2019 AIME II 真题

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1.

两个不同的点 CCDD,位于直线 ABAB 的同一侧,使得 ABC\triangle ABCBAD\triangle BAD 全等,且 AB=9AB = 9BC=AD=10BC = AD = 10CA=DB=17CA = DB = 17。这两个三角形区域的交集面积为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Two different points, CC and D,D, lie on the same side of line ABAB so that ABC\triangle ABC and BAD\triangle BAD are congruent with AB=9,AB = 9, BC=AD=10,BC = AD = 10, and CA=DB=17.CA = DB = 17. The intersection of these two triangular regions has area mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:59
知识点:坐标几何全等(几何)三角形面积
难度评级:2220
小提示:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(9,0)B = (9, 0),求出 CCDD;这两个三角形关于 AB\overline{AB} 的垂直平分线成镜像

Place A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and B=(9,0)B = (9, 0) and find CC and D;D; the two triangles are mirror images across the perpendicular bisector of AB\overline{AB}

大提示:

重叠部分是以 AB\overline{AB} 为底的三角形,其顶点是线段 AC\overline{AC}BD\overline{BD} 的交点

The overlap is the triangle with base AB\overline{AB} whose apex is the point where segments AC\overline{AC} and BD\overline{BD} cross

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(9,0)B = (9, 0)。由 CA=17CA = 17BC=10BC = 10,解 x2+y2=289x^2 + y^2 = 289(x9)2+y2=100(x - 9)^2 + y^2 = 100,得 C=(15,8)C = (15, 8)。全等关系 ABCBAD\triangle ABC \cong \triangle BAD 会交换 AABB,所以 DDCC 关于直线 x=92x = \frac{9}{2} 的反射,即 D=(6,8)D = (-6, 8)

一个点在三角形 ABCABC 内,当且仅当它在 AB\overline{AB} 上方或线上、在直线 ACACBB 一侧,并且在直线 BCBCAA 一侧;对三角形 BADBAD 同理。在重叠部分中起限制作用的是 y0y \ge 0、直线 ACAC 和直线 BDBD,所以交集是以 AB\overline{AB} 为底、顶点 E=ACBDE = AC \cap BD 的三角形。直线 ACACy=8x15y = \frac{8x}{15},直线 BDBDy=8(x9)15y = -\frac{8(x - 9)}{15},两者交于 E=(92,125)E = \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{12}{5}\right)

面积为 129125=545\frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 \cdot \frac{12}{5} = \frac{54}{5}\text{,}所以 m+n=54+5=59m + n = 54 + 5 = 59

Place A=(0,0)A = (0, 0) and B=(9,0).B = (9, 0). From CA=17CA = 17 and BC=10,BC = 10, solving x2+y2=289x^2 + y^2 = 289 and (x9)2+y2=100(x - 9)^2 + y^2 = 100 gives C=(15,8).C = (15, 8). The congruence ABCBAD\triangle ABC \cong \triangle BAD swaps AA and B,B, so DD is the reflection of CC across the line x=92,x = \frac{9}{2}, namely D=(6,8).D = (-6, 8).

A point lies in triangle ABCABC exactly when it is on or above AB,\overline{AB}, on BB’s side of line AC,AC, and on AA’s side of line BC;BC; similarly for triangle BAD.BAD. In the overlap the binding constraints are y0,y \ge 0, line AC,AC, and line BD,BD, so the intersection is the triangle with base AB\overline{AB} and apex E=ACBD.E = AC \cap BD. Line ACAC is y=8x15y = \frac{8x}{15} and line BDBD is y=8(x9)15,y = -\frac{8(x - 9)}{15}, which meet at E=(92,125).E = \left(\frac{9}{2}, \frac{12}{5}\right).

The area is 129125=545,\frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 \cdot \frac{12}{5} = \frac{54}{5}, so m+n=54+5=59.m + n = 54 + 5 = 59.

2.

