2025 AIME I 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求所有整数进制 b>9b \gt 9 的和,使得 17b17_b97b97_b 的因数。

Find the sum of all integer bases b>9b \gt 9 for which 17b17_b is a divisor of 97b.97_b.

知识点:进制整除性极限情形界定
难度评级:1890
小提示:

把这两个以 bb 为底的数写成通常数值:它们是 b+7b + 79b+79b + 7

Write the two numbers in base b:b: they are b+7b + 7 and 9b+79b + 7

大提示:

因为 9(b+7)(9b+7)=569(b + 7) - (9b + 7) = 56,条件就是 b+7b + 7 整除 5656

Since 9(b+7)(9b+7)=56,9(b + 7) - (9b + 7) = 56, the condition is that b+7b + 7 divides 5656

解答:

bb 进制中,这两个数是 17b=b+717_b = b + 797b=9b+797_b = 9b + 7。我们需要 9b+79b + 7 能被 b+7b + 7 整除,又因为 b+7b + 7 一定整除 9(b+7)=9b+639(b + 7) = 9b + 63,所以这等价于 (9b+63)(9b+7)=56 \begin{gathered} (9b + 63) - (9b + 7) \\ = 56 \end{gathered} 能被 b+7b + 7 整除。

由于 b>9b \gt 9b+7>16b + 7 \gt 16,所以 b+7b + 7 只能是 28285656,从而 b=21b = 21b=49b = 49。所求和为 21+49=7021 + 49 = 70

In base bb the two numbers are 17b=b+717_b = b + 7 and 97b=9b+7.97_b = 9b + 7. We need 9b+79b + 7 to be divisible by b+7,b + 7, and since b+7b + 7 certainly divides 9(b+7)=9b+63,9(b + 7) = 9b + 63, this is equivalent to (9b+63)(9b+7)=56 \begin{gathered} (9b + 63) - (9b + 7) \\ = 56 \end{gathered} being divisible by b+7.b + 7.

For b>9b \gt 9 we have b+7>16,b + 7 \gt 16, so b+7b + 7 must be 2828 or 56,56, giving b=21b = 21 or b=49.b = 49. The sum is 21+49=70.21 + 49 = 70.

2.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,点 AADDEEBB 按此顺序位于边 AB\overline{AB} 上,且 AD=4AD = 4DE=16DE = 16EB=8EB = 8。点 AAFFGGCC 按此顺序位于边 AC\overline{AC} 上,且 AF=13AF = 13FG=52FG = 52GC=26GC = 26。令 MMDD 关于 FF 的对称点,令 NNGG 关于 EE 的对称点。四边形 DEGFDEGF 的面积为 288288。求七边形 AFNBCEMAFNBCEM 的面积。

On ABC\triangle ABC points A,A, D,D, E,E, and BB lie in that order on side AB\overline{AB} with AD=4,AD = 4, DE=16,DE = 16, and EB=8.EB = 8. Points A,A, F,F, G,G, and CC lie in that order on side AC\overline{AC} with AF=13,AF = 13, FG=52,FG = 52, and GC=26.GC = 26. Let MM be the reflection of DD through F,F, and let NN be the reflection of GG through E.E. Quadrilateral DEGFDEGF has area 288.288. Find the area of heptagon AFNBCEM.AFNBCEM.

难度评级:2340
小提示:

因为 AB=28AB = 28AC=91AC = 91,点 DDFF 都在从 AA 出发的 17\frac{1}{7} 处,点 EEGG 都在 57\frac{5}{7} 处,所以 [DEGF][DEGF][ABC][ABC] 的一个固定分数

Since AB=28AB = 28 and AC=91,AC = 91, the points DD and FF sit 17\frac{1}{7} of the way from A,A, while EE and GG sit 57\frac{5}{7} of the way, so [DEGF][DEGF] is a fixed fraction of [ABC][ABC]

大提示:

AA 出发用向量写成 M=2FDM = 2F - DN=2EGN = 2E - G,再对七边形使用鞋带公式;几乎所有项都会相消

Write M=2FDM = 2F - D and N=2EGN = 2E - G as vectors from A,A, then apply the shoelace formula to the heptagon; almost everything cancels

解答:

这里 AB=4+16+8=28AB = 4 + 16 + 8 = 28,且 AC=13+52+26=91AC = 13 + 52 + 26 = 91,所以 DDFF 分别在各自边上从 AA 出发 17\frac{1}{7} 的位置,而 EEGG 分别在 57\frac{5}{7} 的位置。共用角 AA 的三角形面积与两条邻边长度的乘积成正比,因此 [ADF]=149[ABC][ADF] = \frac{1}{49}[ABC],且 [AEG]=2549[ABC][AEG] = \frac{25}{49}[ABC]。于是 [DEGF]=[AEG][ADF]=2449[ABC]=288 \begin{aligned} [DEGF] &= [AEG] - [ADF] \\ &= \frac{24}{49}[ABC] = 288 \end{aligned}\text{,} 得到 [ABC]=588[ABC] = 588

现在令 b=AB\mathbf{b} = \overrightarrow{AB}c=AC\mathbf{c} = \overrightarrow{AC},于是 D=17bD = \frac{1}{7}\mathbf{b}E=57bE = \frac{5}{7}\mathbf{b}F=17cF = \frac{1}{7}\mathbf{c}G=57cG = \frac{5}{7}\mathbf{c},而两个对称点为 M=2FD=17(2cb)M = 2F - D = \frac{1}{7}(2\mathbf{c} - \mathbf{b})N=2EG=17(10b5c)N = 2E - G = \frac{1}{7}(10\mathbf{b} - 5\mathbf{c})。对 AFNBCEMAFNBCEM 使用鞋带公式,即求相邻顶点的叉积和;与 AA 相邻的两项为零,并且 F×N=1049b×c,N×B=57b×c,B×C=b×c,C×E=57b×c,E×M=1049b×c \begin{aligned} F \times N &= -\tfrac{10}{49}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ N \times B &= \tfrac{5}{7}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ B \times C &= \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ C \times E &= -\tfrac{5}{7}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ E \times M &= \tfrac{10}{49}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c} \end{aligned}\text{。}

除了 b×c\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c} 这一项外,其余都相消,所以七边形面积为 12b×c=[ABC]=588\frac{1}{2}\left|\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}\right| = [ABC] = 588

Here AB=4+16+8=28AB = 4 + 16 + 8 = 28 and AC=13+52+26=91,AC = 13 + 52 + 26 = 91, so DD and FF lie 17\frac{1}{7} of the way from AA along their sides while EE and GG lie 57\frac{5}{7} of the way. Triangles sharing angle AA have areas proportional to the products of the adjacent sides, so [ADF]=149[ABC][ADF] = \frac{1}{49}[ABC] and [AEG]=2549[ABC].[AEG] = \frac{25}{49}[ABC]. Therefore [DEGF]=[AEG][ADF]=2449[ABC]=288, \begin{aligned} [DEGF] &= [AEG] - [ADF] \\ &= \frac{24}{49}[ABC] = 288, \end{aligned} which gives [ABC]=588.[ABC] = 588.

Now set b=AB\mathbf{b} = \overrightarrow{AB} and c=AC,\mathbf{c} = \overrightarrow{AC}, so that D=17b,D = \frac{1}{7}\mathbf{b}, E=57b,E = \frac{5}{7}\mathbf{b}, F=17c,F = \frac{1}{7}\mathbf{c}, G=57c,G = \frac{5}{7}\mathbf{c}, and the reflections are M=2FD=17(2cb)M = 2F - D = \frac{1}{7}(2\mathbf{c} - \mathbf{b}) and N=2EG=17(10b5c).N = 2E - G = \frac{1}{7}(10\mathbf{b} - 5\mathbf{c}). The shoelace formula for AFNBCEMAFNBCEM sums cross products of consecutive vertices: the two terms at AA vanish, and F×N=1049b×c,N×B=57b×c,B×C=b×c,C×E=57b×c,E×M=1049b×c. \begin{aligned} F \times N &= -\tfrac{10}{49}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ N \times B &= \tfrac{5}{7}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ B \times C &= \mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ C \times E &= -\tfrac{5}{7}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, \\ E \times M &= \tfrac{10}{49}\,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}. \end{aligned}

Everything cancels except the single term b×c,\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}, so the heptagon’s area is 12b×c=[ABC]=588.\frac{1}{2}\left|\mathbf{b} \times \mathbf{c}\right| = [ABC] = 588.

