1986 AIME 第 15 题

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15.

设三角形 ABCABCxyxy 平面内以 CC 为直角顶点的直角三角形。已知斜边 ABAB 的长度为 6060,且经过 AABB 的中线分别位于直线 y=x+3y=x+3y=2x+4y=2x+4 上,求 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。

Let triangle ABCABC be a right triangle in the xyxy-plane with a right angle at C.C. Given that the hypotenuse ABAB has length 60,60, and that the medians through AA and BB lie along the lines y=x+3y=x+3 and y=2x+4,y=2x+4, respectively, find the area of ABC.\triangle ABC.

答案:400
知识点:重心坐标几何中线(几何)三角形面积
难度评级:2820
小提示:

两条中线所在直线的交点就是重心

The intersection of the two median lines is the centroid

大提示:

从重心出发,沿方向向量 (1,1)(1,1)(1,2)(1,2) 分别参数化 AABB

Parametrize AA and BB from the centroid along direction vectors (1,1)(1,1) and (1,2)(1,2)

解答:

两条中线所在直线相交于重心 G=(1,2)G=(-1,2)。对实数 uuvv,令 A=G+(u,u),B=G+(v,2v) \begin{aligned} A&=G+(u,u),\\ B&=G+(v,2v) \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 A+B+C=3GA+B+C=3G,所以 C=G(u,u)(v,2v) C=G-(u,u)-(v,2v)\text{。}条件 ACBCAC\perp BC 给出 (2u+v,2u+2v)(u+2v,u+4v)=0 \begin{aligned} &(2u+v,2u+2v)\\ &\qquad\mathbin{\cdot}(u+2v,u+4v)=0 \end{aligned}\text{,}4u2+15uv+10v2=0 4u^2+15uv+10v^2=0\text{。}同时,由 AB=60AB=60(uv)2+(u2v)2=2u26uv+5v2=3600 \begin{aligned} &(u-v)^2+(u-2v)^2\\ &\qquad=2u^2-6uv+5v^2\\ &\qquad=3600 \end{aligned}\text{。}用第二个方程减去第一个方程的一半,得到 272uv=3600-\frac{27}{2}uv=3600,所以 uv=8003uv=-\frac{800}{3}

利用从 CC 引出的两条互相垂直的直角边,面积等于相应行列式绝对值的一半:[ABC]=12det(2u+v2u+2vu+2vu+4v)=123uv=400 \begin{aligned} [ABC] &=\frac12\left| \det\begin{pmatrix}2u+v&2u+2v\\u+2v&u+4v\end{pmatrix} \right|\\ &=\frac12|3uv| =400 \end{aligned}\text{。}

The median lines meet at the centroid G=(1,2).G=(-1,2). For real uu and v,v, write A=G+(u,u),B=G+(v,2v). \begin{aligned} A&=G+(u,u),\\ B&=G+(v,2v). \end{aligned} Since A+B+C=3G,A+B+C=3G, C=G(u,u)(v,2v). C=G-(u,u)-(v,2v). The condition ACBCAC\perp BC gives (2u+v,2u+2v)(u+2v,u+4v)=0, \begin{aligned} &(2u+v,2u+2v)\\ &\qquad\mathbin{\cdot}(u+2v,u+4v)=0, \end{aligned} or 4u2+15uv+10v2=0. 4u^2+15uv+10v^2=0. Meanwhile AB=60AB=60 gives (uv)2+(u2v)2=2u26uv+5v2=3600. \begin{aligned} &(u-v)^2+(u-2v)^2\\ &\qquad=2u^2-6uv+5v^2\\ &\qquad=3600. \end{aligned} Subtracting half of the first equation from the second yields 272uv=3600,-\frac{27}{2}uv=3600, so uv=8003.uv=-\frac{800}{3}.

Using the two perpendicular legs from C,C, the area is half the absolute determinant: [ABC]=12det(2u+v2u+2vu+2vu+4v)=123uv=400. \begin{aligned} [ABC] &=\frac12\left| \det\begin{pmatrix}2u+v&2u+2v\\u+2v&u+4v\end{pmatrix} \right|\\ &=\frac12|3uv| =400. \end{aligned}

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