池塘中荷叶 112233\ldots 排成一行。一只青蛙从荷叶 11 开始跳跃。从任意荷叶 kk 出发时,青蛙随机跳到 k+1k + 1k+2k + 2,两种选择的概率都是 12\frac{1}{2},且各次跳跃相互独立。青蛙经过荷叶 77 的概率为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

Lily pads 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, \ldots lie in a row on a pond. A frog makes a sequence of jumps starting on pad 1.1. From any pad kk the frog jumps to either pad k+1k + 1 or pad k+2k + 2 chosen randomly with probability 12\frac{1}{2} and independently of other jumps. The probability that the frog visits pad 77 is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:107
知识点:递推概率递推
难度评级:2240
小提示:

pkp_k 为青蛙会落在荷叶 kk 上的概率;它只能从荷叶 k1k - 1 或荷叶 k2k - 2 到达那里

Let pkp_k be the probability that the frog ever lands on pad k;k; the frog can only arrive there from pad k1k - 1 or pad k2k - 2

大提示:

pk=12pk1+12pk2p_k = \frac{1}{2}p_{k-1} + \frac{1}{2}p_{k-2},且 p1=1p_1 = 1p2=12p_2 = \frac{1}{2};迭代到 k=7k = 7

pk=12pk1+12pk2p_k = \frac{1}{2}p_{k-1} + \frac{1}{2}p_{k-2} with p1=1p_1 = 1 and p2=12;p_2 = \frac{1}{2}; iterate up to k=7k = 7

解答:

pkp_k 为青蛙经过荷叶 kk 的概率。青蛙落在荷叶 kk 上恰有两种互斥方式:它经过荷叶 k1k - 1 并从那里跳 +1+1(若跳 +2+2,荷叶 kk 会永远被跳过),或者它完全跳过荷叶 k1k - 1,这要求它经过荷叶 k2k - 2 并从那里跳 +2+2,落到荷叶 kk。因此 pk=12pk1+12pk2,p1=1,p2=12 \begin{aligned} &p_k = \tfrac{1}{2}p_{k-1} + \tfrac{1}{2}p_{k-2}, \\ &\qquad p_1 = 1, \quad p_2 = \tfrac{1}{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

迭代得到 p3=34p_3 = \frac{3}{4}p4=58p_4 = \frac{5}{8}p5=1116p_5 = \frac{11}{16}p6=2132p_6 = \frac{21}{32}p7=4364p_7 = \frac{43}{64}。因为 gcd(43,64)=1\gcd(43, 64) = 1,答案为 43+64=10743 + 64 = 107

Let pkp_k be the probability that the frog visits pad k.k. The frog lands on pad kk in exactly one of two disjoint ways: it visits pad k1k - 1 and jumps +1+1 from there (if it jumps +2,+2, pad kk is skipped forever), or it skips pad k1k - 1 entirely, which requires visiting pad k2k - 2 and jumping +2+2 from it, landing on pad k.k. Hence pk=12pk1+12pk2,p1=1,p2=12. \begin{aligned} &p_k = \tfrac{1}{2}p_{k-1} + \tfrac{1}{2}p_{k-2}, \\ &\qquad p_1 = 1, \quad p_2 = \tfrac{1}{2}. \end{aligned}

Iterating: p3=34,p_3 = \frac{3}{4}, p4=58,p_4 = \frac{5}{8}, p5=1116,p_5 = \frac{11}{16}, p6=2132,p_6 = \frac{21}{32}, and p7=4364.p_7 = \frac{43}{64}. Since gcd(43,64)=1,\gcd(43, 64) = 1, the answer is 43+64=107.43 + 64 = 107.

3.

求满足下列方程组的正整数 77 元组 (a,b,c,d,e,f,g)(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) 的个数:abc=70abc = 70cde=71cde = 71efg=72efg = 72\text{。}

Find the number of 77-tuples of positive integers (a,b,c,d,e,f,g)(a, b, c, d, e, f, g) that satisfy the following system of equations: abc=70,abc = 70, cde=71,cde = 71, efg=72.efg = 72.