3.

一支棒球队的 99 名队员赛后去了冰淇淋店。每名队员都买了一个单球蛋筒,口味为巧克力、香草或草莓。每种口味至少有一名队员选择,并且选择巧克力的人数大于选择香草的人数,选择香草的人数又大于选择草莓的人数。令 NN 为满足这些条件的不同口味分配方式数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

The 99 members of a baseball team went to an ice-cream parlor after their game. Each player had a single scoop cone of chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry ice cream. At least one player chose each flavor, and the number of players who chose chocolate was greater than the number of players who chose vanilla, which was greater than the number of players who chose strawberry. Let NN be the number of different assignments of flavors to players that meet these conditions. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:2180
小提示:

先找出所有口味人数三元组:三个正整数严格递减且和为 99

First find every triple of flavor counts: strictly decreasing positive integers summing to 99

大提示:

对人数 (c,v,s)(c, v, s),把口味分给九名不同队员的方式数是 9!c!v!s!\frac{9!}{c!\,v!\,s!}

For counts (c,v,s),(c, v, s), the number of ways to assign flavors to the nine distinct players is 9!c!v!s!\frac{9!}{c!\,v!\,s!}

解答:

c>v>s1c \gt v \gt s \ge 1 分别为选择巧克力、香草和草莓的人数,并且 c+v+s=9c + v + s = 9。检查小的 ss 值,可得唯一可能为 (6,2,1)(6, 2, 1)(5,3,1)(5, 3, 1),和 (4,3,2)(4, 3, 2)

因为队员彼此不同,每个人数三元组贡献一个多项式系数: 9!6!2!1!=252,9!5!3!1!=504,9!4!3!2!=1260 \begin{aligned} \frac{9!}{6!\,2!\,1!} &= 252, \\ \frac{9!}{5!\,3!\,1!} &= 504, \\ \frac{9!}{4!\,3!\,2!} &= 1260 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此 N=252+504+1260=2016N = 252 + 504 + 1260 = 2016,除以 10001000 的余数为 1616

Let c>v>s1c \gt v \gt s \ge 1 be the numbers of players choosing chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry, with c+v+s=9.c + v + s = 9. Checking small values of ss shows the only possibilities are (6,2,1),(6, 2, 1), (5,3,1),(5, 3, 1), and (4,3,2).(4, 3, 2).

Since the players are distinct, each triple of counts contributes a multinomial coefficient: 9!6!2!1!=252,9!5!3!1!=504,9!4!3!2!=1260. \begin{aligned} \frac{9!}{6!\,2!\,1!} &= 252, \\ \frac{9!}{5!\,3!\,1!} &= 504, \\ \frac{9!}{4!\,3!\,2!} &= 1260. \end{aligned} Thus N=252+504+1260=2016,N = 252 + 504 + 1260 = 2016, and the remainder modulo 10001000 is 16.16.

4.

求有序整数对 (x,y)(x, y) 的个数,其中 xxyy 都在 100-100100100 之间(包含端点),并满足 12x2xy6y2=012x^2 - xy - 6y^2 = 0

Find the number of ordered pairs (x,y),(x, y), where both xx and yy are integers between 100-100 and 100,100, inclusive, such that 12x2xy6y2=0.12x^2 - xy - 6y^2 = 0.

难度评级:2110
小提示:

左边可因式分解为 (3x+2y)(4x3y)(3x + 2y)(4x - 3y)

The left side factors as (3x+2y)(4x3y)(3x + 2y)(4x - 3y)

大提示:

一条直线给出 (x,y)=(3t,4t)(x, y) = (3t, 4t),其中 t25|t| \le 25;另一条给出 (2t,3t)(2t, -3t),其中 t33|t| \le 33。不要把原点重复计算。

One line gives (x,y)=(3t,4t)(x, y) = (3t, 4t) with t25;|t| \le 25; the other gives (2t,3t)(2t, -3t) with t33.|t| \le 33. Don’t count the origin twice.

解答:

方程可分解为 12x2xy6y2=(3x+2y)(4x3y)=0 \begin{gathered} 12x^2 - xy - 6y^2 \\ = (3x + 2y)(4x - 3y) \\ = 0 \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以每个解都满足 4x=3y4x = 3y3x=2y3x = -2y

4x=3y4x = 3y 的整数解为 (x,y)=(3t,4t)(x, y) = (3t, 4t);限制 4t100|4t| \le 100 给出 25t25-25 \le t \le 25,即 5151 对。3x=2y3x = -2y 的整数解为 (x,y)=(2t,3t)(x, y) = (2t, -3t);限制 3t100|3t| \le 100 给出 33t33-33 \le t \le 33,即 6767 对。这两个族只在 (0,0)(0, 0) 重合,所以总数为 51+671=11751 + 67 - 1 = 117

The equation factors as 12x2xy6y2=(3x+2y)(4x3y)=0, \begin{gathered} 12x^2 - xy - 6y^2 \\ = (3x + 2y)(4x - 3y) \\ = 0, \end{gathered} so every solution has 4x=3y4x = 3y or 3x=2y.3x = -2y.

Integer solutions of 4x=3y4x = 3y are (x,y)=(3t,4t);(x, y) = (3t, 4t); the constraint 4t100|4t| \le 100 gives 25t25,-25 \le t \le 25, or 5151 pairs. Integer solutions of 3x=2y3x = -2y are (x,y)=(2t,3t);(x, y) = (2t, -3t); the constraint 3t100|3t| \le 100 gives 33t33,-33 \le t \le 33, or 6767 pairs. The families overlap only at (0,0),(0, 0), so the count is 51+671=117.51 + 67 - 1 = 117.

5.

8!=403208! = 40320 个八位正整数,它们恰好各使用数字 1122334455667788 一次。令 NN 为这些整数中能被 2222 整除的个数。求 NN20252025 的差。

There are 8!=403208! = 40320 eight-digit positive integers that use each of the digits 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 88 exactly once. Let NN be the number of these integers that are divisible by 22.22. Find the difference between NN and 2025.2025.

难度评级:2510
小提示:

要能被 1111 整除,奇数位上的四个数字之和与偶数位上的四个数字之和必须相等

For divisibility by 11,11, the four digits in odd positions and the four in even positions must have equal sums

大提示:

每边数字和都是 1818,这样的分组有 88 个。再按个位所在一边含有多少个偶数数字,统计偶数个位的排列数。

Each side sums to 18,18, and there are 88 such splits. Then count arrangements with an even units digit, sorted by how many even digits share the units digit’s side.

解答:

所有数字之和为 3636。被 1111 整除要求数字交错和是 1111 的倍数,所以若奇数位上的四个数字和为 aa,则 a(36a)=2a36a - (36 - a) = 2a - 36 必须是 1111 的倍数。因为 10a2610 \le a \le 26,唯一可能是 a=18a = 18:每组四个位置的数字和都为 1818{1,,8}\{1, \ldots, 8\} 中和为 1818 的四元素子集为 {1,2,7,8}, {1,3,6,8}, {1,4,5,8}, {1,4,6,7}, {2,3,5,8}, {2,3,6,7}, {2,4,5,7}, {3,4,5,6} \begin{gathered} \{1,2,7,8\},\ \{1,3,6,8\},\ \\ \{1,4,5,8\},\ \{1,4,6,7\},\ \\ \{2,3,5,8\},\ \{2,3,6,7\},\ \\ \{2,4,5,7\},\ \{3,4,5,6\} \end{gathered} 一共有八个,并且两两互为补集。

选择这 88 个子集中的哪一个占据偶数位,其中包含个位;其补集占据奇数位。若该子集含有 kk 个偶数数字,则个位数字有 kk 种选择,其余偶数位有 3!3! 种排列,奇数位有 4!4! 种排列,共 144k144k 个数。互补子集的 kk 值之和为 44,所以在全部 88 种选择中 k=16\sum k = 16。因此 N=14416=2304N = 144 \cdot 16 = 2304,且 N2025=279N - 2025 = 279

