1986 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

方程 x4=127x4\sqrt[4]{x}=\frac{12}{7-\sqrt[4]{x}} 的所有解之和是多少?

What is the sum of the solutions to the equation x4=127x4?\sqrt[4]{x}=\frac{12}{7-\sqrt[4]{x}}?

知识点:二次方程根式换元法
难度评级:1660
小提示:

代入 t=x4t=\sqrt[4]{x}

Substitute t=x4t=\sqrt[4]{x}

大提示:

消去分母后,将所得关于 tt 的二次式分解因式

After clearing the denominator, factor the resulting quadratic in tt

解答:

t=x4t=\sqrt[4]{x},则 t0t\geq0。方程化为 t(7t)=12 t(7-t)=12\text{,}t27t+12=0t^2-7t+12=0。所以 t=3t=3t=4t=4,且两个值在原方程中都成立。因此 x=34=81x=3^4=81x=44=256x=4^4=256,两者之和为 81+256=33781+256=337

Let t=x4,t=\sqrt[4]{x}, so t0.t\geq0. The equation becomes t(7t)=12, t(7-t)=12, or t27t+12=0.t^2-7t+12=0. Thus t=3t=3 or t=4,t=4, and both values are valid in the original equation. Hence x=34=81x=3^4=81 or x=44=256,x=4^4=256, and their sum is 81+256=337.81+256=337.

2.

计算乘积 (5+6+7)(5+6+7)(56+7)(5+67) \begin{gathered} (\sqrt5+\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(-\sqrt5+\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(\sqrt5-\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(\sqrt5+\sqrt6-\sqrt7) \end{gathered}\text{。}

Evaluate the product (5+6+7)(5+6+7)(56+7)(5+67). \begin{gathered} (\sqrt5+\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(-\sqrt5+\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(\sqrt5-\sqrt6+\sqrt7)\\ {}\cdot(\sqrt5+\sqrt6-\sqrt7). \end{gathered}

难度评级:1890
小提示:

将因式配对,使每一对都可用平方差化简

Pair factors so that each pair is a difference of squares

大提示:

第一次配对后,剩余的根式只会以 42\sqrt{42} 的形式出现

After the first pairing, the remaining radicals occur only through 42\sqrt{42}

解答:

先将前两个因式配对,再将后两个配对:(6+7)2(5)2=8+242,(5)2(76)2=8+242 \begin{gathered} (\sqrt6+\sqrt7)^2-(\sqrt5)^2\\ {}=8+2\sqrt{42},\\ (\sqrt5)^2-(\sqrt7-\sqrt6)^2\\ {}=-8+2\sqrt{42} \end{gathered}\text{。}因此所求乘积为 (8+242)(8+242)=16864=104 \begin{aligned} &(8+2\sqrt{42})(-8+2\sqrt{42})\\ &\qquad=168-64=104 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Pair the first two factors, then the last two: (6+7)2(5)2=8+242,(5)2(76)2=8+242. \begin{gathered} (\sqrt6+\sqrt7)^2-(\sqrt5)^2\\ {}=8+2\sqrt{42},\\ (\sqrt5)^2-(\sqrt7-\sqrt6)^2\\ {}=-8+2\sqrt{42}. \end{gathered} Therefore the requested product is (8+242)(8+242)=16864=104. \begin{aligned} &(8+2\sqrt{42})(-8+2\sqrt{42})\\ &\qquad=168-64=104. \end{aligned}

3.

tanx+tany=25\tan x+\tan y=25,且 cotx+coty=30\cot x+\cot y=30,求 tan(x+y)\tan(x+y)

If tanx+tany=25\tan x+\tan y=25 and cotx+coty=30,\cot x+\cot y=30, what is tan(x+y)?\tan(x+y)?

难度评级:1700
小提示:

tanx\tan xtany\tan y 表示两个余切之和

Express the sum of the cotangents using tanx\tan x and tany\tan y

大提示:

求出 tanxtany\tan x\tan y 后,使用正切和角公式

Use the tangent addition formula after finding tanxtany\tan x\tan y

解答:

由于 cotx+coty=tanx+tanytanxtany \cot x+\cot y =\frac{\tan x+\tan y}{\tan x\tan y}\text{,}已知方程给出 tanxtany=2530=56\tan x\tan y=\frac{25}{30}=\frac{5}{6}。因此 tan(x+y)=tanx+tany1tanxtany=25156=150 \begin{aligned} \tan(x+y) &=\frac{\tan x+\tan y} {1-\tan x\tan y}\\ &=\frac{25}{1-\frac56}\\ &=150 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Since cotx+coty=tanx+tanytanxtany, \cot x+\cot y =\frac{\tan x+\tan y}{\tan x\tan y}, the given equations yield tanxtany=2530=56.\tan x\tan y=\frac{25}{30}=\frac{5}{6}. Therefore tan(x+y)=tanx+tany1tanxtany=25156=150. \begin{aligned} \tan(x+y) &=\frac{\tan x+\tan y} {1-\tan x\tan y}\\ &=\frac{25}{1-\frac56}\\ &=150. \end{aligned}

4.

3x4+2x53x_4+2x_5,其中 x1x_1x2x_2x3x_3x4x_4x5x_5 满足方程组 2x1+x2+x3+x4+x5=6,x1+2x2+x3+x4+x5=12,x1+x2+2x3+x4+x5=24,x1+x2+x3+2x4+x5=48,x1+x2+x3+x4+2x5=96 \begin{aligned} 2x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5&=6,\\ x_1+2x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5&=12,\\ x_1+x_2+2x_3+x_4+x_5&=24,\\ x_1+x_2+x_3+2x_4+x_5&=48,\\ x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+2x_5&=96 \end{aligned}

Determine 3x4+2x53x_4+2x_5 if x1,x_1, x2,x_2, x3,x_3, x4,x_4, and x5x_5 satisfy the system 2x1+x2+x3+x4+x5=6,x1+2x2+x3+x4+x5=12,x1+x2+2x3+x4+x5=24,x1+x2+x3+2x4+x5=48,x1+x2+x3+x4+2x5=96. \begin{aligned} 2x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5&=6,\\ x_1+2x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5&=12,\\ x_1+x_2+2x_3+x_4+x_5&=24,\\ x_1+x_2+x_3+2x_4+x_5&=48,\\ x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+2x_5&=96. \end{aligned}

难度评级:1760
小提示:

S=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5S=x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5

Let S=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5S=x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5

大提示:

每个方程都形如 S+xi=S+x_i= 一个常数

Each equation has the form S+xi=S+x_i= a constant

解答:

S=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5S=x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5。五个方程表明,S+xiS+x_i 依次等于 661212242448489696。将五式相加,得 6S=6+12+24+48+96=186 \begin{aligned} 6S&=6+12+24+48+96\\ &=186 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 S=31S=31。因而 x4=4831=17x_4=48-31=17,且 x5=9631=65x_5=96-31=65。所求值为 3(17)+2(65)=1813(17)+2(65)=181

Put S=x1+x2+x3+x4+x5.S=x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4+x_5. The five equations say that S+xiS+x_i equals 6,6, 12,12, 24,24, 48,48, 96,96, respectively. Adding them gives 6S=6+12+24+48+96=186, \begin{aligned} 6S&=6+12+24+48+96\\ &=186, \end{aligned} so S=31.S=31. Hence x4=4831=17x_4=48-31=17 and x5=9631=65.x_5=96-31=65. The requested value is 3(17)+2(65)=181.3(17)+2(65)=181.

5.

使 n3+100n^3+100 能被 n+10n+10 整除的最大正整数 nn 是多少?

What is the largest positive integer nn for which n3+100n^3+100 is divisible by n+10?n+10?

难度评级:1840
小提示:

n3+100n^3+100n+10n+10 化简

Reduce n3+100n^3+100 modulo n+10n+10

大提示:

该条件使 n+10n+10 成为某个固定整数的正因数

The condition makes n+10n+10 a positive divisor of a fixed integer

解答:

n+10n+10,有 n10n\equiv-10。因此 n3+100(10)3+100900(modn+10) \begin{gathered} n^3+100 \equiv(-10)^3+100\\ \equiv-900\pmod{n+10} \end{gathered}\text{。}所以该条件等价于 900900 能被 n+10n+10 整除。由于 nn 为正整数,n+10n+10900900 的正因数,其最大可能值为 900900。因而 n=90010=890n=900-10=890

Modulo n+10,n+10, we have n10.n\equiv-10. Thus n3+100(10)3+100900(modn+10). \begin{gathered} n^3+100 \equiv(-10)^3+100\\ \equiv-900\pmod{n+10}. \end{gathered} The condition is therefore equivalent to 900900 being divisible by n+10.n+10. Since nn is positive, n+10n+10 is a positive divisor of 900,900, and its largest possible value is 900.900. This gives n=90010=890.n=900-10=890.

6.

一本书的页码从 11 编到 nn。将所有页码相加时,误将其中一个页码加了两次,得到错误的和 19861986。被重复相加的页码是多少?

The pages of a book are numbered 11 through n.n. When the page numbers of the book were added, one of the page numbers was mistakenly added twice, resulting in an incorrect sum of 1986.1986. What was the number of the page that was added twice?

难度评级:1490
小提示:

19861986 与相邻的三角数比较

Compare 19861986 with consecutive triangular numbers

大提示:

超出 1+2++n1+2+\cdots+n 的部分就是被重复计算的页码

The excess over 1+2++n1+2+\cdots+n is the repeated page number

解答:

19861986 附近的相邻三角数为 62632=1953,63642=2016 \begin{aligned} \frac{62\cdot63}{2}&=1953,\\ \frac{63\cdot64}{2}&=2016 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此这本书有 6262 页,多加的一项为 19861953=331986-1953=33,它确实是一个有效页码。

Consecutive triangular numbers around 19861986 are 62632=1953,63642=2016. \begin{aligned} \frac{62\cdot63}{2}&=1953,\\ \frac{63\cdot64}{2}&=2016. \end{aligned} Hence the book has 6262 pages, and the extra summand is 19861953=33,1986-1953=33, which is indeed a valid page number.

7.

递增数列 11334499101012121313\ldots 由所有为 33 的幂或若干不同的 33 的幂之和的正整数组成。求该数列的第 100100 项。

The increasing sequence 1,1, 3,3, 4,4, 9,9, 10,10, 12,12, 13,13, \ldots consists of all those positive integers which are powers of 33 or sums of distinct powers of 3.3. Find the 100100th term of this sequence.

知识点:进制位值
难度评级:1970
小提示:

这些数恰好是在 33 进制中每一位都为 0011 的数

These are precisely the numbers whose base-33 digits are all 00 or 11

大提示:

将项数写成 22 进制,再把相同数字串按 33 进制解释

Write the index in base 2,2, then reinterpret those same digits in base 33

解答:

不同的 33 的幂之和在 33 进制中只含数字 0011。随着这些数字串增大,它们的顺序与使用相同数字串的二进制数顺序一致。由于 100=11001002 100=1100100_2\text{,}100100 个正整数项为 11001003=36+35+32=729+243+9=981 \begin{aligned} 1100100_3 &=3^6+3^5+3^2\\ &=729+243+9\\ &=981 \end{aligned}\text{。}

A sum of distinct powers of 33 has only 00’s and 11’s in base 3.3. As these strings increase, they occur in the same order as binary numerals with the same digit strings. Since 100=11001002, 100=1100100_2, the 100100th positive term is 11001003=36+35+32=729+243+9=981. \begin{aligned} 1100100_3 &=3^6+3^5+3^2\\ &=729+243+9\\ &=981. \end{aligned}

8.

SS10000001000000 的所有真因数以 1010 为底的对数之和。最接近 SS 的整数是多少?

Let SS be the sum of the base 1010 logarithms of all the proper divisors of 1000000.1000000. What is the integer nearest to S?S?

难度评级:1950
小提示:

分解 10000001000000 的质因数,并计算其所有正因数的个数

Factor 10000001000000 and count all of its positive divisors

大提示:

将每个因数 dd 与其互补因数 1000000d\frac{1000000}{d} 配对

Pair every divisor dd with its complementary divisor 1000000d\frac{1000000}{d}

解答:

N=1000000=2656N=1000000=2^6 5^6。它有 (6+1)(6+1)=49(6+1)(6+1)=49 个正因数。所有正因数的乘积为 N492N^{\frac{49}{2}},因而它们以 1010 为底的对数之和为 492log10N=4926=147 \frac{49}{2}\log_{10}N=\frac{49}{2}\cdot6=147\text{。}真因数包括 11,但不包括 NN 本身。减去 log10N=6\log_{10}N=6S=141S=141,它已经是整数。

Let N=1000000=2656.N=1000000=2^6 5^6. It has (6+1)(6+1)=49(6+1)(6+1)=49 positive divisors. The product of all of them is N492,N^{\frac{49}{2}}, so the sum of their base-1010 logarithms is 492log10N=4926=147. \frac{49}{2}\log_{10}N=\frac{49}{2}\cdot6=147. The proper divisors include 11 but exclude NN itself. Subtracting log10N=6\log_{10}N=6 gives S=141,S=141, already an integer.

9.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=425AB=425BC=450BC=450,且 AC=510AC=510。取内部一点 PP,并过 PP 作分别平行于三角形三边的线段。若这三条线段的长度都等于 dd,求 dd

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=425,AB=425, BC=450,BC=450, and AC=510.AC=510. An interior point PP is drawn, and segments are drawn through PP parallel to the sides of the triangle. If these three segments have equal length d,d, find d.d.

难度评级:2350
小提示:

PP 到三条边的垂直距离分别用对应高归一化

Normalize the perpendicular distances from PP to the three sides

大提示:

平行于一条边的截线长度等于该边长乘以一减去对应的归一化距离

A cross-section parallel to a side has length equal to that side times one minus the corresponding normalized distance

解答:

a=BC=450a=BC=450b=CA=510b=CA=510,且 c=AB=425c=AB=425。令 xxyyzz 分别为 PPBCBCCACAABAB 的距离与对应高的比值。由面积分解可得 x+y+z=1x+y+z=1

由相似三角形,过 PP 且平行于 BCBC 的线段长为 a(1x)a(1-x),同理另外两条线段的长度分别为 b(1y)b(1-y)c(1z)c(1-z)。三者都等于 dd,所以 x=1da,y=1db,z=1dc \begin{aligned} x&=1-\frac da,\\ y&=1-\frac db,\\ z&=1-\frac dc \end{aligned}\text{。}三者之和为 11,因而 d=2abcab+bc+ca d=\frac{2abc}{ab+bc+ca}\text{。}代入三条边长,得 d=195075000637500=306 \begin{aligned} d&=\frac{195075000}{637500}\\ &=306 \end{aligned}\text{。}

Write a=BC=450,a=BC=450, b=CA=510,b=CA=510, and c=AB=425.c=AB=425. Let x,x, y,y, and zz be the distances from PP to BC,BC, CA,CA, and AB,AB, respectively, each divided by the corresponding altitude. Area decomposition gives x+y+z=1.x+y+z=1.

By similar triangles, the segment through PP parallel to BCBC has length a(1x),a(1-x), and similarly the other two lengths are b(1y)b(1-y) and c(1z).c(1-z). Since all three equal d,d, x=1da,y=1db,z=1dc. \begin{aligned} x&=1-\frac da,\\ y&=1-\frac db,\\ z&=1-\frac dc. \end{aligned} Their sum is 1,1, so d=2abcab+bc+ca. d=\frac{2abc}{ab+bc+ca}. Substituting the three side lengths gives d=195075000637500=306. \begin{aligned} d&=\frac{195075000}{637500}\\ &=306. \end{aligned}

10.

在一个室内游戏中,魔术师请一名参与者想一个三位数 (abc)(abc),其中 aabbcc 按所示顺序表示以 1010 为底的数字。随后,魔术师请这名参与者组成 (acb)(acb)(bca)(bca)(bac)(bac)(cab)(cab)(cba)(cba),将这五个数相加,并说出它们的和 NN。得知 NN 后,魔术师就能确定原数 (abc)(abc)。请扮演魔术师,在 N=3194N=3194 时求 (abc)(abc)

In a parlor game, the magician asks one of the participants to think of a three-digit number (abc),(abc), where a,a, b,b, and cc represent base-1010 digits in the indicated order. The magician then asks this person to form the numbers (acb),(acb), (bca),(bca), (bac),(bac), (cab),(cab), and (cba),(cba), to add these five numbers, and to reveal their sum N.N. If told N,N, the magician can identify the original number (abc).(abc). Play the role of the magician and determine (abc)(abc) if N=3194.N=3194.

难度评级:1830
小提示:

先把原数也包括在内,求六个排列数之和

First include the original number and sum all six permutations

大提示:

s=a+b+cs=a+b+c,用 ssNN 表示原数

If s=a+b+c,s=a+b+c, express the original number in terms of ss and NN

解答:

在六个排列数中,每个数字在每个数位上都出现两次,所以它们的总和为 222(a+b+c)222(a+b+c)。令 s=a+b+cs=a+b+c,并将原数记为 MM。由于其余五个数之和为 31943194M=222s3194 M=222s-3194\text{。}因为 100M999100\leq M\leq999,必须有 15s1815\leq s\leq18。依次检验这四个值,得到 M=136M=136M=358M=358M=580M=580M=802M=802。其中只有 358358 的数字和等于假设值,即 1616。因此原数为 358358

Across all six permutations, each digit occurs twice in each place, so their total is 222(a+b+c).222(a+b+c). Put s=a+b+cs=a+b+c and let the original number be M.M. Since the other five sum to 3194,3194, M=222s3194. M=222s-3194. Because 100M999,100\leq M\leq999, we need 15s18.15\leq s\leq18. Testing these four values gives M=136,M=136, M=358,M=358, M=580,M=580, and M=802,M=802, respectively. Only 358358 has digit sum equal to its assumed value, namely 16.16. Therefore the original number is 358.358.

11.

多项式 1x+x2x3+1-x+x^2-x^3+\cdots +x16x17{}+x^{16}-x^{17} 可写成 a0+a1y+a2y2++a16y16+a17y17 \begin{aligned} &a_0+a_1y+a_2y^2+\cdots\\ &\qquad{}+a_{16}y^{16}+a_{17}y^{17} \end{aligned}\text{,}其中 y=x+1y=x+1,且各 aia_i 为常数。求 a2a_2

The polynomial 1x+x2x3+1-x+x^2-x^3+\cdots +x16x17{}+x^{16}-x^{17} may be written in the form a0+a1y+a2y2++a16y16+a17y17, \begin{aligned} &a_0+a_1y+a_2y^2+\cdots\\ &\qquad{}+a_{16}y^{16}+a_{17}y^{17}, \end{aligned} where y=x+1y=x+1 and the aia_i’s are constants. Find a2.a_2.

难度评级:2300
小提示:

展开前先代入 x=y1x=y-1

Substitute x=y1x=y-1 before expanding

大提示:

只求各次幂中 y2y^2 的系数,并使用曲棍球杆恒等式

Find only the coefficient of y2y^2 in each power and use the hockey-stick identity

解答:

该多项式为 k=017(x)k\sum_{k=0}^{17}(-x)^k。由于 x=y1x=y-1,它化为 k=017(1y)k \sum_{k=0}^{17}(1-y)^k\text{。}k2k\geq2 时,(1y)k(1-y)^ky2y^2 的系数为 (k2)\binom{k}{2}。因此 a2=k=217(k2)=(183)=816 a_2=\sum_{k=2}^{17}\binom{k}{2} =\binom{18}{3}=816\text{。}

The polynomial is k=017(x)k.\sum_{k=0}^{17}(-x)^k. Since x=y1,x=y-1, this becomes k=017(1y)k. \sum_{k=0}^{17}(1-y)^k. For k2,k\geq2, the coefficient of y2y^2 in (1y)k(1-y)^k is (k2).\binom{k}{2}. Hence a2=k=217(k2)=(183)=816. a_2=\sum_{k=2}^{17}\binom{k}{2} =\binom{18}{3}=816.

12.

定义一组数的和为其中所有元素之和。设 SS 是一个正整数集合,其中每个数都不大于 1515。假设 SS 中任意两个不相交的子集都没有相同的和。具有这些性质的集合 SS 的最大可能元素和是多少?

Let the sum of a set of numbers be the sum of its elements. Let SS be a set of positive integers, none greater than 15.15. Suppose no two disjoint subsets of SS have the same sum. What is the largest sum a set SS with these properties can have?

难度评级:3270
小提示:

SS 有六个元素,将其 6464 个子集和的方差与 6464 个连续整数的方差比较

If SS had six elements, compare the variance of its 6464 subset sums with that of 6464 consecutive integers

大提示:

限定 SS 的大小后,检查元素和超过候选值的五元子集

After bounding the size of S,S, inspect the five-element subsets whose sums exceed the candidate

解答:

首先,SS 至多有五个元素。若它有六个元素 s1,,s6s_1,\ldots,s_6,则其 6464 个子集和必须全都不同:如果两个子集和相等,消去它们的公共元素后,就会违反题设条件。

等概率随机选取一个子集,并令 XX 为其元素和。则 Var(X)=14i=16si214(102+112++152)=9554 \begin{gathered} \operatorname{Var}(X) =\frac14\sum_{i=1}^6s_i^2\\ {}\leq\frac14(10^2+11^2+\cdots+15^2)\\ {}=\frac{955}{4} \end{gathered}\text{。}另一方面,XX 等概率取 6464 个不同的整数。6464 个不同整数在它们连续时方差最小,该方差为 642112=13654 \frac{64^2-1}{12}=\frac{1365}{4}\text{,}矛盾。

至多含四个元素的集合,其元素和至多为 12+13+14+15=5412+13+14+15=54{1,,15}\{1,\ldots,15\} 中元素和至少为 6262 的五元子集只有七个。以下相等的和说明它们都不符合条件:

{8,12,13,14,15}\{8,12,13,14,15\}13+14=12+1513+14=12+15{9,11,13,14,15}\{9,11,13,14,15\}11+13=9+1511+13=9+15{9,12,13,14,15}\{9,12,13,14,15\}13+14=12+1513+14=12+15

{10,11,12,14,15}\{10,11,12,14,15\}11+14=10+1511+14=10+15{10,11,13,14,15}\{10,11,13,14,15\}11+13=10+1411+13=10+14

{10,12,13,14,15}\{10,12,13,14,15\}12+13=10+1512+13=10+15{11,12,13,14,15}\{11,12,13,14,15\}12+13=11+1412+13=11+14