答案:96
难度评级:1990
小提示:

7171 是质数,并且 cc 必须整除 7070,而 ee 必须整除 7272

7171 is prime, and cc must divide 7070 while ee must divide 7272

大提示:

d=71d = 71c=e=1c = e = 1 后,用因数个数来数满足 ab=70ab = 70fg=72fg = 72 的有序数对

With d=71d = 71 and c=e=1,c = e = 1, count the ordered pairs with ab=70ab = 70 and fg=72fg = 72 using divisor counts

解答:

因为 7171 是质数,在 cde=71cde = 71 中三个因子之一为 7171,另外两个为 11。但 cc 整除 abc=70abc = 70ee 整除 efg=72efg = 72,而 7171 既不整除 7070,也不整除 7272。所以 c=e=1c = e = 1d=71d = 71

方程组化为 ab=70ab = 70fg=72fg = 72。每个 7070 的因数 aa 都确定一个 bb,给出 τ(70)=8\tau(70) = 8 个有序数对;同理 τ(72)=12\tau(72) = 12 个有序数对 (f,g)(f, g)。总数为 812=968 \cdot 12 = 96

Since 7171 is prime, in cde=71cde = 71 one of the three factors is 7171 and the other two equal 1.1. But cc divides abc=70abc = 70 and ee divides efg=72,efg = 72, and 7171 divides neither 7070 nor 72.72. So c=e=1c = e = 1 and d=71.d = 71.

The system reduces to ab=70ab = 70 and fg=72.fg = 72. Each divisor aa of 7070 determines b,b, giving τ(70)=8\tau(70) = 8 ordered pairs, and likewise τ(72)=12\tau(72) = 12 ordered pairs (f,g).(f, g). The total is 812=96.8 \cdot 12 = 96.

4.

一枚标准六面公平骰子掷四次。四次掷出的数字的乘积是完全平方数的概率为 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

A standard six-sided fair die is rolled four times. The probability that the product of all four numbers rolled is a perfect square is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:187
难度评级:2480
小提示:

乘积是平方数,当且仅当质数 223355 的指数均为偶数;只有掷出 55 会贡献质数 55

The product is a square exactly when each of the primes 2,2, 3,3, 55 appears to an even power; only rolls of 55 contribute the prime 55

大提示:

55 出现的次数分类(它必须为偶数),再追踪其余掷数中 223366 的个数奇偶性

Case on the number of 55s (it must be even), then track the parities of the counts of 22s, 33s, and 66s among the other rolls

解答:

乘积为完全平方数,当且仅当质数 223355 的指数均为偶数。只有掷出 55 会贡献质数 55,所以 55 的个数必须为偶数:002244。把其他数按它们的 2233 的指数奇偶性分类:掷出 1144 贡献 (0,0)(0, 0),掷出 22 贡献 (1,0)(1, 0),掷出 33 贡献 (0,1)(0, 1),掷出 66 贡献 (1,1)(1, 1)。质数 22 的指数为偶数,当且仅当 22 的个数加上 66 的个数为偶数;对 3366 同理。所以一组非 55 掷数可行,当且仅当 223366 的个数全为偶数或全为奇数。

没有 55 时,四次掷数都来自 {1,2,3,4,6}\{1, 2, 3, 4, 6\}。全偶情况:没有 223366 时有 24=162^4 = 16 个序列(每次是 1144);某一种恰好出现两次时有 34!2!2!22=723 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} \cdot 2^2 = 72 个;两种各出现两次时有 34!2!2!=183 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} = 18 个;某一种出现四次时有 33 个。全奇情况:一个 22、一个 33、一个 66,再加一次来自 {1,4}\{1, 4\},共有 4!2=484! \cdot 2 = 48 个。小计 16+72+18+3+48=15716 + 72 + 18 + 3 + 48 = 157。有两个 55 时,从 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 种方式中选定它们的位置;另外两次必须属于同一个奇偶类,给出 22+1+1+1=72^2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 个有序对,共 4242 个序列。有四个 55 时有 11 个序列。

总共有 157+42+1=200157 + 42 + 1 = 200 个可行序列,全部序列数为 64=12966^4 = 1296,所以概率为 2001296=25162\frac{200}{1296} = \frac{25}{162},从而 m+n=25+162=187m + n = 25 + 162 = 187

The product is a perfect square exactly when each of the primes 2,2, 3,3, and 55 appears with even exponent. Only a roll of 55 contributes the prime 5,5, so the number of 55s is even: 0,0, 2,2, or 4.4. Classify the other values by the parities of their exponents of 22 and 3:3: rolls of 11 and 44 contribute (0,0),(0, 0), a 22 contributes (1,0),(1, 0), a 33 contributes (0,1),(0, 1), and a 66 contributes (1,1).(1, 1). The exponent of 22 is even iff the count of 22s plus the count of 66s is even, and similarly for 33s and 66s, so a collection of non-55 rolls works exactly when the counts of 22s, 33s, and 66s are all even or all odd.

