1986 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
方程 的所有解之和是多少?
What is the sum of the solutions to the equation
小提示:
代入
Substitute
大提示:
消去分母后,将所得关于 的二次式分解因式
After clearing the denominator, factor the resulting quadratic in
解答:
令 ,则 。方程化为 即 。所以 或 ,且两个值在原方程中都成立。因此 或 ,两者之和为 。
Let so The equation becomes or Thus or and both values are valid in the original equation. Hence or and their sum is
2.
计算乘积
Evaluate the product
小提示:
将因式配对,使每一对都可用平方差化简
Pair factors so that each pair is a difference of squares
大提示:
第一次配对后,剩余的根式只会以 的形式出现
After the first pairing, the remaining radicals occur only through
解答:
先将前两个因式配对,再将后两个配对:因此所求乘积为
Pair the first two factors, then the last two: Therefore the requested product is
3.
4.
5.
使 能被 整除的最大正整数 是多少?
What is the largest positive integer for which is divisible by
小提示:
对 模 化简
Reduce modulo
大提示:
该条件使 成为某个固定整数的正因数
The condition makes a positive divisor of a fixed integer
解答:
模 ,有 。因此 所以该条件等价于 能被 整除。由于 为正整数, 是 的正因数,其最大可能值为 。因而 。
Modulo we have Thus The condition is therefore equivalent to being divisible by Since is positive, is a positive divisor of and its largest possible value is This gives
6.
一本书的页码从 编到 。将所有页码相加时,误将其中一个页码加了两次,得到错误的和 。被重复相加的页码是多少?
The pages of a book are numbered through When the page numbers of the book were added, one of the page numbers was mistakenly added twice, resulting in an incorrect sum of What was the number of the page that was added twice?
小提示:
将 与相邻的三角数比较
Compare with consecutive triangular numbers
大提示:
超出 的部分就是被重复计算的页码
The excess over is the repeated page number
解答:
附近的相邻三角数为 因此这本书有 页,多加的一项为 ,它确实是一个有效页码。
Consecutive triangular numbers around are Hence the book has pages, and the extra summand is which is indeed a valid page number.
7.
递增数列 、、、、、、、 由所有为 的幂或若干不同的 的幂之和的正整数组成。求该数列的第 项。
The increasing sequence consists of all those positive integers which are powers of or sums of distinct powers of Find the th term of this sequence.
小提示:
这些数恰好是在 进制中每一位都为 或 的数
These are precisely the numbers whose base- digits are all or
大提示:
将项数写成 进制,再把相同数字串按 进制解释
Write the index in base then reinterpret those same digits in base
解答:
不同的 的幂之和在 进制中只含数字 和 。随着这些数字串增大,它们的顺序与使用相同数字串的二进制数顺序一致。由于 第 个正整数项为
A sum of distinct powers of has only ’s and ’s in base As these strings increase, they occur in the same order as binary numerals with the same digit strings. Since the th positive term is
8.
令 为 的所有真因数以 为底的对数之和。最接近 的整数是多少?
Let be the sum of the base logarithms of all the proper divisors of What is the integer nearest to
小提示:
分解 的质因数,并计算其所有正因数的个数
Factor and count all of its positive divisors
大提示:
将每个因数 与其互补因数 配对
Pair every divisor with its complementary divisor
解答:
令 。它有 个正因数。所有正因数的乘积为 ,因而它们以 为底的对数之和为 真因数包括 ,但不包括 本身。减去 得 ,它已经是整数。
Let It has positive divisors. The product of all of them is so the sum of their base- logarithms is The proper divisors include but exclude itself. Subtracting gives already an integer.
9.
