2001 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

设 EFGHEFGH、EFDCEFDC 和 EHBCEHBC 是一个立方体的三个相邻正方形面,且 EC=8EC = 8,AA 是该立方体的第八个顶点。令 II、JJ、KK 分别在 EF‾\overline{EF}、EH‾\overline{EH}、EC‾\overline{EC} 上,满足 EI=EJ=EK=2EI = EJ = EK = 2。在立方体中钻出一个隧道后,得到立体 SS。隧道的侧壁是平行于 AE‾\overline{AE} 的平面,并且分别包含边 IJ‾\overline{IJ}、JK‾\overline{JK} 和 KI‾\overline{KI}。SS 的表面积(包括隧道壁)为 m+npm + n\sqrt{p},其中 mm、nn、pp 是正整数,且 pp 不被任何素数的平方整除。求 m+n+pm + n + p。

Let EFGH,EFGH, EFDC,EFDC, and EHBCEHBC be three adjacent square faces of a cube, for which EC=8,EC = 8, and let AA be the eighth vertex of the cube. Let I,I, J,J, and KK be points on EF‾,\overline{EF}, EH‾,\overline{EH}, and EC‾,\overline{EC}, respectively, so that EI=EJ=EK=2.EI = EJ = EK = 2. A solid SS is obtained by drilling a tunnel through the cube. The sides of the tunnel are planes parallel to AE‾,\overline{AE}, and containing the edges IJ‾,\overline{IJ}, JK‾,\overline{JK}, and KI‾.\overline{KI}. The surface area of S,S, including the walls of the tunnel, is m+np,m + n\sqrt{p}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

答案:417
知识点:正方体坐标几何表面积
难度评级:3370
小提示:

取 A=(0,0,0)A = (0,0,0)、E=(8,8,8)E = (8,8,8);每个隧道壁都是过三角形 IJKIJK 一条边且方向为 (1,1,1)(1,1,1) 的平面。

Take A=(0,0,0)A = (0,0,0) and E=(8,8,8);E = (8,8,8); each tunnel wall is a plane through one edge of triangle IJKIJK in the direction (1,1,1)(1,1,1)

大提示:

隧道从六个立方体面各切去面积 22,且三面隧道壁每面都是一个 22×632\sqrt{2} \times 6\sqrt{3} 的长方形加一个小三角形。

The tunnel cuts area 22 from each of the six cube faces, and each of the three walls is a 22×632\sqrt{2} \times 6\sqrt{3} rectangle plus a small triangle

解答:

令 A=(0,0,0)A = (0,0,0)、E=(8,8,8)E = (8,8,8),于是 I=(6,8,8)I = (6,8,8)、J=(8,6,8)J = (8,6,8)、K=(8,8,6)K = (8,8,6),且 AE‾\overline{AE} 的方向为 (1,1,1)(1,1,1)。从 II 沿这个方向的直线在 L=(0,2,2)L = (0,2,2) 处离开立方体;类似地,JJ 和 KK 分别对应 M=(2,0,2)M = (2,0,2) 和 N=(2,2,0)N = (2,2,0)。经过 II 和 JJ 的隧道壁所在平面为 2z=x+y+22z = x + y + 2,它也包含 LL 和 MM,并在 zz-轴上交于 O=(0,0,1)O = (0,0,1);另外两面隧道壁对称地在 yy-轴和 xx-轴上分别交于 (0,1,0)(0,1,0) 和 (1,0,0)(1,0,0)。

现在求总表面积。靠近 EE 的三个立方体面各少掉一个直角边为 22 的直角三角形(如 IEJIEJ),剩余面积为 64−2=6264 - 2 = 62。靠近 AA 的三个面各少掉面积为 22 的四边形;在平面 z=0z = 0 上,这个四边形的顶点为 (0,0,0)(0,0,0)、(1,0,0)(1,0,0)、(2,2,0)(2,2,0)、(0,1,0)(0,1,0)。每面隧道壁都是像 ILOMJILOMJ 这样的五边形:长方形 ILMJILMJ 中,IJ=22IJ = 2\sqrt{2}、IL=63IL = 6\sqrt{3},面积为 12612\sqrt{6};等腰三角形 LOMLOM 的底边 LM=22LM = 2\sqrt{2},高为 3\sqrt{3},再增加 6\sqrt{6},所以每面隧道壁面积为 13613\sqrt{6}。

总表面积为 6⋅62+3⋅136=372+3966 \cdot 62 + 3 \cdot 13\sqrt{6} = 372 + 39\sqrt{6},所以 m+n+p=372+39+6m + n + p = 372 + 39 + 6 =417= 417。

Place A=(0,0,0)A = (0,0,0) and E=(8,8,8),E = (8,8,8), so that I=(6,8,8),I = (6,8,8), J=(8,6,8),J = (8,6,8), K=(8,8,6),K = (8,8,6), and AE‾\overline{AE} has direction (1,1,1).(1,1,1). The line through II in that direction leaves the cube at L=(0,2,2);L = (0,2,2); similarly JJ and KK lead to M=(2,0,2)M = (2,0,2) and N=(2,2,0).N = (2,2,0). The tunnel wall through II and JJ is the plane 2z=x+y+2,2z = x + y + 2, which also contains LL and MM and crosses the zz-axis at O=(0,0,1);O = (0,0,1); the other two walls behave symmetrically, crossing the yy- and xx-axes at (0,1,0)(0,1,0) and (1,0,0).(1,0,0).

Now add up the surface. Each of the three cube faces at EE loses a right triangle with legs 22 (such as IEJIEJ), leaving area 64−2=62.64 - 2 = 62. Each of the three faces at AA loses a quadrilateral of area 2:2: on the face z=0z = 0 its vertices are (0,0,0),(0,0,0), (1,0,0),(1,0,0), (2,2,0),(2,2,0), (0,1,0).(0,1,0). Each tunnel wall is a pentagon like ILOMJ:ILOMJ: the rectangle ILMJILMJ with IJ=22IJ = 2\sqrt{2} and IL=63IL = 6\sqrt{3} has area 126,12\sqrt{6}, and the isosceles triangle LOMLOM with base LM=22LM = 2\sqrt{2} and height 3\sqrt{3} adds 6,\sqrt{6}, for 13613\sqrt{6} per wall.

The total surface area is 6⋅62+3⋅136=372+396,6 \cdot 62 + 3 \cdot 13\sqrt{6} = 372 + 39\sqrt{6}, so m+n+p=372+39+6m + n + p = 372 + 39 + 6 =417.= 417.

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