With no 55s, all four rolls come from {1,2,3,4,6}.\{1, 2, 3, 4, 6\}. All-even cases: no 22s, 33s, or 66s gives 24=162^4 = 16 sequences (each roll is 11 or 44); exactly two of a single kind gives 34!2!2!22=72;3 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} \cdot 2^2 = 72; two of each of two kinds gives 34!2!2!=18;3 \cdot \frac{4!}{2!\,2!} = 18; four of one kind gives 3.3. All-odd case: one 2,2, one 3,3, one 6,6, and one roll from {1,4}\{1, 4\} gives 4!2=48.4! \cdot 2 = 48. Subtotal 16+72+18+3+48=157.16 + 72 + 18 + 3 + 48 = 157. With two 55s, choose their positions in (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 ways; the other two rolls must lie in the same parity class, giving 22+1+1+1=72^2 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7 ordered pairs, for 4242 sequences. With four 55s there is 11 sequence.

In total 157+42+1=200157 + 42 + 1 = 200 of the 64=12966^4 = 1296 sequences work, so the probability is 2001296=25162,\frac{200}{1296} = \frac{25}{162}, and m+n=25+162=187.m + n = 25 + 162 = 187.

5.

四位大使以及每位大使的一名顾问要坐在一张有 1212 把椅子的圆桌旁,椅子按顺序编号为 111212。每位大使必须坐在偶数编号的椅子上。每位顾问必须坐在与其大使相邻的椅子上。在这些条件下,88 个人共有 NN 种坐法。求 NN 除以 10001000 的余数。

Four ambassadors and one advisor for each of them are to be seated at a round table with 1212 chairs numbered in order 11 to 12.12. Each ambassador must sit in an even-numbered chair. Each advisor must sit in a chair adjacent to his or her ambassador. There are NN ways for the 88 people to be seated at the table under these conditions. Find the remainder when NN is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:520
难度评级:2650
小提示:

六把偶数椅子形成一个环,每把奇数椅子位于两把相邻偶数椅子之间;每把被占用的偶数椅子必须选择旁边两把奇数椅子之一,且所选椅子互不相同

The six even chairs form a cycle, and each odd chair sits between two consecutive even chairs; each occupied even chair must claim one of its two flanking odd chairs, all distinct

大提示:

一段连续 kk 把被占用的偶数椅子有 k+1k + 1 种有效选择方式;按六个偶数位置环上两把空椅子的分布分类

A block of kk consecutive occupied even chairs has k+1k + 1 valid claim patterns; case on how the two empty even chairs split the cycle of six

解答:

共有 66 把偶数椅子形成一个环(椅子 1212 与椅子 11 相邻),每把奇数椅子都在两把相邻偶数椅子之间。大使占用六把偶数椅子中的 44 把,每位顾问必须在其大使旁边两把奇数椅子中选一把,且所有选择互不相同。对一段长度为 kk 的极大连续被占用偶数椅子,kk 位占用者要在接触这段的 k+1k + 1 把奇数椅子中选择;把每个选择记作左或右,只有当某人选右而邻座选左时会冲突,所以有效模式恰为若干个 LL 后接若干个 RR 的字符串,共 k+1k + 1 种。

现在按六个偶数位置中的两把空椅子分类。若它们相邻(66 种),被占用椅子形成一个长度 44 的块,给出 55 种模式。若它们隔着一把椅子(66 种),块大小为 1133,给出 24=82 \cdot 4 = 8 种模式。若它们相对(33 种),块大小为 2222,给出 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 种模式。座位配置数为 65+68+39=1056 \cdot 5 + 6 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 9 = 105

最后,四对大使与顾问可以用 4!=244! = 24 种方式分配到四把选定的偶数椅子上,所以 N=10524=2520N = 105 \cdot 24 = 2520,除以 10001000 的余数为 520520

The six even chairs form a cycle (chair 1212 is adjacent to chair 11), and each odd chair lies between two consecutive even chairs. The ambassadors occupy 44 of the 66 even chairs, and each advisor must take one of the two odd chairs flanking their ambassador, with all choices distinct. For a maximal block of kk consecutive occupied even chairs, the kk occupants choose among the k+1k + 1 odd chairs touching the block; recording each choice as left or right, a conflict occurs exactly when someone picks right and their neighbor picks left, so the valid patterns are the strings of LLs followed by RRs: k+1k + 1 of them.