The digits sum to 36.36. Divisibility by 1111 requires the alternating sum of digits to be a multiple of 11,11, so if the four digits in odd positions sum to a,a, then a(36a)=2a36a - (36 - a) = 2a - 36 must be a multiple of 11.11. Since 10a26,10 \le a \le 26, the only possibility is a=18:a = 18: each block of four positions carries digit sum 18.18. The four-element subsets of {1,,8}\{1, \ldots, 8\} with sum 1818 are {1,2,7,8}, {1,3,6,8}, {1,4,5,8}, {1,4,6,7}, {2,3,5,8}, {2,3,6,7}, {2,4,5,7}, {3,4,5,6}, \begin{gathered} \{1,2,7,8\},\ \{1,3,6,8\},\ \\ \{1,4,5,8\},\ \{1,4,6,7\},\ \\ \{2,3,5,8\},\ \{2,3,6,7\},\ \\ \{2,4,5,7\},\ \{3,4,5,6\}, \end{gathered} eight in all, and they come in complementary pairs.

Choose which of the 88 subsets occupies the even positions (which include the units place); the complement fills the odd positions. If that subset contains kk of the even digits, then the units digit can be chosen in kk ways, the rest of the even positions in 3!3! ways, and the odd positions in 4!4! ways, for 144k144k numbers. Complementary subsets have kk-values summing to 4,4, so over all 88 choices k=16.\sum k = 16. Hence N=14416=2304,N = 144 \cdot 16 = 2304, and N2025=279.N - 2025 = 279.

6.

一个等腰梯形有内切圆,且该圆与四条边都相切。圆的半径为 33,梯形面积为 7272。设梯形的两条平行边长为 rrss,且 rsr \ne s。求 r2+s2r^2 + s^2

An isosceles trapezoid has an inscribed circle tangent to each of its four sides. The radius of the circle is 3,3, and the area of the trapezoid is 72.72. Let the parallel sides of the trapezoid have lengths rr and s,s, with rs.r \ne s. Find r2+s2.r^2 + s^2.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

高是内切圆半径的两倍,所以面积公式给出 r+s=24r + s = 24

The height is twice the inradius, so the area formula gives r+s=24r + s = 24

大提示:

在切四边形中,两组对边长度和相等,所以每条腰为 1212;用勾股定理求 (rs)2(r - s)^2

In a tangential quadrilateral the two pairs of opposite sides have equal sums, so each leg is 12;12; use the Pythagorean theorem to get (rs)2(r - s)^2

解答:

圆同时与两条平行边相切,所以梯形高为 23=62 \cdot 3 = 6。由面积得 r+s26=72\frac{r + s}{2} \cdot 6 = 72,所以 r+s=24r + s = 24。由 Pitot 定理,两条腰的长度和也为 2424,又因为梯形等腰,所以每条腰为 1212

从较短底边的一个端点作垂线,腰是一条直角三角形的斜边,两条直角边为 66rs2\frac{|r - s|}{2}144=36+(rs2)2144 = 36 + \left(\frac{r - s}{2}\right)^2\text{,} 所以 (rs)2=432(r - s)^2 = 432。因此 r2+s2=(r+s)2+(rs)22r^2 + s^2 = \frac{(r+s)^2 + (r-s)^2}{2} =576+4322=504= \frac{576 + 432}{2} = 504

The circle is tangent to both parallel sides, so the height of the trapezoid is 23=6.2 \cdot 3 = 6. From the area, r+s26=72,\frac{r + s}{2} \cdot 6 = 72, so r+s=24.r + s = 24. By the Pitot theorem the legs together also sum to 24,24, and since the trapezoid is isosceles each leg is 12.12.

Dropping a perpendicular from an endpoint of the shorter base, the leg is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs 66 and rs2:\frac{|r - s|}{2}: 144=36+(rs2)2,144 = 36 + \left(\frac{r - s}{2}\right)^2, so (rs)2=432.(r - s)^2 = 432. Therefore r2+s2=(r+s)2+(rs)22r^2 + s^2 = \frac{(r+s)^2 + (r-s)^2}{2} =576+4322=504.= \frac{576 + 432}{2} = 504.

7.

十二个字母 AABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJKK,和 LL 被随机分成六对。每一对中的两个字母按字母顺序相邻放置,形成六个两个字母的“单词”,然后这六个单词再按字母顺序排列。例如,一种可能的结果是 ABABCJCJDGDGEKEKFLFLHIHI。最后列出的单词含有 GG 的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

The twelve letters A,A, B,B, C,C, D,D, E,E, F,F, G,G, H,H, I,I, J,J, K,K, and LL are randomly grouped into six pairs of letters. The two letters in each pair are placed next to each other in alphabetical order to form six two-letter words, and then those six words are listed alphabetically. For example, a possible result is AB,AB, CJ,CJ, DG,DG, EK,EK, FL,FL, HI.HI. The probability that the last word listed contains GG is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

难度评级:2710
小提示:

最后一个单词的首字母,是六对中字母较小者里面最大的一个

The last word’s first letter is the largest among the six smaller letters of the pairs

大提示:

要么 GG 与后面的字母配对,且 HHLL 中没有两者互相配对;要么最后一个单词是 FGFG,且 HHLL 都与 AAEE 配对

Either GG pairs with a later letter and no two of HH through LL pair together, or the last word is FGFG with HH through LL all paired into AA through EE

解答:

分配这些字母成对共有 1197531=1039511 \cdot 9 \cdot 7 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 10395 种方式。每个单词以该对中较小的字母开头,所以按字母顺序最后的单词,就是较小字母最大的那一对。

情况 11GG 是最后一个单词中的较小字母。则 GGHHIIJJKKLL 中的一个配对(55 种),而剩下四个靠后的字母中任意两个不能互相配对,否则会产生首字母在 GG 之后的单词。这四个字母必须从 {A,,F}\{A, \ldots, F\} 中选取不同搭档,共 6543=3606 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 360 种方式,剩下两个较早字母彼此配对。因此得到 5360=18005 \cdot 360 = 1800 种配对。情况 22GG 是较大字母,与某个排在 GG 之前的 xx 配对。那么 H,,LH, \ldots, L 中不能有两者互相配对,所以它们五个都要与另外五个较早字母配对;此时六个较小字母恰好是 AAFF,其中最大的是 FF。要使最后一个单词包含 GG,其较小字母必须是 FF,所以最后一个单词是 FGFG,且 H,,LH, \ldots, LA,,EA, \ldots, E 配对有 5!=1205! = 120 种方式。

所求概率为 1800+12010395=192010395=128693\frac{1800 + 120}{10395} = \frac{1920}{10395} = \frac{128}{693},所以 m+n=128+693=821m + n = 128 + 693 = 821

There are 1197531=1039511 \cdot 9 \cdot 7 \cdot 5 \cdot 3 \cdot 1 = 10395 ways to pair the letters. Each word begins with the smaller letter of its pair, so the last word alphabetically is the pair whose smaller letter is largest.

Case 1:1: GG is the smaller letter of the last word. Then GG pairs with one of H,H, I,I, J,J, K,K, or LL (55 ways), and no two of the remaining four late letters may pair together (such a pair would start with a letter after GG). Those four letters must take distinct partners from {A,,F},\{A, \ldots, F\}, in 6543=3606 \cdot 5 \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 360 ways, and the two leftover early letters pair with each other. That gives 5360=18005 \cdot 360 = 1800 pairings. Case 2:2: GG is the larger letter, paired with some xx before G.G. Then none of H,,LH, \ldots, L may pair together, so all five take partners among the other five early letters; the six smaller letters are then exactly AA through F,F, and the largest is F.F. For the last word to contain G,G, its smaller letter must therefore be F,F, so the last word is FG,FG, and H,,LH, \ldots, L match with A,,EA, \ldots, E in 5!=1205! = 120 ways.

