2022 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

存在一个整系数多项式 P(x)P(x),满足 P(x)=(x2310−1)6⋅1(x105−1)(x70−1)⋅1(x42−1)(x30−1) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^{2310}-1)^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{105}-1)(x^{70}-1)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{42}-1)(x^{30}-1)} \end{aligned} 对每个 0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1 都成立。求 P(x)P(x) 中 x2022x^{2022} 的系数。

There is a polynomial P(x)P(x) with integer coefficients such that P(x)=(x2310−1)6⋅1(x105−1)(x70−1)⋅1(x42−1)(x30−1) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^{2310}-1)^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{105}-1)(x^{70}-1)} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(x^{42}-1)(x^{30}-1)} \end{aligned} holds for every 0<x<1.0 \lt x \lt 1. Find the coefficient of x2022x^{2022} in P(x).P(x).

答案:220
知识点:生成函数丢番图方程隔板法
难度评级:3270
小提示:

写成 P(x)=(1−x2310)6∏11−xkP(x) = (1 - x^{2310})^6 \prod \frac{1}{1 - x^k},其中 k=105,70,42,30k = 105, 70, 42, 30;由于 2022<23102022 \lt 2310,分子只贡献常数项

Write P(x)=(1−x2310)6∏11−xkP(x) = (1 - x^{2310})^6 \prod \frac{1}{1 - x^k} for k=105,70,42,30;k = 105, 70, 42, 30; since 2022<2310,2022 \lt 2310, the numerator contributes only its constant term

大提示:

通过分别模 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 来固定 a,b,c,da, b, c, d 关于 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 的余数,从而计数 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 的解

Count solutions of 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 by reducing modulo 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 to pin down a,b,c,da, b, c, d modulo 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7

解答:

对 0<x<10 \lt x \lt 1, P(x)=(1−x2310)6⋅1(1−x105)(1−x70)⋅1(1−x42)(1−x30) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (1-x^{2310})^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{105})(1-x^{70})} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{42})(1-x^{30})} \end{aligned} 且每个因子 11−xk\frac{1}{1 - x^k} 都可展开为等比级数。由于 2022<23102022 \lt 2310,因子 (1−x2310)6(1 - x^{2310})^6 只贡献常数项 11,所以 x2022x^{2022} 的系数等于非负整数解 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022 的个数。

模 22 化简给出 105a≡2022105a \equiv 2022,所以 aa 为偶数;模 33 化简给出 70b≡2022≡070b \equiv 2022 \equiv 0,所以 33 整除 bb;模 55 化简给出 2c≡2022≡22c \equiv 2022 \equiv 2,所以 c≡1(mod5)c \equiv 1 \pmod 5;模 77 化简给出 2d≡2022≡62d \equiv 2022 \equiv 6,所以 d≡3(mod7)d \equiv 3 \pmod 7。令 a=2a′a = 2a'、b=3b′b = 3b'、c=5c′+1c = 5c' + 1、d=7d′+3d = 7d' + 3,原方程变为 210(a′+b′+c′+d′)+42+90=2022 \begin{aligned} &210(a' + b' + c' + d') + 42 \\ &\quad {}+ 90 = 2022 \end{aligned} 所以 a′+b′+c′+d′=9。a' + b' + c' + d' = 9\text{。}

由隔板法共有 (123)=220\binom{12}{3} = 220 个解,因此该系数为 220220。

For 0<x<1,0 \lt x \lt 1, P(x)=(1−x2310)6⋅1(1−x105)(1−x70)⋅1(1−x42)(1−x30), \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (1-x^{2310})^6 \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{105})(1-x^{70})} \\ &\quad {}\cdot \frac{1}{(1-x^{42})(1-x^{30})}, \end{aligned} and each factor 11−xk\frac{1}{1 - x^k} expands as a geometric series. Since 2022<2310,2022 \lt 2310, the factor (1−x2310)6(1 - x^{2310})^6 contributes only its constant term 1,1, so the coefficient of x2022x^{2022} is the number of nonnegative integer solutions of 105a+70b+42c+30d=2022.105a + 70b + 42c + 30d = 2022.

Reducing modulo 22 gives 105a≡2022,105a \equiv 2022, so aa is even; modulo 33 gives 70b≡2022≡0,70b \equiv 2022 \equiv 0, so 33 divides b;b; modulo 55 gives 2c≡2022≡2,2c \equiv 2022 \equiv 2, so c≡1(mod5);c \equiv 1 \pmod 5; modulo 77 gives 2d≡2022≡6,2d \equiv 2022 \equiv 6, so d≡3(mod7).d \equiv 3 \pmod 7. Writing a=2a′,a = 2a', b=3b′,b = 3b', c=5c′+1,c = 5c' + 1, d=7d′+3d = 7d' + 3 turns the equation into 210(a′+b′+c′+d′)+42+90=2022, \begin{aligned} &210(a' + b' + c' + d') + 42 \\ &\quad {}+ 90 = 2022, \end{aligned} so a′+b′+c′+d′=9.a' + b' + c' + d' = 9.

By stars and bars there are (123)=220\binom{12}{3} = 220 solutions, so the coefficient is 220.220.

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