Now case on the two empty even chairs among the six positions. If they are adjacent (66 ways), the occupied chairs form one block of 4,4, giving 55 patterns. If they are separated by one chair (66 ways), the blocks have sizes 11 and 3,3, giving 24=82 \cdot 4 = 8 patterns. If they are opposite (33 ways), the blocks have sizes 22 and 2,2, giving 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 patterns. The number of seat configurations is 65+68+39=105.6 \cdot 5 + 6 \cdot 8 + 3 \cdot 9 = 105.

Finally, the four ambassador-advisor pairs can be assigned to the four chosen even chairs in 4!=244! = 24 ways, so N=10524=2520,N = 105 \cdot 24 = 2520, and the remainder modulo 10001000 is 520.520.

6.

在一个火星文明中,所有未注明底数的对数都默认以某个固定的 bb 为底,其中 b2b \ge 2。一名火星学生写下方程组 3log(xlogx)=563\log(\sqrt{x}\log x) = 56 loglogx(x)=54\log_{\log x}(x) = 54 并发现这个方程组有唯一实数解 x>1x \gt 1。求 bb

In a Martian civilization, all logarithms whose bases are not specified are assumed to be base b,b, for some fixed b2.b \ge 2. A Martian student writes down 3log(xlogx)=563\log(\sqrt{x}\log x) = 56 loglogx(x)=54\log_{\log x}(x) = 54 and finds that this system of equations has a single real number solution x>1.x \gt 1. Find b.b.

答案:216
难度评级:2400
小提示:

y=logbxy = \log_b x;由换底公式,第二个方程给出 logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54}

Let y=logbx;y = \log_b x; by the change-of-base formula the second equation says logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54}

大提示:

第一个方程变为 y2+logby=563\frac{y}{2} + \log_b y = \frac{56}{3};代入 logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54} 并解出 yy

The first equation becomes y2+logby=563;\frac{y}{2} + \log_b y = \frac{56}{3}; substitute logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54} and solve for yy

解答:

y=logbxy = \log_b x。由换底公式,loglogx(x)=logbxlogb(logbx)=ylogby=54 \begin{aligned} \log_{\log x}(x) &= \frac{\log_b x}{\log_b(\log_b x)} \\ &= \frac{y}{\log_b y} = 54 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54}。第一个方程表示 3(12logbx+logb(logbx))=563\left(\frac{1}{2}\log_b x + \log_b(\log_b x)\right) = 56,也就是 y2+logby=563\frac{y}{2} + \log_b y = \frac{56}{3}

代入 logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54},得到 y2+y54=563\frac{y}{2} + \frac{y}{54} = \frac{56}{3},所以 28y54=563\frac{28y}{54} = \frac{56}{3}y=36y = 36。于是 logb36=3654=23\log_b 36 = \frac{36}{54} = \frac{2}{3},所以 b23=36b^{\frac{2}{3}} = 36,从而 b=3632=216b = 36^{\frac{3}{2}} = 216

Let y=logbx.y = \log_b x. By the change-of-base formula, loglogx(x)=logbxlogb(logbx)=ylogby=54, \begin{aligned} \log_{\log x}(x) &= \frac{\log_b x}{\log_b(\log_b x)} \\ &= \frac{y}{\log_b y} = 54, \end{aligned} so logby=y54.\log_b y = \frac{y}{54}. The first equation says 3(12logbx+logb(logbx))=56,3\left(\frac{1}{2}\log_b x + \log_b(\log_b x)\right) = 56, that is, y2+logby=563.\frac{y}{2} + \log_b y = \frac{56}{3}.