The probability is 1800+12010395=192010395=128693,\frac{1800 + 120}{10395} = \frac{1920}{10395} = \frac{128}{693}, so m+n=128+693=821.m + n = 128 + 693 = 821.

8.

kk 为实数,使方程组 25+20iz=5|25 + 20i - z| = 5 z4k=z3ik|z - 4 - k| = |z - 3i - k| 恰好有一个复数解 zz。所有可能的 kk 的和可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm + n。这里 i=1i = \sqrt{-1}

Let kk be a real number such that the system 25+20iz=5|25 + 20i - z| = 5 z4k=z3ik|z - 4 - k| = |z - 3i - k| has exactly one complex solution z.z. The sum of all possible values of kk can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n. Here i=1.i = \sqrt{-1}.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

第一个方程是以 25+20i25 + 20i 为圆心、半径为 55 的圆;第二个方程是点 4+k4 + k3i+k3i + k 的垂直平分线

The first equation is a circle centered at 25+20i25 + 20i with radius 5;5; the second is the perpendicular bisector of the points 4+k4 + k and 3i+k3i + k

大提示:

恰好一个解意味着这条垂直平分线与圆相切:令 (25,20)(25, 20) 到该直线的距离等于 55

Exactly one solution means the bisector is tangent to the circle: set the distance from (25,20)(25, 20) to the line equal to 55

解答:

第一个方程表示 zz 位于以 (25,20)(25, 20) 为圆心、半径为 55 的圆上。第二个方程表示 zzP1=(k+4,0)P_1 = (k + 4, 0)P2=(k,3)P_2 = (k, 3) 的距离相等,也就是位于 P1P2\overline{P_1 P_2} 的垂直平分线上。方程组恰好有一个解,当且仅当这条直线与该圆相切。

中点为 (k+2,32)\left(k + 2, \frac{3}{2}\right),而 P1P2\overline{P_1 P_2} 的斜率为 34-\frac{3}{4},所以垂直平分线斜率为 43\frac{4}{3}:标准式为 8x6y(8k+7)=08x - 6y - (8k + 7) = 0。相切要求 8256208k782+62=738k10=5 \begin{gathered} \frac{|8 \cdot 25 - 6 \cdot 20 - 8k - 7|}{\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2}} \\ = \frac{|73 - 8k|}{10} \\ = 5 \end{gathered}\text{,} 所以 8k=73±508k = 73 \pm 50,得到 k=1238k = \frac{123}{8}k=238k = \frac{23}{8}

两者之和为 1468=734\frac{146}{8} = \frac{73}{4},所以 m+n=73+4=77m + n = 73 + 4 = 77

The first equation says zz lies on the circle of radius 55 centered at (25,20).(25, 20). The second says zz is equidistant from P1=(k+4,0)P_1 = (k + 4, 0) and P2=(k,3),P_2 = (k, 3), i.e. it lies on the perpendicular bisector of P1P2.\overline{P_1 P_2}. The system has exactly one solution precisely when this line is tangent to the circle.

The midpoint is (k+2,32)\left(k + 2, \frac{3}{2}\right) and P1P2\overline{P_1 P_2} has slope 34,-\frac{3}{4}, so the bisector has slope 43:\frac{4}{3}: in standard form 8x6y(8k+7)=0.8x - 6y - (8k + 7) = 0. Tangency requires 8256208k782+62=738k10=5, \begin{gathered} \frac{|8 \cdot 25 - 6 \cdot 20 - 8k - 7|}{\sqrt{8^2 + 6^2}} \\ = \frac{|73 - 8k|}{10} \\ = 5, \end{gathered} so 8k=73±50,8k = 73 \pm 50, giving k=1238k = \frac{123}{8} or k=238.k = \frac{23}{8}.

The sum is 1468=734,\frac{146}{8} = \frac{73}{4}, so m+n=73+4=77.m + n = 73 + 4 = 77.

9.

抛物线 y=x24y = x^2 - 4 绕原点逆时针旋转 6060^\circ。原抛物线与其旋转后图像在第四象限的唯一交点,其 yy 坐标为 abc\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c},其中 aabbcc 为正整数,且 aacc 互质。求 a+b+ca + b + c

The parabola with equation y=x24y = x^2 - 4 is rotated 6060^\circ counterclockwise around the origin. The unique point in the fourth quadrant where the original parabola and its image intersect has yy-coordinate abc,\frac{a - \sqrt{b}}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers, and aa and cc are relatively prime. Find a+b+c.a + b + c.

难度评级:2920
小提示:

PP 同时在两条曲线上,当且仅当 PP 和它绕原点旋转 60-60^\circ 后的点都在原抛物线上,且到原点距离相等

PP lies on both curves exactly when PP and its rotation by 60-60^\circ both lie on the original parabola, at equal distance from the origin

大提示:

尝试让旋转后的点成为镜像点 (x,y)(-x, y):这会强制 y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x,再代入抛物线

Try making the rotated image the mirror point (x,y):(-x, y): that forces y=3x,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x, which you can substitute into the parabola

解答:

PP 在旋转后的抛物线上,当且仅当它绕原点旋转 60-60^\circ 得到的点 Q=(x+3y2, 3x+y2)Q = \left(\frac{x + \sqrt{3}y}{2},\ \frac{-\sqrt{3}x + y}{2}\right) 在原抛物线上。因此我们需要 PPQQ 都在 y=x24y = x^2 - 4 上。抛物线关于 xxx \mapsto -x 对称,所以寻找一个点 P=(x,y)P = (x, y),使其旋转后的点为镜像点 Q=(x,y)Q = (-x, y)

比较 yy 坐标得 32x+y2=y-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}x + \frac{y}{2} = y,即 y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x,此时 xx 坐标也自动满足:x2+32(3x)=x\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(-\sqrt{3}x) = -x。将 y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x 代入 y=x24y = x^2 - 4,得到 x2+3x4=0x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 4 = 0,其正根为 x=3+192x = \frac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{19}}{2}。于是 y=3x=3572<0y = -\sqrt{3}\,x = \frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2} \lt 0\text{,} 因此该点位于第四象限,并在两条曲线上。

题目保证第四象限的交点唯一,所以其 yy 坐标为 3572\frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2},得到 a+b+c=3+57+2=62a + b + c = 3 + 57 + 2 = 62

A point PP lies on the image parabola exactly when its rotation by 60,-60^\circ, namely Q=(x+3y2, 3x+y2),Q = \left(\frac{x + \sqrt{3}y}{2},\ \frac{-\sqrt{3}x + y}{2}\right), lies on the original parabola. So we need PP and QQ both on y=x24.y = x^2 - 4. The parabola is symmetric in xx,x \mapsto -x, so we look for P=(x,y)P = (x, y) whose rotated image is the mirror point Q=(x,y).Q = (-x, y).

Matching yy-coordinates gives 32x+y2=y,-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}x + \frac{y}{2} = y, i.e. y=3x,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x, and then the xx-coordinate works automatically: x2+32(3x)=x.\frac{x}{2} + \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}(-\sqrt{3}x) = -x. Substituting y=3xy = -\sqrt{3}\,x into y=x24y = x^2 - 4 gives x2+3x4=0,x^2 + \sqrt{3}\,x - 4 = 0, whose positive root is x=3+192.x = \frac{-\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{19}}{2}. Then y=3x=3572<0,y = -\sqrt{3}\,x = \frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2} \lt 0, so this point is in the fourth quadrant, on both curves.

The problem guarantees the fourth-quadrant intersection is unique, so its yy-coordinate is 3572,\frac{3 - \sqrt{57}}{2}, giving a+b+c=3+57+2=62.a + b + c = 3 + 57 + 2 = 62.

10.

一个 3×93 \times 9 方格的 2727 个格子用数字 1199 填入,使得每一行包含 99 个不同数字,并且如下例中粗线标出的三个 3×33 \times 3 区块也各包含 99 个不同数字,就像数独题的前三行一样。

这种方格的不同填法数可写成 paqbrcsdp^a \cdot q^b \cdot r^c \cdot s^d,其中 ppqqrrss 是互不相同的质数,aabbccdd 是正整数。求 pa+qb+rc+sdp \cdot a + q \cdot b + r \cdot c + s \cdot d

The 2727 cells of a 3×93 \times 9 grid are filled in using the numbers 11 through 99 so that each row contains 99 different numbers, and each of the three 3×33 \times 3 blocks heavily outlined in the example below contains 99 different numbers, as in the first three rows of a Sudoku puzzle.

