2019 AIME II 第 13 题

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13.

正八边形 A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 内接于面积为 11 的圆。点 PP 在圆内,使得由 PA1\overline{PA_1}PA2\overline{PA_2} 与圆的小弧 A1A2\overset{\frown}{A_1A_2} 围成的区域面积为 17\frac{1}{7},而由 PA3\overline{PA_3}PA4\overline{PA_4} 与圆的小弧 A3A4\overset{\frown}{A_3A_4} 围成的区域面积为 19\frac{1}{9}。存在正整数 nn,使得由 PA6\overline{PA_6}PA7\overline{PA_7} 与圆的小弧 A6A7\overset{\frown}{A_6A_7} 围成的区域面积等于 182n\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{n}。求 nn

Regular octagon A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 is inscribed in a circle of area 1.1. Point PP lies inside the circle so that the region bounded by PA1,\overline{PA_1}, PA2,\overline{PA_2}, and the minor arc A1A2\overset{\frown}{A_1A_2} of the circle has area 17,\frac{1}{7}, while the region bounded by PA3,\overline{PA_3}, PA4,\overline{PA_4}, and the minor arc A3A4\overset{\frown}{A_3A_4} of the circle has area 19.\frac{1}{9}. There is a positive integer nn such that the area of the region bounded by PA6,\overline{PA_6}, PA7,\overline{PA_7}, and the minor arc A6A7\overset{\frown}{A_6A_7} of the circle is equal to 182n.\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{n}. Find n.n.

答案:504
知识点:正多边形扇形向量
难度评级:3270
小提示:

每个区域都是圆弓形加上三角形 PAiAi+1PA_iA_{i+1};其面积为 18\frac18 减去一个常数乘以 PP 在该边外法向单位向量上的分量

Each region is the circular segment plus triangle PAiAi+1;PA_iA_{i+1}; its area is 18\frac18 minus a constant times the component of PP along that side’s outward unit normal

大提示:

A6A7A_6A_7 比边 A1A2A_1A_2 多绕了五步,所以它的单位法向量为 u6=u1+u32u_6 = -\frac{u_1 + u_3}{\sqrt{2}}

Side A6A7A_6A_7 is five steps around from side A1A2,A_1A_2, so its unit normal is u6=u1+u32u_6 = -\frac{u_1 + u_3}{\sqrt{2}}

解答:

OO 为圆心,ss 为边长,aa 为内切半径,uiu_i 为从 OO 指向弦 AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} 中点的单位向量。由 PAi\overline{PA_i}PAi+1\overline{PA_{i+1}} 与圆弧围成的区域,是圆弓形加上三角形 PAiAi+1PA_iA_{i+1}。圆弓形面积等于 18sa2\frac{1}{8} - \frac{sa}{2}(扇形减去三角形 OAiAi+1OA_iA_{i+1}),而以 PP 为顶点的三角形面积等于 s2(aPui)\frac{s}{2}(a - P \cdot u_i),这里 aPuia - P \cdot u_i 表示点 PP 到该弦的距离。相加得到 面积i=18s2(Pui)\text{面积}_i = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{s}{2}\,(P \cdot u_i)\text{。}

已知面积给出 s2(Pu1)=1817=156\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_1) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{7} = -\frac{1}{56},以及 s2(Pu3)=1819=172\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_3) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} = \frac{1}{72}。法向量每经过一条边旋转 4545^\circ,所以 u3u_3u1u_1 旋转 9090^\circ 后的向量,而 u6u_6u1u_1 前进五条边,也就是 u1u_1 旋转 225225^\circ 后的向量: u6=22(u1+u3)u_6 = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\,(u_1 + u_3)\text{。} 因此 s2(Pu6)=12(156+172)=12(1252)=2504 \begin{aligned} &\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_6) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(-\frac{1}{56} + \frac{1}{72}\right) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{252}\right) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此边 A6A7A_6A_7 对应区域的面积为 182504\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504},所以 n=504n = 504

Let OO be the center, ss the side length, aa the apothem, and uiu_i the unit vector from OO toward the midpoint of chord AiAi+1.A_iA_{i+1}. The region bounded by PAi,\overline{PA_i}, PAi+1,\overline{PA_{i+1}}, and the arc is the circular segment together with triangle PAiAi+1.PA_iA_{i+1}. The segment has area 18sa2\frac{1}{8} - \frac{sa}{2} (sector minus triangle OAiAi+1OA_iA_{i+1}), and the triangle at PP has area s2(aPui),\frac{s}{2}(a - P \cdot u_i), since aPuia - P \cdot u_i is the distance from PP to the chord. Adding, areai=18s2(Pui).\text{area}_i = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{s}{2}\,(P \cdot u_i).

The given areas say s2(Pu1)=1817=156\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_1) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{7} = -\frac{1}{56} and s2(Pu3)=1819=172.\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_3) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} = \frac{1}{72}. The normals rotate 4545^\circ per side, so u3u_3 is u1u_1 rotated 90,90^\circ, and u6,u_6, five steps from u1,u_1, is u1u_1 rotated 225:225^\circ: u6=22(u1+u3).u_6 = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\,(u_1 + u_3). Therefore s2(Pu6)=12(156+172)=12(1252)=2504. \begin{aligned} &\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_6) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(-\frac{1}{56} + \frac{1}{72}\right) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{252}\right) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504}. \end{aligned}

The region on side A6A7A_6A_7 thus has area 182504,\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504}, so n=504.n = 504.

第 12 题#12
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