在 中,、,且 。取内部一点 ,并过 作分别平行于三角形三边的线段。若这三条线段的长度都等于 ,求 。
In and An interior point is drawn, and segments are drawn through parallel to the sides of the triangle. If these three segments have equal length find
小提示:
将 到三条边的垂直距离分别用对应高归一化
Normalize the perpendicular distances from to the three sides
大提示:
平行于一条边的截线长度等于该边长乘以一减去对应的归一化距离
A cross-section parallel to a side has length equal to that side times one minus the corresponding normalized distance
解答:
令 、,且 。令 、 和 分别为 到 、 和 的距离与对应高的比值。由面积分解可得 。
由相似三角形,过 且平行于 的线段长为 ,同理另外两条线段的长度分别为 和 。三者都等于 ,所以 三者之和为 ,因而 代入三条边长,得
Write and Let and be the distances from to and respectively, each divided by the corresponding altitude. Area decomposition gives
By similar triangles, the segment through parallel to has length and similarly the other two lengths are and Since all three equal Their sum is so Substituting the three side lengths gives
10.
在一个室内游戏中,魔术师请一名参与者想一个三位数 ,其中 、 和 按所示顺序表示以 为底的数字。随后,魔术师请这名参与者组成 、、、 和 ,将这五个数相加,并说出它们的和 。得知 后,魔术师就能确定原数 。请扮演魔术师,在 时求 。
In a parlor game, the magician asks one of the participants to think of a three-digit number where and represent base- digits in the indicated order. The magician then asks this person to form the numbers and to add these five numbers, and to reveal their sum If told the magician can identify the original number Play the role of the magician and determine if
小提示:
先把原数也包括在内,求六个排列数之和
First include the original number and sum all six permutations
大提示:
若 ,用 和 表示原数
If express the original number in terms of and
解答:
在六个排列数中,每个数字在每个数位上都出现两次,所以它们的总和为 。令 ,并将原数记为 。由于其余五个数之和为 ,因为 ,必须有 。依次检验这四个值,得到 、、 和 。其中只有 的数字和等于假设值,即 。因此原数为 。
Across all six permutations, each digit occurs twice in each place, so their total is Put and let the original number be Since the other five sum to Because we need Testing these four values gives and respectively. Only has digit sum equal to its assumed value, namely Therefore the original number is
11.
多项式 可写成 其中 ,且各 为常数。求 。
The polynomial may be written in the form where and the ’s are constants. Find
12.
定义一组数的和为其中所有元素之和。设 是一个正整数集合,其中每个数都不大于 。假设 中任意两个不相交的子集都没有相同的和。具有这些性质的集合 的最大可能元素和是多少?
Let the sum of a set of numbers be the sum of its elements. Let be a set of positive integers, none greater than Suppose no two disjoint subsets of have the same sum. What is the largest sum a set with these properties can have?
小提示:
若 有六个元素,将其 个子集和的方差与 个连续整数的方差比较
If had six elements, compare the variance of its subset sums with that of consecutive integers
大提示:
限定 的大小后,检查元素和超过候选值的五元子集
After bounding the size of inspect the five-element subsets whose sums exceed the candidate
解答:
首先, 至多有五个元素。若它有六个元素 ,则其 个子集和必须全都不同:如果两个子集和相等,消去它们的公共元素后,就会违反题设条件。
等概率随机选取一个子集,并令 为其元素和。则 另一方面, 等概率取 个不同的整数。 个不同整数在它们连续时方差最小,该方差为 矛盾。
至多含四个元素的集合,其元素和至多为 。 中元素和至少为 的五元子集只有七个。以下相等的和说明它们都不符合条件:
:。:。:。
:。:。
:。:。
因此答案至多为 。
集合 可达到 。它的 个子集和依次为 且全都不同。如果任意两个子集的和相等,删除它们的交集后,就会得到两个不相交且和相等的子集,因此这验证了所需性质。
First, has at most five elements. If it had six elements then its subset sums would all be distinct: equality between two subset sums, after cancelling their common elements, would violate the given condition.
Choose a subset uniformly at random and let be its sum. Then On the other hand, is uniform on distinct integers. The least possible variance for distinct integers occurs when they are consecutive, and is a contradiction.
A set with at most four elements has sum at most There are only seven five-element subsets of whose sums are at least Each fails, as witnessed by the following equal sums:
Thus the answer is at most
The set attains Its subset sums, in order, are all distinct. Equal sums from arbitrary subsets would, after deleting their intersection, give equal sums from disjoint subsets, so this verifies the required property.