The number of different ways to fill such a grid can be written as paqbrcsd,p^a \cdot q^b \cdot r^c \cdot s^d, where p,p, q,q, r,r, and ss are distinct prime numbers and a,a, b,b, c,c, dd are positive integers. Find pa+qb+rc+sd.p \cdot a + q \cdot b + r \cdot c + s \cdot d.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

左侧区块有 9!9! 种填法;然后决定它每一行中的哪些数字进入中间区块的每一行

Fill the left block in 9!9! ways, then decide which digits from each of its rows go into each row of the middle block

大提示:

中间区块的各行数字集合有 5656 种选择,右侧区块随之确定,而两个区块的每一行都可按 3!3! 种方式排列

The middle block’s row contents can be chosen in 5656 ways, the right block is then determined, and every row of both blocks can be ordered in 3!3! ways

解答:

左侧区块任意填写:有 9!9! 种方式。令 R1R_1R2R_2R3R_3 为其三行中的三个数字集合。在中间区块中,第 ii 行必须避开 RiR_i,因为这些数字已经在第 ii 行出现过,并且该区块的三行必须划分 {1,,9}\{1, \ldots, 9\}。设中间区块第一行从 R2R_2 中取 jj 个数字、从 R3R_3 中取 3j3 - j 个数字。平衡三行后,中间行被迫取 R1R_1 中的 3j3 - j 个数字以及 R3R_3 中剩下的全部 jj 个数字,底行也随之确定。数字集合的选择数为 j=03(3j)(33j)2=1+27+27+1=56 \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=0}^{3} \binom{3}{j}\binom{3}{3-j}^2 \\ = 1 + 27 + 27 + 1 \\ = 56 \end{gathered}\text{。}

右侧区块的各行数字集合随后被强制确定,即第 ii 行取第 ii 行还缺少的数字;中间和右侧区块共六行,每行内部可按 3!3! 种方式排列。总数为 9!5666=(273457)(237)(2636)=2163105172 \begin{gathered} 9! \cdot 56 \cdot 6^6 \\ = (2^7 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5 \cdot 7)(2^3 \cdot 7)(2^6 \cdot 3^6) \\ = 2^{16} \cdot 3^{10} \cdot 5^1 \cdot 7^2 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此 pa+qb+rc+sdp \cdot a + q \cdot b + r \cdot c + s \cdot d =216+310+51= 2 \cdot 16 + 3 \cdot 10 + 5 \cdot 1 +72=81+ 7 \cdot 2 = 81

Fill the left block arbitrarily: 9!9! ways. Let R1,R_1, R2,R_2, and R3R_3 be the sets of three digits in its rows. In the middle block, row ii must avoid RiR_i (those digits already appear in row ii), and the block’s three rows must partition {1,,9}.\{1, \ldots, 9\}. Say its top row takes jj digits from R2R_2 and 3j3 - j from R3.R_3. Balancing the three rows then forces the middle row to take 3j3 - j digits from R1R_1 together with all jj remaining digits of R3,R_3, and the bottom row is determined. The number of content choices is j=03(3j)(33j)2=1+27+27+1=56. \begin{gathered} \sum_{j=0}^{3} \binom{3}{j}\binom{3}{3-j}^2 \\ = 1 + 27 + 27 + 1 \\ = 56. \end{gathered}

The right block’s row contents are then forced (row ii takes whatever is missing from row ii), and each of the six rows of the middle and right blocks can be ordered internally in 3!3! ways. The total is 9!5666=(273457)(237)(2636)=2163105172. \begin{gathered} 9! \cdot 56 \cdot 6^6 \\ = (2^7 \cdot 3^4 \cdot 5 \cdot 7)(2^3 \cdot 7)(2^6 \cdot 3^6) \\ = 2^{16} \cdot 3^{10} \cdot 5^1 \cdot 7^2. \end{gathered}

Therefore pa+qb+rc+sdp \cdot a + q \cdot b + r \cdot c + s \cdot d =216+310+51= 2 \cdot 16 + 3 \cdot 10 + 5 \cdot 1 +72=81.+ 7 \cdot 2 = 81.

11.

一个分段线性函数定义为 f(x)={x若 1x<12x若 1x<3f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{若 } -1 \le x \lt 1 \\ 2 - x & \text{若 } 1 \le x \lt 3 \end{cases} 并且对所有实数 xxf(x+4)=f(x)f(x + 4) = f(x)f(x)f(x) 的图像呈现如下锯齿形。

抛物线 x=34y2x = 34y^2f(x)f(x) 的图像有有限个交点。所有这些交点的 yy 坐标之和可表示为 a+bcd\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d},其中 aabbccdd 是正整数,且 aabbdd 的最大公因数为 11cc 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+b+c+da + b + c + d

A piecewise linear function is defined by f(x)={xif 1x<12xif 1x<3f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } -1 \le x \lt 1 \\ 2 - x & \text{if } 1 \le x \lt 3 \end{cases} and f(x+4)=f(x)f(x + 4) = f(x) for all real numbers x.x. The graph of f(x)f(x) has the sawtooth pattern depicted below.

The parabola x=34y2x = 34y^2 intersects the graph of f(x)f(x) at finitely many points. The sum of the yy-coordinates of all these intersection points can be expressed in the form a+bcd,\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers such that a,a, b,b, dd have greatest common divisor equal to 1,1, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

难度评级:2990
小提示:

在抛物线 x=34y2x = 34y^2 上,交点对应 y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2)1y1-1 \le y \le 1 的解,所以 0x340 \le x \le 34

On the parabola x=34y2,x = 34y^2, intersections are the solutions of y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) with 1y1,-1 \le y \le 1, so 0x340 \le x \le 34

大提示:

每一段直线都会把 y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) 化为一个二次方程;用韦达定理相加根,但要检查哪些根真正落在该段区间中

Each linear piece turns y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) into a quadratic; add the roots with Vieta’s formulas, but check which roots actually land in the piece’s interval

解答:

因为 ff 的取值只在 [1,1][-1, 1] 内,任一交点都有 1y1-1 \le y \le 1,从而 x=34y2[0,34]x = 34y^2 \in [0, 34]。在上升段上,x[4k1,4k+1)x \in [4k - 1, 4k + 1)f(x)=x4kf(x) = x - 4k,所以 y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) 化为 34y2y4k=034y^2 - y - 4k = 0;在下降段上,x[4k+1,4k+3)x \in [4k + 1, 4k + 3)f(x)=4k+2xf(x) = 4k + 2 - x,得到 34y2+y(4k+2)=034y^2 + y - (4k + 2) = 0。每种情形中,一个根有效当且仅当它落在 [1,1)[-1, 1) (上升段)或 (1,1](-1, 1](下降段)内,因为这时 x=34y2x = 34y^2 会自动落在正确区间中。

对上升段,根为 1±1+544k68\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 544k}}{68},且两个根都有效当且仅当 1+544k67\sqrt{1 + 544k} \le 67,即 k=0,1,,8k = 0, 1, \ldots, 8:共有九个二次方程,每个由韦达定理贡献根和 134\frac{1}{34}。对下降段,根为 1±544k+27368\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{544k + 273}}{68}。带负号的根要求 544k+273<67\sqrt{544k + 273} \lt 67,这对 k=0,,7k = 0, \ldots, 7 成立;这些八个二次方程各贡献 134-\frac{1}{34}。当 k=8k = 8 时,只有正根 1+462568=1+518568\frac{-1 + \sqrt{4625}}{68} = \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} 有效。

总和为 934834+1+518568=1+518568 \begin{aligned} &\frac{9}{34} - \frac{8}{34} + \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} \\ &\quad = \frac{1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} \end{aligned}\text{,}185=537185 = 5 \cdot 37 是无平方因子数,所以 a+b+c+da + b + c + d =1+5+185+68= 1 + 5 + 185 + 68 =259= 259

Since ff only takes values in [1,1],[-1, 1], any intersection has 1y1-1 \le y \le 1 and hence x=34y2[0,34].x = 34y^2 \in [0, 34]. On the rising pieces, x[4k1,4k+1)x \in [4k - 1, 4k + 1) with f(x)=x4k,f(x) = x - 4k, so y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) becomes 34y2y4k=0;34y^2 - y - 4k = 0; on the falling pieces, x[4k+1,4k+3)x \in [4k + 1, 4k + 3) with f(x)=4k+2x,f(x) = 4k + 2 - x, giving 34y2+y(4k+2)=0.34y^2 + y - (4k + 2) = 0. In each case a root is valid exactly when it lies in [1,1)[-1, 1) (rising) or (1,1](-1, 1] (falling), since then x=34y2x = 34y^2 automatically falls in the correct interval.

