.

Therefore [BKLC]=2083553[BKLC] = 208\sqrt{3} - 55\sqrt{3} 493=1043,- 49\sqrt{3} = 104\sqrt{3}, so n=104.n = 104.

15.

正好有三个正实数 kk,使得定义在正实数上的函数 f(x)=(x18)(x72)x(x98)(xk) \begin{aligned} f(x) &= \frac{(x - 18)(x - 72)}{x} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) \end{aligned} 恰好在两个正实数 xx 处取得最小值。求这三个 kk 的和。

There are exactly three positive real numbers kk such that the function f(x)=(x18)(x72)x(x98)(xk) \begin{aligned} f(x) &= \frac{(x - 18)(x - 72)}{x} \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) \end{aligned} defined over the positive real numbers achieves its minimum value at exactly two positive real numbers x.x. Find the sum of these three values of k.k.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

最小值 cc 被取到两次,当且仅当 (x18)(x72)(x98)(xk)(x-18)(x-72)(x-98)(x-k) cx- cx 是一个完全平方 (x2Sx+P)2(x^2 - Sx + P)^2

The minimum value cc is attained twice exactly when (x18)(x72)(x98)(xk)(x-18)(x-72)(x-98)(x-k) cx- cx is a perfect square (x2Sx+P)2(x^2 - Sx + P)^2

大提示:

比较系数:2S=188+k2S = 188 + kP2=187298kP^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k;代入 k=2t2k = 2t^2 会得到一个有三个正根的四次方程 tt

Match coefficients: 2S=188+k2S = 188 + k and P2=187298k;P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k; substituting k=2t2k = 2t^2 yields a quartic in tt with three positive roots

解答:

x>0x \gt 0,当 x0+x \to 0^+f(x)+f(x) \to +\infty(分子趋向 187298k>018 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \gt 0),且当 xx \to \infty 时也趋于正无穷,所以 ff(0,)(0, \infty) 上取得全局最小值 cc。它恰在两个点取得,当且仅当 f(x)c0f(x) - c \ge 0 且有两个不同的正二重根,即 (x18)(x72)(x98)(xk)cx=(x2Sx+P)2 \begin{gathered} (x - 18)(x - 72) \\ \quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) - cx \\ = (x^2 - Sx + P)^2 \end{gathered}\text{,} 其中 x2Sx+Px^2 - Sx + P 的根为正且不同(所以 S,P>0S, P \gt 0)。

比较 x3x^3x2x^2 和常数项的系数(xx 项只决定 cc),得到 2S=188+k2S = 188 + k\text{,} S2+2P=10116+188kS^2 + 2P = 10116 + 188k\text{,} P2=187298k=127008k \begin{gathered} P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \\ = 127008k \end{gathered}\text{。} 代入 k=2t2k = 2t^2,其中 t>0t \gt 0,则 S=94+t2S = 94 + t^2,且 P=504tP = 504t。中间的方程变为 (94+t2)2+1008t(94 + t^2)^2 + 1008t =10116+376t2= 10116 + 376t^2,即 t4188t2+1008t1280=0t^4 - 188t^2 + 1008t - 1280 = 0\text{,} 它可分解为 (t2)(t4)(t+16)(t - 2)(t - 4)(t + 16) (t10)=0(t - 10) = 0

正根 t=2,4,10t = 2, 4, 10 给出 k=2t2=8,32,200k = 2t^2 = 8, 32, 200(每个确实满足 S2>4PS^2 \gt 4P,与题目保证的正好三个值相符)。它们的和为 8+32+200=2408 + 32 + 200 = 240

For x>0,x \gt 0, f(x)+f(x) \to +\infty both as x0+x \to 0^+ (the numerator tends to 187298k>018 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \gt 0) and as x,x \to \infty, so ff attains a global minimum value cc on (0,).(0, \infty). It is attained at exactly two points precisely when f(x)c0f(x) - c \ge 0 with two distinct positive double roots, i.e. (x18)(x72)(x98)(xk)cx=(x2Sx+P)2 \begin{gathered} (x - 18)(x - 72) \\ \quad {}\cdot (x - 98)(x - k) - cx \\ = (x^2 - Sx + P)^2 \end{gathered} where the roots of x2Sx+Px^2 - Sx + P are positive and distinct (so S,P>0S, P \gt 0).

Matching coefficients of x3,x^3, x2,x^2, and the constant (the xx-coefficient just determines cc): 2S=188+k,2S = 188 + k, S2+2P=10116+188k,S^2 + 2P = 10116 + 188k, P2=187298k=127008k. \begin{gathered} P^2 = 18 \cdot 72 \cdot 98 \cdot k \\ = 127008k. \end{gathered} Substitute k=2t2k = 2t^2 with t>0:t \gt 0: then S=94+t2S = 94 + t^2 and P=504t.P = 504t. The middle equation becomes (94+t2)2+1008t(94 + t^2)^2 + 1008t =10116+376t2,= 10116 + 376t^2, i.e. t4188t2+1008t1280=0,t^4 - 188t^2 + 1008t - 1280 = 0, which factors as (t2)(t4)(t+16)(t - 2)(t - 4)(t + 16) (t10)=0.(t - 10) = 0.

The positive roots t=2,4,10t = 2, 4, 10 give k=2t2=8,32,200k = 2t^2 = 8, 32, 200 (each indeed yields S2>4P,S^2 \gt 4P, matching the problem’s promise of exactly three values). The sum is 8+32+200=240.8 + 32 + 200 = 240.