Substituting logby=y54\log_b y = \frac{y}{54} gives y2+y54=563,\frac{y}{2} + \frac{y}{54} = \frac{56}{3}, so 28y54=563\frac{28y}{54} = \frac{56}{3} and y=36.y = 36. Then logb36=3654=23,\log_b 36 = \frac{36}{54} = \frac{2}{3}, so b23=36b^{\frac{2}{3}} = 36 and b=3632=216.b = 36^{\frac{3}{2}} = 216.

7.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=120AB = 120BC=220BC = 220AC=180AC = 180。作直线 A\ell_AB\ell_BC\ell_C,分别平行于 BC\overline{BC}AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB},使得 A\ell_AB\ell_BC\ell_CABC\triangle ABC 内部的交线段长度分别为 555545451515。求以直线 A\ell_AB\ell_BC\ell_C 为边所在直线的三角形的周长。

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=120,AB = 120, BC=220,BC = 220, and AC=180.AC = 180. Lines A,\ell_A, B,\ell_B, and C\ell_C are drawn parallel to BC,\overline{BC}, AC,\overline{AC}, and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively, such that the intersections of A,\ell_A, B,\ell_B, and C\ell_C with the interior of ABC\triangle ABC are segments of lengths 55,55, 45,45, and 15,15, respectively. Find the perimeter of the triangle whose sides lie on lines A,\ell_A, B,\ell_B, and C.\ell_C.

答案:715
知识点:相似平行线
难度评级:2790
小提示:

每条弦都截出一个与 ABCABC 相似的三角形:比例分别为 55220\frac{55}{220}45180\frac{45}{180}15120\frac{15}{120}

Each chord cuts off a triangle similar to ABC:ABC: the ratios are 55220,\frac{55}{220}, 45180,\frac{45}{180}, and 15120\frac{15}{120}

大提示:

把到各边的距离按对应高的比例来度量,这三个比例之和为 11;三条线所在的层级为 34\frac3434\frac3478\frac78

Measure distances to the sides as fractions of the altitudes, which sum to 1;1; the lines sit at levels 34,\frac34, 34,\frac34, 78\frac78

解答:

对点 PP,令 α\alphaPP 到直线 BCBC 的距离除以从 AA 引出的高,类似地定义 β\beta(到 CACA)和 γ\gamma(到 ABAB);对内部点有 α+β+γ=1\alpha + \beta + \gamma = 1,因为 [PBC]+[PCA][PBC] + [PCA] +[PAB]=[ABC]+ [PAB] = [ABC]。一条平行于 BC\overline{BC}、位于层级 α\alpha 的弦,会在 AA 处截出与 ABCABC 相似、比例为 1α1 - \alpha 的三角形,所以它的长度为 220(1α)220(1 - \alpha)。长度为 5555 的弦给出 1α=141 - \alpha = \frac{1}{4},所以 A\ell_A 是直线 α=34\alpha = \frac{3}{4};类似地,45=180(1β)45 = 180(1 - \beta) 使 B\ell_B 位于 β=34\beta = \frac{3}{4},而 15=120(1γ)15 = 120(1 - \gamma) 使 C\ell_C 位于 γ=78\gamma = \frac{7}{8}

沿任意平行于 BC\overline{BC} 的直线,坐标 β\beta 线性变化;在三角形内部层级 α\alpha 的弦上,β\beta 经过长度为 1α1 - \alpha 的区间,而该弦长为 220(1α)220(1 - \alpha);因此,一段平行于 BC\overline{BC}、端点坐标差为 Δβ\Delta\beta 的线段长度为 220Δβ220\,|\Delta\beta|。新三角形在 A\ell_A 上的边从 AB\ell_A \cap \ell_B(此时 β=34\beta = \frac{3}{4})到 AC\ell_A \cap \ell_C(此时 β=13478=58\beta = 1 - \frac{3}{4} - \frac{7}{8} = -\frac{5}{8})。其长度为 220(34+58)=220118220\left(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{5}{8}\right) = 220 \cdot \frac{11}{8}\text{。}

因为这三条直线分别平行于 ABCABC 的三边,它们围成的三角形与 ABCABC 相似,此处相似比为 118\frac{11}{8}。其周长为 118(120+220+180)\frac{11}{8}(120 + 220 + 180) =118520=715= \frac{11}{8} \cdot 520 = 715