For the rising pieces the roots are 1±1+544k68,\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 544k}}{68}, and both are valid exactly when 1+544k67,\sqrt{1 + 544k} \le 67, i.e. for k=0,1,,8:k = 0, 1, \ldots, 8: nine quadratics, each contributing root sum 134\frac{1}{34} by Vieta. For the falling pieces the roots are 1±544k+27368.\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{544k + 273}}{68}. The root with the minus sign requires 544k+273<67,\sqrt{544k + 273} \lt 67, which holds for k=0,,7;k = 0, \ldots, 7; those eight quadratics each contribute 134.-\frac{1}{34}. For k=8k = 8 only the positive root 1+462568=1+518568\frac{-1 + \sqrt{4625}}{68} = \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} is valid.

The total is 934834+1+518568=1+518568, \begin{aligned} &\frac{9}{34} - \frac{8}{34} + \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} \\ &\quad = \frac{1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68}, \end{aligned} and 185=537185 = 5 \cdot 37 is squarefree, so a+b+c+da + b + c + d =1+5+185+68= 1 + 5 + 185 + 68 =259.= 259.

12.

33 维坐标空间中,位于平面 x+y+z=75x + y + z = 75 且坐标满足不等式 xyz<yzx<zxyx - yz \lt y - zx \lt z - xy 的点集形成三个不相交的凸区域。其中恰有一个区域面积有限。这个有限区域的面积可表示为 aba\sqrt{b},其中 aabb 是正整数,且 bb 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 a+ba + b

The set of points in 33-dimensional coordinate space that lie in the plane x+y+z=75x + y + z = 75 whose coordinates satisfy the inequalities xyz<yzx<zxyx - yz \lt y - zx \lt z - xy forms three disjoint convex regions. Exactly one of those regions has finite area. The area of this finite region can be expressed in the form ab,a\sqrt{b}, where aa and bb are positive integers and bb is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b.a + b.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

第一个不等式可整理为 (xy)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0,第二个可整理为 (yz)(1+x)<0(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0

The first inequality rearranges to (xy)(1+z)<0,(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0, and the second to (yz)(1+x)<0(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0

大提示:

有界部分是在该平面上的 1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z;它的顶点来自边界 x=1x = -1x=yx = y,和 y=zy = z

The bounded piece is 1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z on the plane; its corners come from the boundaries x=1,x = -1, x=y,x = y, and y=zy = z

解答:

因为 xyz(yzx)x - yz - (y - zx) =(xy)+z(xy)= (x - y) + z(x - y) =(xy)(1+z)= (x - y)(1 + z),同理 yzx(zxy)y - zx - (z - xy) =(yz)(1+x)= (y - z)(1 + x),所以两个条件分别为 (xy)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0 以及 (yz)(1+x)<0(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0\text{。} 每个条件都有两种符号模式,共有四种组合。组合 x>yx \gt yz<1z \lt -1y>zy \gt zx<1x \lt -1 在平面上不可能:x,z<1x, z \lt -1 会迫使 y>77y \gt 77,与 x>yx \gt y 矛盾。剩下的组合中有两种允许某个坐标趋于无穷,从而产生两个无界区域。

有界区域为 x<yx \lt yy<zy \lt zx>1x \gt -1(第四个限制 z>1z \gt -1 随之自动成立):即平面上的集合 1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z。其闭包是一个三角形,顶点来自边界线两两相交:x=1x = -1x=yx = y 给出 (1,1,77)(-1, -1, 77)x=1x = -1y=zy = z 给出 (1,38,38)(-1, 38, 38);而 x=y=zx = y = z 给出 (25,25,25)(25, 25, 25)

A=(1,1,77)A = (-1, -1, 77),两条边向量为 BA=(0,39,39)B - A = (0, 39, -39)CA=(26,26,52)C - A = (26, 26, -52)。它们的叉积为 1014(1,1,1)-1014\,(1, 1, 1),长度为 101431014\sqrt{3},所以面积为 101432=5073\frac{1014\sqrt{3}}{2} = 507\sqrt{3}。因此 a+b=507+3=510a + b = 507 + 3 = 510

Since xyz(yzx)x - yz - (y - zx) =(xy)+z(xy)= (x - y) + z(x - y) =(xy)(1+z),= (x - y)(1 + z), and similarly yzx(zxy)y - zx - (z - xy) =(yz)(1+x),= (y - z)(1 + x), the conditions are (xy)(1+z)<0(x - y)(1 + z) \lt 0 and (yz)(1+x)<0.(y - z)(1 + x) \lt 0. Each condition offers two sign patterns, giving four combinations. The combination x>y,x \gt y, z<1,z \lt -1, y>z,y \gt z, x<1x \lt -1 is impossible on the plane: x,z<1x, z \lt -1 forces y>77,y \gt 77, contradicting x>y.x \gt y. Two of the remaining combinations allow a coordinate to run off to infinity, producing the two unbounded regions.

The bounded region is x<y,x \lt y, y<z,y \lt z, x>1x \gt -1 (the fourth constraint z>1z \gt -1 is then automatic): the set 1<x<y<z-1 \lt x \lt y \lt z on the plane. Its closure is the triangle whose vertices come from intersecting the boundary lines pairwise: x=1,x = -1, x=yx = y gives (1,1,77);(-1, -1, 77); x=1,x = -1, y=zy = z gives (1,38,38);(-1, 38, 38); and x=y=zx = y = z gives (25,25,25).(25, 25, 25).

With A=(1,1,77),A = (-1, -1, 77), the edge vectors are BA=(0,39,39)B - A = (0, 39, -39) and CA=(26,26,52),C - A = (26, 26, -52), whose cross product is 1014(1,1,1),-1014\,(1, 1, 1), of length 10143.1014\sqrt{3}. The area is 101432=5073,\frac{1014\sqrt{3}}{2} = 507\sqrt{3}, so a+b=507+3=510.a + b = 507 + 3 = 510.

13.

Alex 用两条相互垂直、相交于圆心的直径把一个圆盘分成四个象限。他又在圆盘内画了 2525 条线段,每条线段都通过随机选择圆周上位于不同象限的两个点并连接它们来得到。求这 2727 条线段把圆盘分成的区域数的期望。

Alex divides a disk into four quadrants with two perpendicular diameters intersecting at the center of the disk. He draws 2525 more line segments through the disk, drawing each segment by selecting two points at random on the perimeter of the disk in different quadrants and connecting these two points. Find the expected number of regions into which these 2727 line segments divide the disk.