13.
在一串抛硬币结果中,可以记录反面之后紧接正面、正面之后紧接正面等相邻情形,并分别记为 、 等。例如,在 次抛硬币所得的序列 中,有两个 、三个 、四个 和五个 子序列。有多少个不同的 次抛硬币序列恰好包含两个 、三个 、四个 和五个 子序列?
In a sequence of coin tosses, one can keep a record of instances in which a tail is immediately followed by a head, a head is immediately followed by a head, and so on. We denote these by and so on. For example, in the sequence of coin tosses, there are two three four and five subsequences. How many different sequences of coin tosses contain exactly two three four and five subsequences?
小提示:
比较 与 转换的次数,以确定第一次和最后一次抛掷的结果
Compare the numbers of and transitions to determine the first and last tosses
大提示:
将 与 的次数转化为交替连续段的总长度分配
Translate the and counts into totals distributed among alternating runs
解答:
由于有四次 转换和三次 转换,每个有效序列都以 开始、以 结束。因此它有四个 连续段和四个 连续段,并且两类连续段交替出现。
若所有 连续段的总长度为 ,则 转换的次数为 。因而 ,四个 连续段的正整数长度有 种选法。同理,五次 转换意味着四个 连续段的总长度为 ,因而有 种选法。交替顺序已经固定,所以序列总数为 。
Since there are four transitions and three transitions, every valid sequence starts with and ends with It therefore has four -runs and four -runs, alternating.
If the -runs have total length then the number of transitions is Thus and the positive lengths of the four -runs can be chosen in ways. Similarly, five transitions mean that the four -runs have total length giving choices. The alternating order is fixed, so the number of sequences is
14.
长方体 的一条体对角线与各条不相交的棱之间的最短距离分别为 、 和 。求 的体积。
The shortest distances between an interior diagonal of a rectangular parallelepiped and the edges it does not meet are and Determine the volume of
小提示:
设三条棱长为 、 和 ,并使用异面直线间距离的向量公式
Let the side lengths be and and use a vector formula for the distance between skew lines
大提示:
对各距离的平方取倒数,可使方程关于 、 和 成为线性方程
Taking reciprocals of the squared distances makes the equations linear in and
解答:
设三条棱长为 、 和 。例如,方向为 的体对角线到一条与其不相交且平行于 方向的棱的距离为 另外两个距离可由循环置换得到。我们可以依题中次序将三个已知距离分别对应到这三个方向,因为改变对应关系只会置换三条棱长。
令 、,且 。对各距离的平方取倒数,得到 解得 因此三条棱长为 、、,体积为 。
Let the side lengths be and For example, the distance from the space diagonal with direction to a nonintersecting edge parallel to the -direction is The other two distances are obtained cyclically. We may assign the three given distances to these three directions in the listed order, since permuting them only permutes the side lengths.
Put and Taking reciprocal squares gives Solving, Hence the side lengths are and the volume is
15.
设三角形 是 平面内以 为直角顶点的直角三角形。已知斜边 的长度为 ,且经过 与 的中线分别位于直线 与 上,求 的面积。
Let triangle be a right triangle in the -plane with a right angle at Given that the hypotenuse has length and that the medians through and lie along the lines and respectively, find the area of
小提示:
两条中线所在直线的交点就是重心
The intersection of the two median lines is the centroid
大提示:
从重心出发,沿方向向量 与 分别参数化 与
Parametrize and from the centroid along direction vectors and
解答:
两条中线所在直线相交于重心 。对实数 和 ,令 因为 ,所以 条件 给出 即 同时,由 得 用第二个方程减去第一个方程的一半,得到 ,所以 。
利用从 引出的两条互相垂直的直角边,面积等于相应行列式绝对值的一半:
The median lines meet at the centroid For real and write Since The condition gives or Meanwhile gives Subtracting half of the first equation from the second yields so
Using the two perpendicular legs from the area is half the absolute determinant: