1986 AIME 第 13 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

13.

在一串抛硬币结果中,可以记录反面之后紧接正面、正面之后紧接正面等相邻情形,并分别记为 TH\mathrm{TH}HH\mathrm{HH} 等。例如,在 1515 次抛硬币所得的序列 HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT\mathrm{HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT} 中,有两个 HH\mathrm{HH}、三个 HT\mathrm{HT}、四个 TH\mathrm{TH} 和五个 TT\mathrm{TT} 子序列。有多少个不同的 1515 次抛硬币序列恰好包含两个 HH\mathrm{HH}、三个 HT\mathrm{HT}、四个 TH\mathrm{TH} 和五个 TT\mathrm{TT} 子序列?

In a sequence of coin tosses, one can keep a record of instances in which a tail is immediately followed by a head, a head is immediately followed by a head, and so on. We denote these by TH,\mathrm{TH}, HH,\mathrm{HH}, and so on. For example, in the sequence HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT\mathrm{HHTTHHHHTHHTTTT} of 1515 coin tosses, there are two HH,\mathrm{HH}, three HT,\mathrm{HT}, four TH,\mathrm{TH}, and five TT\mathrm{TT} subsequences. How many different sequences of 1515 coin tosses contain exactly two HH,\mathrm{HH}, three HT,\mathrm{HT}, four TH,\mathrm{TH}, and five TT\mathrm{TT} subsequences?

答案:560
知识点:有限制的排列乘法原理隔板法
难度评级:2350
小提示:

比较 HT\mathrm{HT}TH\mathrm{TH} 转换的次数,以确定第一次和最后一次抛掷的结果

Compare the numbers of HT\mathrm{HT} and TH\mathrm{TH} transitions to determine the first and last tosses

大提示:

HH\mathrm{HH}TT\mathrm{TT} 的次数转化为交替连续段的总长度分配

Translate the HH\mathrm{HH} and TT\mathrm{TT} counts into totals distributed among alternating runs

解答:

由于有四次 TH\mathrm{TH} 转换和三次 HT\mathrm{HT} 转换,每个有效序列都以 T\mathrm{T} 开始、以 H\mathrm{H} 结束。因此它有四个 T\mathrm{T} 连续段和四个 H\mathrm{H} 连续段,并且两类连续段交替出现。

若所有 H\mathrm{H} 连续段的总长度为 hh,则 HH\mathrm{HH} 转换的次数为 h4h-4。因而 h=6h=6,四个 H\mathrm{H} 连续段的正整数长度有 (6141)=(53)=10\binom{6-1}{4-1}=\binom53=10 种选法。同理,五次 TT\mathrm{TT} 转换意味着四个 T\mathrm{T} 连续段的总长度为 99,因而有 (9141)=(83)=56\binom{9-1}{4-1}=\binom83=56 种选法。交替顺序已经固定,所以序列总数为 1056=56010\cdot56=560

Since there are four TH\mathrm{TH} transitions and three HT\mathrm{HT} transitions, every valid sequence starts with T\mathrm{T} and ends with H.\mathrm{H}. It therefore has four T\mathrm{T}-runs and four H\mathrm{H}-runs, alternating.

If the H\mathrm{H}-runs have total length h,h, then the number of HH\mathrm{HH} transitions is h4.h-4. Thus h=6,h=6, and the positive lengths of the four H\mathrm{H}-runs can be chosen in (6141)=(53)=10\binom{6-1}{4-1}=\binom53=10 ways. Similarly, five TT\mathrm{TT} transitions mean that the four T\mathrm{T}-runs have total length 9,9, giving (9141)=(83)=56\binom{9-1}{4-1}=\binom83=56 choices. The alternating order is fixed, so the number of sequences is 1056=560.10\cdot56=560.

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