难度评级:3270
小提示:

每加入一条新线段,区域数增加 11 加上它与之前线段的交点数,所以求内部交点总数的期望

Each new segment adds 11 plus the number of earlier segments it crosses, so find the expected total number of interior crossings

大提示:

按象限对分类:一条随机弦与一条给定直径相交的概率为 23\frac{2}{3},两条随机弦相交的概率为 1736\frac{17}{36}

Classify by quadrant pairs: a random chord meets a given diameter with probability 23,\frac{2}{3}, and two random chords cross with probability 1736\frac{17}{36}

解答:

以概率 11,没有任何随机端点或内部交点彼此重合,所以逐条加入弦时,每条新弦使区域数增加 11 加上它在圆盘内部穿过已有弦的次数。从一个区域开始,期望总数为 1+27+E1 + 27 + E,其中 EE 是内部相交线段对数的期望。两条直径相交一次。一条随机弦的端点落在 66 种象限对之一,每种概率为 16\frac{1}{6}。当端点的 xx 符号相反时,该弦恰好穿过竖直直径;这在 66 种象限对中的 44 种发生,所以它与每条直径相交的概率为 23\frac{2}{3},与两条直径的交点总数平均为 43\frac{4}{3}:这 2525 条弦与直径贡献 1003\frac{100}{3} 个期望交点。

对两条随机弦,按它们的象限对分类,共有 3636 种等可能的有序组合。若一条用象限 1,31, 3,另一条用 2,42, 4,则端点必然交替出现,所以它们必相交:有 22 种组合。若两对象限相邻且不相交,例如 {1,2}\{1, 2\}{3,4}\{3, 4\},则两条弦绝不相交:有 44 种组合。在其余 3030 种组合中,端点是否沿圆周交替,化为比较共享象限内的独立均匀点;例如,一条 {1,3}\{1,3\} 弦与一条 {1,2}\{1,2\} 弦相交,当且仅当两个象限 11 中的点按某一特定顺序出现。因此由对称性,概率为 12\frac{1}{2}。所以两条随机弦相交的概率为 21+40+301236=1736\frac{2 \cdot 1 + 4 \cdot 0 + 30 \cdot \frac{1}{2}}{36} = \frac{17}{36}\text{。}

(252)=300\binom{25}{2} = 300 对弦贡献 3001736=4253300 \cdot \frac{17}{36} = \frac{425}{3} 个期望交点,所以 E=1+1003+4253=176E = 1 + \frac{100}{3} + \frac{425}{3} = 176,区域数期望为 1+27+176=2041 + 27 + 176 = 204

With probability 1,1, no random endpoint or interior crossing coincides with another, so adding chords one at a time, each new chord increases the region count by 11 plus the number of existing chords it crosses inside the disk. Starting from one region, the expected total is 1+27+E,1 + 27 + E, where EE is the expected number of interior crossing pairs. The two diameters cross once. A random chord’s endpoints land in one of the 66 quadrant pairs, each with probability 16.\frac{1}{6}. The chord crosses the vertical diameter exactly when its endpoints have opposite xx-signs, which happens for 44 of the 66 pairs, so it meets each diameter with probability 23\frac{2}{3} and both diameters together 43\frac{4}{3} times on average: the 2525 chords contribute 1003\frac{100}{3} expected crossings with the diameters.

For two random chords, condition on their quadrant pairs (3636 equally likely ordered combinations). If one uses quadrants 1,31, 3 and the other 2,4,2, 4, the endpoints always alternate, so they always cross: 22 combinations. If the two pairs are adjacent and disjoint, such as {1,2}\{1, 2\} and {3,4},\{3, 4\}, the chords never cross: 44 combinations. In each of the other 3030 combinations, whether the endpoints alternate around the circle reduces to comparing independent uniform points inside shared quadrants — for example, a {1,3}\{1,3\} chord and a {1,2}\{1,2\} chord cross exactly when the two quadrant-11 points come in one specific order — and the probability is 12\frac{1}{2} by symmetry. So two random chords cross with probability 21+40+301236=1736.\frac{2 \cdot 1 + 4 \cdot 0 + 30 \cdot \frac{1}{2}}{36} = \frac{17}{36}.

The (252)=300\binom{25}{2} = 300 chord pairs contribute 3001736=4253300 \cdot \frac{17}{36} = \frac{425}{3} expected crossings, so E=1+1003+4253=176E = 1 + \frac{100}{3} + \frac{425}{3} = 176 and the expected number of regions is 1+27+176=204.1 + 27 + 176 = 204.

14.

ABCDEABCDE 是凸五边形,满足 AB=14AB = 14BC=7BC = 7CD=24CD = 24DE=13DE = 13EA=26EA = 26,且 B=E=60\angle B = \angle E = 60^\circ。对平面上每个点 XX,定义 f(X)=AX+BX+CXf(X) = AX + BX + CX +DX+EX+ DX + EXf(X)f(X) 的最小可能值可表示为 m+npm + n\sqrt{p},其中 mmnn 是正整数,pp 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p

Let ABCDEABCDE be a convex pentagon with AB=14,AB = 14, BC=7,BC = 7, CD=24,CD = 24, DE=13,DE = 13, EA=26,EA = 26, and B=E=60.\angle B = \angle E = 60^\circ. For each point XX in the plane, define f(X)=AX+BX+CXf(X) = AX + BX + CX +DX+EX.+ DX + EX. The least possible value of f(X)f(X) can be expressed as m+np,m + n\sqrt{p}, where mm and nn are positive integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

难度评级:3500
小提示:

计算 AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3}AD=133AD = 13\sqrt{3};三角形 ABCABCAEDAED 分别在 CCDD 处为直角

Compute AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3} and AD=133;AD = 13\sqrt{3}; triangles ABCABC and AEDAED turn out to have right angles at CC and DD

大提示:

f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)+ (AX + CX + DX) 分拆开,并证明三角形 ACDACD 的费马点位于线段 BEBE

Split f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)+ (AX + CX + DX) and show that the Fermat point of triangle ACDACD lies on segment BEBE

解答:

在三角形 ABCABC 中,对 B=60\angle B = 60^\circ 使用余弦定理,得 AC2=142+72147=147AC^2 = 14^2 + 7^2 - 14 \cdot 7 = 147,所以 AC=73AC = 7\sqrt{3};因为 72+147=1427^2 + 147 = 14^2CC 处为直角,且 BAC=30\angle BAC = 30^\circ。同理 AD=133AD = 13\sqrt{3}DD 处为直角,且 DAE=30\angle DAE = 30^\circ。在三角形 ACDACD 中,CD=24CD = 24,所以 cosCAD=147+507576273133=17,sinCAD=437 \begin{aligned} \cos \angle CAD &= \frac{147 + 507 - 576}{2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{1}{7}, \\ \sin \angle CAD &= \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} \end{aligned}\text{。}

分拆 f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)BE+T+ (AX + CX + DX) \ge BE + T,其中 TTAX+CX+DXAX + CX + DX 的最小值。因为 BAE=30+CAD+30\angle BAE = 30^\circ + \angle CAD + 30^\circ,得到 cosBAE=1217\cos \angle BAE = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{7} 32437- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} =1114= -\frac{11}{14},所以 BE2=142+262BE^2 = 14^2 + 26^2 +214261114=1444+ 2 \cdot 14 \cdot 26 \cdot \frac{11}{14} = 1444,且 BE=38BE = 38。三角形 ACDACD 的所有角都小于 120120^\circ,所以 TT 在其费马点处取得;在边 ACAC 远离 DD 的一侧作等边三角形 ACPACP,标准旋转论证给出 T=PDT = PD,又因为 PAD=60+CAD\angle PAD = 60^\circ + \angle CAD 的余弦也为 1114-\frac{11}{14}T2=147+507+2731331114=1083,T=193 \begin{gathered} T^2 \\ = 147 + 507 \\ {}+ 2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{11}{14} \\ = 1083, \\ T = 19\sqrt{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

两个下界可以同时取到:令 FF 为三角形 ACDACD 的费马点,则 AFC=AFD=120\angle AFC = \angle AFD = 120^\circ。因为 AFC+ABC=180\angle AFC + \angle ABC = 180^\circ,点 FFABCABC 的外接圆上,于是 AFB=ACB=90\angle AFB = \angle ACB = 90^\circ;同理 FFAEDAED 的外接圆上,且 AFE=ADE=90\angle AFE = \angle ADE = 90^\circ。因此 BFE=180\angle BFE = 180^\circ,所以 FF 位于线段 BEBE 上,并且 f(F)=BE+T=38+193f(F) = BE + T = 38 + 19\sqrt{3}。答案为 m+n+p=38+19+3=60m + n + p = 38 + 19 + 3 = 60

