2025 AIME I 第 15 题

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15.

NN 表示满足如下条件的有序正整数三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 的个数:aabbc36c \le 3^6,且 a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3373^7 的倍数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let NN denote the number of ordered triples of positive integers (a,b,c)(a, b, c) such that a,a, b,b, c36c \le 3^6 and a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 is a multiple of 37.3^7. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:735
知识点:模运算完全幂递推计数
难度评级:3370
小提示:

a3mod37a^3 \bmod 3^7 只取决于 amod36a \bmod 3^6,而与 33 互质的数的立方都满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9

a3mod37a^3 \bmod 3^7 depends only on amod36,a \bmod 3^6, and cubes of numbers prime to 33 are ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9

大提示:

若三个数都与三互质,或恰有一个数与三互质,则立方和模 99 不可能为 00。恰有一个数是 33 的倍数时,每个有效目标都有唯一立方根;三个数全是三的倍数时,递归到模 343^4

Three units, or one unit, can’t sum to 00 mod 9.9. With one multiple of 3,3, each valid target has exactly one cube root; with all three, recurse modulo 34.3^4.

解答:

因为 (a+36t)3a3(mod37)(a + 3^6 t)^3 \equiv a^3 \pmod{3^7},所以 aa 的立方模 373^7 只取决于 amod36a \bmod 3^6,而在 1a361 \le a \le 3^6 中每个剩余类恰好出现一次。此外,模 373^711 的立方根只有 1+36t1 + 3^6 t,它们模 363^6 都相同;因此立方映射是从模 363^6486486 个单位到模 373^7 的单位立方集合的双射,而这个集合恰好是满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9 的单位。若 aabbcc 三者都与 33 互质,或恰有一个与三互质,则模 99 下立方和为 ±1±1±1\pm 1 \pm 1 \pm 1±1\pm 1,绝不会是 00:没有解。

恰有一个是 33 的倍数,设 c=3zc = 3z:对 486486 个单位 aa243243cc 的选择,条件 b3a327z3(mod37)b^3 \equiv -a^3 - 27z^3 \pmod{3^7} 的右边是一个满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9 的单位,因此模 363^6 有且仅有一个解 bb。选择哪个变量是 33 的倍数有 33 种,所以本情形给出 3486243=3542943 \cdot 486 \cdot 243 = 354294 个三元组。

三者全为 33 的倍数时,写 a=3xa = 3x 等,其中 xxyyzz 取遍模 353^5 的剩余类。条件变为 x3+y3+z30(mod34)x^3 + y^3 + z^3 \equiv 0 \pmod{3^4},它只取决于模 333^3 的剩余类,所以计数是模 2727 时计数的 939^3 倍。把同样分析下降一级:两个单位的情形给出 3189=4863 \cdot 18 \cdot 9 = 486,全可被三整除的情形化为 u+v+w0(mod3)u + v + w \equiv 0 \pmod 3,其中 uuvvww99,给出 243243;所以模 2727 共有 486+243=729486 + 243 = 729 个三元组,本处共有 729729=531441729 \cdot 729 = 531441 个。总计 N=354294+531441=885735N = 354294 + 531441 = 885735,除以 10001000 的余数为 735735

Since (a+36t)3a3(mod37),(a + 3^6 t)^3 \equiv a^3 \pmod{3^7}, the cube of aa modulo 373^7 depends only on amod36,a \bmod 3^6, and each residue occurs exactly once in 1a36.1 \le a \le 3^6. Moreover, the only cube roots of 11 modulo 373^7 are 1+36t,1 + 3^6 t, which all agree modulo 36;3^6; hence cubing is a bijection from the 486486 units modulo 363^6 onto the set of unit cubes modulo 37,3^7, which is exactly the set of units ±1(mod9).\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9. If all three of a,a, b,b, and cc are prime to 33 (or exactly one is), then modulo 99 the sum of cubes is ±1±1±1\pm 1 \pm 1 \pm 1 or ±1,\pm 1, never 0:0: no solutions.

Exactly one multiple of 3,3, say c=3z:c = 3z: for each of the 486486 units aa and 243243 choices of c,c, the requirement b3a327z3(mod37)b^3 \equiv -a^3 - 27z^3 \pmod{3^7} has a right side that is a unit ±1(mod9),\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9, hence has exactly one solution bb modulo 36.3^6. With 33 choices for which variable is the multiple of 3,3, this case gives 3486243=3542943 \cdot 486 \cdot 243 = 354294 triples.

All three multiples of 3:3: writing a=3xa = 3x etc. with x,x, y,y, and zz ranging modulo 35,3^5, the condition becomes x3+y3+z30(mod34),x^3 + y^3 + z^3 \equiv 0 \pmod{3^4}, which depends only on the residues modulo 33,3^3, so the count is 939^3 times the count modulo 27.27. Repeating the same analysis one level down: the two-unit case gives 3189=486,3 \cdot 18 \cdot 9 = 486, and the all-divisible case reduces to u+v+w0(mod3)u + v + w \equiv 0 \pmod 3 with u,u, v,v, and ww modulo 9,9, giving 243;243; that is 486+243=729486 + 243 = 729 triples modulo 27,27, hence 729729=531441729 \cdot 729 = 531441 here. In total N=354294+531441=885735,N = 354294 + 531441 = 885735, whose remainder modulo 10001000 is 735.735.

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