因此答案至多为 6161

集合 {8,11,13,14,15}\{8,11,13,14,15\} 可达到 6161。它的 3232 个子集和依次为 0,8,11,13,14,15,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,42,46,47,48,50,53,61 \begin{gathered} 0,8,11,13,14,15,19,21,\\ 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,\\ 32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,\\ 40,42,46,47,48,50,53,61 \end{gathered}\text{,}且全都不同。如果任意两个子集的和相等,删除它们的交集后,就会得到两个不相交且和相等的子集,因此这验证了所需性质。

First, SS has at most five elements. If it had six elements s1,,s6,s_1,\ldots,s_6, then its 6464 subset sums would all be distinct: equality between two subset sums, after cancelling their common elements, would violate the given condition.

Choose a subset uniformly at random and let XX be its sum. Then Var(X)=14i=16si214(102+112++152)=9554. \begin{gathered} \operatorname{Var}(X) =\frac14\sum_{i=1}^6s_i^2\\ {}\leq\frac14(10^2+11^2+\cdots+15^2)\\ {}=\frac{955}{4}. \end{gathered} On the other hand, XX is uniform on 6464 distinct integers. The least possible variance for 6464 distinct integers occurs when they are consecutive, and is 642112=13654, \frac{64^2-1}{12}=\frac{1365}{4}, a contradiction.

A set with at most four elements has sum at most 12+13+14+15=54.12+13+14+15=54. There are only seven five-element subsets of {1,,15}\{1,\ldots,15\} whose sums are at least 62.62. Each fails, as witnessed by the following equal sums:

{8,12,13,14,15}:\{8,12,13,14,15\}: 13+14=12+15.13+14=12+15. {9,11,13,14,15}:\{9,11,13,14,15\}: 11+13=9+15.11+13=9+15. {9,12,13,14,15}:\{9,12,13,14,15\}: 13+14=12+15.13+14=12+15.

{10,11,12,14,15}:\{10,11,12,14,15\}: 11+14=10+15.11+14=10+15. {10,11,13,14,15}:\{10,11,13,14,15\}: 11+13=10+14.11+13=10+14.

{10,12,13,14,15}:\{10,12,13,14,15\}: 12+13=10+15.12+13=10+15. {11,12,13,14,15}:\{11,12,13,14,15\}: 12+13=11+14.12+13=11+14.

Thus the answer is at most 61.61.

The set {8,11,13,14,15}\{8,11,13,14,15\} attains 61.61. Its 3232 subset sums, in order, are 0,8,11,13,14,15,19,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,42,46,47,48,50,53,61, \begin{gathered} 0,8,11,13,14,15,19,21,\\ 22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,\\ 32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,\\ 40,42,46,47,48,50,53,61, \end{gathered} all distinct. Equal sums from arbitrary subsets would, after deleting their intersection, give equal sums from disjoint subsets, so this verifies the required property.

13.

在一串抛硬币结果中,可以记录反面之后紧接正面、正面之后紧接正面等相邻情形,并分别记为 TH\mathrm{TH}HH\mathrm{HH} 等。例如,在 1515 次抛硬币所得的序列 HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT\mathrm{HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT} 中,有两个 HH\mathrm{HH}、三个 HT\mathrm{HT}、四个 TH\mathrm{TH} 和五个 TT\mathrm{TT} 子序列。有多少个不同的 1515 次抛硬币序列恰好包含两个 HH\mathrm{HH}、三个 HT\mathrm{HT}、四个 TH\mathrm{TH} 和五个 TT\mathrm{TT} 子序列?

In a sequence of coin tosses, one can keep a record of instances in which a tail is immediately followed by a head, a head is immediately followed by a head, and so on. We denote these by TH,\mathrm{TH}, HH,\mathrm{HH}, and so on. For example, in the sequence HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT\mathrm{HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT} of 1515 coin tosses, there are two HH,\mathrm{HH}, three HT,\mathrm{HT}, four TH,\mathrm{TH}, and five TT\mathrm{TT} subsequences. How many different sequences of 1515 coin tosses contain exactly two HH,\mathrm{HH}, three HT,\mathrm{HT}, four TH,\mathrm{TH}, and five TT\mathrm{TT} subsequences?

难度评级:2350
小提示:

比较 HT\mathrm{HT}TH\mathrm{TH} 转换的次数,以确定第一次和最后一次抛掷的结果

Compare the numbers of HT\mathrm{HT} and TH\mathrm{TH} transitions to determine the first and last tosses

大提示:

HH\mathrm{HH}TT\mathrm{TT} 的次数转化为交替连续段的总长度分配

Translate the HH\mathrm{HH} and TT\mathrm{TT} counts into totals distributed among alternating runs

解答:

由于有四次 TH\mathrm{TH} 转换和三次 HT\mathrm{HT} 转换,每个有效序列都以 T\mathrm{T} 开始、以 H\mathrm{H} 结束。因此它有四个 T\mathrm{T} 连续段和四个 H\mathrm{H} 连续段,并且两类连续段交替出现。

若所有 H\mathrm{H} 连续段的总长度为 hh,则 HH\mathrm{HH} 转换的次数为 h4h-4。因而 h=6h=6,四个 H\mathrm{H} 连续段的正整数长度有 (6141)=(53)=10\binom{6-1}{4-1}=\binom53=10 种选法。同理,五次 TT\mathrm{TT} 转换意味着四个 T\mathrm{T} 连续段的总长度为 99,因而有 (9141)=(83)=56\binom{9-1}{4-1}=\binom83=56 种选法。交替顺序已经固定,所以序列总数为 1056=56010\cdot56=560

Since there are four TH\mathrm{TH} transitions and three HT\mathrm{HT} transitions, every valid sequence starts with T\mathrm{T} and ends with H.\mathrm{H}. It therefore has four T\mathrm{T}-runs and four H\mathrm{H}-runs, alternating.

If the H\mathrm{H}-runs have total length h,h, then the number of HH\mathrm{HH} transitions is h4.h-4. Thus h=6,h=6, and the positive lengths of the four H\mathrm{H}-runs can be chosen in (6141)=(53)=10\binom{6-1}{4-1}=\binom53=10 ways. Similarly, five TT\mathrm{TT} transitions mean that the four T\mathrm{T}-runs have total length 9,9, giving (9141)=(83)=56\binom{9-1}{4-1}=\binom83=56 choices. The alternating order is fixed, so the number of sequences is 1056=560.10\cdot56=560.

14.

长方体 PP 的一条体对角线与各条不相交的棱之间的最短距离分别为 252\sqrt53013\frac{30}{\sqrt{13}}1510\frac{15}{\sqrt{10}}。求 PP 的体积。

The shortest distances between an interior diagonal of a rectangular parallelepiped PP and the edges it does not meet are 25,2\sqrt5, 3013,\frac{30}{\sqrt{13}}, and 1510.\frac{15}{\sqrt{10}}. Determine the volume of P.P.

难度评级:3060
小提示:

设三条棱长为 aabbcc,并使用异面直线间距离的向量公式

Let the side lengths be a,a, b,b, and cc and use a vector formula for the distance between skew lines

大提示:

对各距离的平方取倒数,可使方程关于 1a2\frac{1}{a^2}1b2\frac{1}{b^2}1c2\frac{1}{c^2} 成为线性方程

Taking reciprocals of the squared distances makes the equations linear in 1a2,\frac{1}{a^2}, 1b2,\frac{1}{b^2}, and 1c2\frac{1}{c^2}

解答:

设三条棱长为 aabbcc。例如,方向为 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 的体对角线到一条与其不相交且平行于 aa 方向的棱的距离为 bcb2+c2 \frac{bc}{\sqrt{b^2+c^2}}\text{。}另外两个距离可由循环置换得到。我们可以依题中次序将三个已知距离分别对应到这三个方向,因为改变对应关系只会置换三条棱长。

X=1a2X=\frac{1}{a^2}Y=1b2Y=\frac{1}{b^2},且 Z=1c2Z=\frac{1}{c^2}。对各距离的平方取倒数,得到 Y+Z=120,X+Z=13900,X+Y=245 \begin{aligned} Y+Z&=\frac1{20},\\ X+Z&=\frac{13}{900},\\ X+Y&=\frac2{45} \end{aligned}\text{。}解得 X=1225,Y=125,Z=1100 \begin{aligned} X&=\frac1{225},\\ Y&=\frac1{25},\\ Z&=\frac1{100} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此三条棱长为 1515551010,体积为 15510=75015\cdot5\cdot10=750

Let the side lengths be a,a, b,b, and c.c. For example, the distance from the space diagonal with direction (a,b,c)(a,b,c) to a nonintersecting edge parallel to the aa-direction is bcb2+c2. \frac{bc}{\sqrt{b^2+c^2}}. The other two distances are obtained cyclically. We may assign the three given distances to these three directions in the listed order, since permuting them only permutes the side lengths.

Put X=1a2,X=\frac{1}{a^2}, Y=1b2,Y=\frac{1}{b^2}, and Z=1c2.Z=\frac{1}{c^2}. Taking reciprocal squares gives Y+Z=120,X+Z=13900,X+Y=245. \begin{aligned} Y+Z&=\frac1{20},\\ X+Z&=\frac{13}{900},\\ X+Y&=\frac2{45}. \end{aligned} Solving, X=1225,Y=125,Z=1100. \begin{aligned} X&=\frac1{225},\\ Y&=\frac1{25},\\ Z&=\frac1{100}. \end{aligned} Hence the side lengths are 15,15, 5,5, 10,10, and the volume is 15510=750.15\cdot5\cdot10=750.

15.

设三角形 ABCABCxyxy 平面内以 CC 为直角顶点的直角三角形。已知斜边 ABAB 的长度为 6060,且经过 AABB 的中线分别位于直线 y=x+3y=x+3y=2x+4y=2x+4 上,求 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积。

Let triangle ABCABC be a right triangle in the xyxy-plane with a right angle at C.C. Given that the hypotenuse ABAB has length 60,60, and that the medians through AA and BB lie along the lines y=x+3y=x+3 and y=2x+4,y=2x+4, respectively, find the area of ABC.\triangle ABC.

难度评级:2820
小提示:

两条中线所在直线的交点就是重心

The intersection of the two median lines is the centroid

大提示:

从重心出发,沿方向向量 (1,1)(1,1)(1,2)(1,2) 分别参数化 AABB

Parametrize AA and BB from the centroid along direction vectors (1,1)(1,1) and (1,2)(1,2)

解答:

两条中线所在直线相交于重心 G=(1,2)G=(-1,2)。对实数 uuvv,令 A=G+(u,u),B=G+(v,2v) \begin{aligned} A&=G+(u,u),\\ B&=G+(v,2v) \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 A+B+C=3GA+B+C=3G,所以 C=G(u,u)(v,2v) C=G-(u,u)-(v,2v)\text{。}条件 ACBCAC\perp BC 给出 (2u+v,2u+2v)(u+2v,u+4v)=0 \begin{aligned} &(2u+v,2u+2v)\\ &\qquad\mathbin{\cdot}(u+2v,u+4v)=0 \end{aligned}\text{,}4u2+15uv+10v2=0 4u^2+15uv+10v^2=0\text{。}同时,由 AB=60AB=60(uv)2+(u2v)2=2u26uv+5v2=3600 \begin{aligned} &(u-v)^2+(u-2v)^2\\ &\qquad=2u^2-6uv+5v^2\\ &\qquad=3600 \end{aligned}\text{。}用第二个方程减去第一个方程的一半,得到 272uv=3600-\frac{27}{2}uv=3600,所以 uv=8003uv=-\frac{800}{3}

利用从 CC 引出的两条互相垂直的直角边,面积等于相应行列式绝对值的一半:[ABC]=12det(2u+v2u+2vu+2vu+4v)=123uv=400 \begin{aligned} [ABC] &=\frac12\left| \det\begin{pmatrix}2u+v&2u+2v\\u+2v&u+4v\end{pmatrix} \right|\\ &=\frac12|3uv| =400 \end{aligned}\text{。}

The median lines meet at the centroid G=(1,2).G=(-1,2). For real uu and v,v, write A=G+(u,u),B=G+(v,2v). \begin{aligned} A&=G+(u,u),\\ B&=G+(v,2v). \end{aligned} Since A+B+C=3G,A+B+C=3G, C=G(u,u)(v,2v). C=G-(u,u)-(v,2v). The condition ACBCAC\perp BC gives (2u+v,2u+2v)(u+2v,u+4v)=0, \begin{aligned} &(2u+v,2u+2v)\\ &\qquad\mathbin{\cdot}(u+2v,u+4v)=0, \end{aligned} or 4u2+15uv+10v2=0. 4u^2+15uv+10v^2=0. Meanwhile AB=60AB=60 gives (uv)2+(u2v)2=2u26uv+5v2=3600. \begin{aligned} &(u-v)^2+(u-2v)^2\\ &\qquad=2u^2-6uv+5v^2\\ &\qquad=3600. \end{aligned} Subtracting half of the first equation from the second yields 272uv=3600,-\frac{27}{2}uv=3600, so uv=8003.uv=-\frac{800}{3}.

Using the two perpendicular legs from C,C, the area is half the absolute determinant: [ABC]=12det(2u+v2u+2vu+2vu+4v)=123uv=400. \begin{aligned} [ABC] &=\frac12\left| \det\begin{pmatrix}2u+v&2u+2v\\u+2v&u+4v\end{pmatrix} \right|\\ &=\frac12|3uv| =400. \end{aligned}