For a point P,P, let α\alpha be the distance from PP to line BCBC divided by the length of the altitude from A,A, and define β\beta (to CACA) and γ\gamma (to ABAB) similarly; then α+β+γ=1\alpha + \beta + \gamma = 1 for points inside, since [PBC]+[PCA][PBC] + [PCA] +[PAB]=[ABC].+ [PAB] = [ABC]. A chord parallel to BC\overline{BC} at level α\alpha cuts off a triangle at AA similar to ABCABC with ratio 1α,1 - \alpha, so its length is 220(1α).220(1 - \alpha). The chord of length 5555 gives 1α=14,1 - \alpha = \frac{1}{4}, so A\ell_A is the line α=34;\alpha = \frac{3}{4}; similarly 45=180(1β)45 = 180(1 - \beta) puts B\ell_B at β=34,\beta = \frac{3}{4}, and 15=120(1γ)15 = 120(1 - \gamma) puts C\ell_C at γ=78.\gamma = \frac{7}{8}.

Along any line parallel to BC,\overline{BC}, the coordinate β\beta varies linearly, and on the chord at level α\alpha inside the triangle, β\beta runs over an interval of length 1α1 - \alpha while the chord has length 220(1α);220(1 - \alpha); hence a segment parallel to BC\overline{BC} with endpoints differing by Δβ\Delta\beta has length 220Δβ.220\,|\Delta\beta|. The side of the new triangle on A\ell_A runs from AB,\ell_A \cap \ell_B, where β=34,\beta = \frac{3}{4}, to AC,\ell_A \cap \ell_C, where β=13478=58.\beta = 1 - \frac{3}{4} - \frac{7}{8} = -\frac{5}{8}. Its length is 220(34+58)=220118.220\left(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{5}{8}\right) = 220 \cdot \frac{11}{8}.

Since the three lines are parallel to the sides of ABC,ABC, the triangle they bound is similar to ABC,ABC, here with ratio 118.\frac{11}{8}. Its perimeter is 118(120+220+180)\frac{11}{8}(120 + 220 + 180) =118520=715.= \frac{11}{8} \cdot 520 = 715.

8.

多项式 f(z)=az2018+bz2017+cz2016f(z) = az^{2018} + bz^{2017} + cz^{2016} 的系数为不超过 20192019 的实数,且 f(1+3i2)=2015+20193if\left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2}\right) = 2015 + 2019\sqrt{3}i。求 f(1)f(1) 除以 10001000 的余数。

The polynomial f(z)=az2018+bz2017+cz2016f(z) = az^{2018} + bz^{2017} + cz^{2016} has real coefficients not exceeding 2019,2019, and f(1+3i2)=2015+20193i.f\left(\frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2}\right) = 2015 + 2019\sqrt{3}i. Find the remainder when f(1)f(1) is divided by 1000.1000.

答案:53
难度评级:2560
小提示:

1+3i2\frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2} 是本原六次单位根,且 2016201666 的倍数

1+3i2\frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2} is a primitive sixth root of unity, and 20162016 is a multiple of 66

大提示:

比较虚部得到 a+b=4038a + b = 4038;系数的上界随后迫使两个值都确定

Matching imaginary parts gives a+b=4038;a + b = 4038; the bound on the coefficients then forces both values

解答:

ω=1+3i2=cos60+isin60\omega = \frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2} = \cos 60^\circ + i\sin 60^\circ,这是本原六次单位根。因为 2016=63362016 = 6 \cdot 336,所以 ω2016=1\omega^{2016} = 1ω2017=ω\omega^{2017} = \omega、且 ω2018=ω2=1+3i2\omega^{2018} = \omega^2 = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2}。因此 f(ω)=aω2+bω+c=(c+ba2)+(a+b)32i \begin{aligned} f(\omega) &= a\omega^2 + b\omega + c \\ &= \left(c + \frac{b - a}{2}\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{(a + b)\sqrt{3}}{2}\,i \end{aligned}\text{。}