In triangle ABC,ABC, the law of cosines with B=60\angle B = 60^\circ gives AC2=142+72147=147,AC^2 = 14^2 + 7^2 - 14 \cdot 7 = 147, so AC=73;AC = 7\sqrt{3}; since 72+147=142,7^2 + 147 = 14^2, the angle at CC is right and BAC=30.\angle BAC = 30^\circ. Likewise AD=133,AD = 13\sqrt{3}, with a right angle at DD and DAE=30.\angle DAE = 30^\circ. In triangle ACDACD with CD=24,CD = 24, cosCAD=147+507576273133=17,sinCAD=437. \begin{aligned} \cos \angle CAD &= \frac{147 + 507 - 576}{2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3}} \\ &= \frac{1}{7}, \\ \sin \angle CAD &= \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7}. \end{aligned}

Split f(X)=(BX+EX)f(X) = (BX + EX) +(AX+CX+DX)BE+T,+ (AX + CX + DX) \ge BE + T, where TT is the minimum of AX+CX+DX.AX + CX + DX. Since BAE=30+CAD+30,\angle BAE = 30^\circ + \angle CAD + 30^\circ, we get cosBAE=1217\cos \angle BAE = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{7} 32437- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \cdot \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{7} =1114,= -\frac{11}{14}, so BE2=142+262BE^2 = 14^2 + 26^2 +214261114=1444+ 2 \cdot 14 \cdot 26 \cdot \frac{11}{14} = 1444 and BE=38.BE = 38. All angles of triangle ACDACD are less than 120,120^\circ, so TT is attained at its Fermat point; erecting an equilateral triangle ACPACP on side ACAC away from D,D, the standard rotation argument gives T=PD,T = PD, and since PAD=60+CAD\angle PAD = 60^\circ + \angle CAD also has cosine 1114,-\frac{11}{14}, T2=147+507+2731331114=1083,T=193. \begin{gathered} T^2 \\ = 147 + 507 \\ {}+ 2 \cdot 7\sqrt{3} \cdot 13\sqrt{3} \cdot \frac{11}{14} \\ = 1083, \\ T = 19\sqrt{3}. \end{gathered}

Both bounds are tight simultaneously: let FF be the Fermat point of ACD,ACD, so AFC=AFD=120.\angle AFC = \angle AFD = 120^\circ. Since AFC+ABC=180,\angle AFC + \angle ABC = 180^\circ, point FF lies on the circumcircle of ABC,ABC, whence AFB=ACB=90;\angle AFB = \angle ACB = 90^\circ; similarly FF lies on the circumcircle of AEDAED and AFE=ADE=90.\angle AFE = \angle ADE = 90^\circ. Thus BFE=180,\angle BFE = 180^\circ, so FF lies on segment BEBE and f(F)=BE+T=38+193.f(F) = BE + T = 38 + 19\sqrt{3}. The answer is m+n+p=38+19+3=60.m + n + p = 38 + 19 + 3 = 60.

15.

NN 表示满足如下条件的有序正整数三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c) 的个数:aabbc36c \le 3^6,且 a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3373^7 的倍数。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Let NN denote the number of ordered triples of positive integers (a,b,c)(a, b, c) such that a,a, b,b, c36c \le 3^6 and a3+b3+c3a^3 + b^3 + c^3 is a multiple of 37.3^7. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

难度评级:3370
小提示:

a3mod37a^3 \bmod 3^7 只取决于 amod36a \bmod 3^6,而与 33 互质的数的立方都满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9

a3mod37a^3 \bmod 3^7 depends only on amod36,a \bmod 3^6, and cubes of numbers prime to 33 are ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9

大提示:

若三个数都与三互质,或恰有一个数与三互质,则立方和模 99 不可能为 00。恰有一个数是 33 的倍数时,每个有效目标都有唯一立方根;三个数全是三的倍数时,递归到模 343^4

Three units, or one unit, can’t sum to 00 mod 9.9. With one multiple of 3,3, each valid target has exactly one cube root; with all three, recurse modulo 34.3^4.

解答:

因为 (a+36t)3a3(mod37)(a + 3^6 t)^3 \equiv a^3 \pmod{3^7},所以 aa 的立方模 373^7 只取决于 amod36a \bmod 3^6,而在 1a361 \le a \le 3^6 中每个剩余类恰好出现一次。此外,模 373^711 的立方根只有 1+36t1 + 3^6 t,它们模 363^6 都相同;因此立方映射是从模 363^6486486 个单位到模 373^7 的单位立方集合的双射,而这个集合恰好是满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9 的单位。若 aabbcc 三者都与 33 互质,或恰有一个与三互质,则模 99 下立方和为 ±1±1±1\pm 1 \pm 1 \pm 1±1\pm 1,绝不会是 00:没有解。

恰有一个是 33 的倍数,设 c=3zc = 3z:对 486486 个单位 aa243243cc 的选择,条件 b3a327z3(mod37)b^3 \equiv -a^3 - 27z^3 \pmod{3^7} 的右边是一个满足 ±1(mod9)\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9 的单位,因此模 363^6 有且仅有一个解 bb。选择哪个变量是 33 的倍数有 33 种,所以本情形给出 3486243=3542943 \cdot 486 \cdot 243 = 354294 个三元组。

三者全为 33 的倍数时,写 a=3xa = 3x 等,其中 xxyyzz 取遍模 353^5 的剩余类。条件变为 x3+y3+z30(mod34)x^3 + y^3 + z^3 \equiv 0 \pmod{3^4},它只取决于模 333^3 的剩余类,所以计数是模 2727 时计数的 939^3 倍。把同样分析下降一级:两个单位的情形给出 3189=4863 \cdot 18 \cdot 9 = 486,全可被三整除的情形化为 u+v+w0(mod3)u + v + w \equiv 0 \pmod 3,其中 uuvvww99,给出 243243;所以模 2727 共有 486+243=729486 + 243 = 729 个三元组,本处共有 729729=531441729 \cdot 729 = 531441 个。总计 N=354294+531441=885735N = 354294 + 531441 = 885735,除以 10001000 的余数为 735735

Since (a+36t)3a3(mod37),(a + 3^6 t)^3 \equiv a^3 \pmod{3^7}, the cube of aa modulo 373^7 depends only on amod36,a \bmod 3^6, and each residue occurs exactly once in 1a36.1 \le a \le 3^6. Moreover, the only cube roots of 11 modulo 373^7 are 1+36t,1 + 3^6 t, which all agree modulo 36;3^6; hence cubing is a bijection from the 486486 units modulo 363^6 onto the set of unit cubes modulo 37,3^7, which is exactly the set of units ±1(mod9).\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9. If all three of a,a, b,b, and cc are prime to 33 (or exactly one is), then modulo 99 the sum of cubes is ±1±1±1\pm 1 \pm 1 \pm 1 or ±1,\pm 1, never 0:0: no solutions.

Exactly one multiple of 3,3, say c=3z:c = 3z: for each of the 486486 units aa and 243243 choices of c,c, the requirement b3a327z3(mod37)b^3 \equiv -a^3 - 27z^3 \pmod{3^7} has a right side that is a unit ±1(mod9),\equiv \pm 1 \pmod 9, hence has exactly one solution bb modulo 36.3^6. With 33 choices for which variable is the multiple of 3,3, this case gives 3486243=3542943 \cdot 486 \cdot 243 = 354294 triples.

All three multiples of 3:3: writing a=3xa = 3x etc. with x,x, y,y, and zz ranging modulo 35,3^5, the condition becomes x3+y3+z30(mod34),x^3 + y^3 + z^3 \equiv 0 \pmod{3^4}, which depends only on the residues modulo 33,3^3, so the count is 939^3 times the count modulo 27.27. Repeating the same analysis one level down: the two-unit case gives 3189=486,3 \cdot 18 \cdot 9 = 486, and the all-divisible case reduces to u+v+w0(mod3)u + v + w \equiv 0 \pmod 3 with u,u, v,v, and ww modulo 9,9, giving 243;243; that is 486+243=729486 + 243 = 729 triples modulo 27,27, hence 729729=531441729 \cdot 729 = 531441 here. In total N=354294+531441=885735,N = 354294 + 531441 = 885735, whose remainder modulo 10001000 is 735.735.