比较虚部,a+b2=2019\frac{a + b}{2} = 2019,所以 a+b=4038a + b = 4038。由于 a2019a \le 2019b2019b \le 2019,这迫使 a=b=2019a = b = 2019。再比较实部,得到 c+0=2015c + 0 = 2015,所以 c=2015c = 2015

因此 f(1)=a+b+cf(1) = a + b + c =4038+2015=6053= 4038 + 2015 = 6053,除以 10001000 的余数为 5353

Let ω=1+3i2=cos60+isin60,\omega = \frac{1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2} = \cos 60^\circ + i\sin 60^\circ, a primitive sixth root of unity. Since 2016=6336,2016 = 6 \cdot 336, we get ω2016=1,\omega^{2016} = 1, ω2017=ω,\omega^{2017} = \omega, and ω2018=ω2=1+3i2.\omega^{2018} = \omega^2 = \frac{-1 + \sqrt{3}i}{2}. Therefore f(ω)=aω2+bω+c=(c+ba2)+(a+b)32i. \begin{aligned} f(\omega) &= a\omega^2 + b\omega + c \\ &= \left(c + \frac{b - a}{2}\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{(a + b)\sqrt{3}}{2}\,i. \end{aligned}

Matching imaginary parts, a+b2=2019,\frac{a + b}{2} = 2019, so a+b=4038.a + b = 4038. Since a2019a \le 2019 and b2019,b \le 2019, this forces a=b=2019.a = b = 2019. Matching real parts then gives c+0=2015,c + 0 = 2015, so c=2015.c = 2015.

Hence f(1)=a+b+cf(1) = a + b + c =4038+2015=6053,= 4038 + 2015 = 6053, whose remainder upon division by 10001000 is 53.53.

9.

若正整数 nn 恰有 kk 个正因数,且 nn 能被 kk 整除,则称 nnkk-漂亮的。例如,181866-漂亮的。令 SS 为小于 201920192020-漂亮的正整数之和。求 S20\frac{S}{20}

Call a positive integer nn kk-pretty if nn has exactly kk positive divisors and nn is divisible by k.k. For example, 1818 is 66-pretty. Let SS be the sum of the positive integers less than 20192019 that are 2020-pretty. Find S20.\frac{S}{20}.

答案:472
难度评级:2650
小提示:

写成 n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m,其中 gcd(m,10)=1\gcd(m, 10) = 1;被 2020 整除迫使 a2a \ge 2b1b \ge 1

Write n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m with gcd(m,10)=1;\gcd(m, 10) = 1; divisibility by 2020 forces a2a \ge 2 and b1b \ge 1

大提示:

此时 (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a+1)(b+1)\tau(m) = 20,且 a+13a + 1 \ge 3b+12b + 1 \ge 2;检查哪些分解能使 n<2019n \lt 2019

Then (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a+1)(b+1)\tau(m) = 20 with a+13a + 1 \ge 3 and b+12;b + 1 \ge 2; check which factorizations keep n<2019n \lt 2019

解答:

我们需要 nn2020 的倍数且 τ(n)=20\tau(n) = 20。写 n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m,其中 gcd(m,10)=1\gcd(m, 10) = 1;于是 a2a \ge 2b1b \ge 1,并且 (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a + 1)(b + 1)\tau(m) = 20,其中 a+13a + 1 \ge 3b+12b + 1 \ge 2。因子 a+1a + 1 必须是至少为 332020 的因数,即 445510102020 中之一。

a+1=4a + 1 = 4,则 (b+1)τ(m)=5(b + 1)\tau(m) = 5 迫使 b=4b = 4m=1m = 1,于是 n=2354=5000n = 2^3 5^4 = 5000,太大。若 a+1=10a + 1 = 10,则 b=1b = 1m=1m = 1,且 n=295=2560n = 2^9 \cdot 5 = 2560,太大。a+1=20a + 1 = 20 不可能,因为 b+12b + 1 \ge 2。若 a+1=5a + 1 = 5,则 (b+1)τ(m)=4(b + 1)\tau(m) = 4,得到两种情况:b=3b = 3m=1m = 1,所以 n=2453=2000<2019n = 2^4 5^3 = 2000 \lt 2019,或 b=1b = 1τ(m)=2\tau(m) = 2,所以 m=pm = p 是不同于 2255 的质数,且 n=80p<2019n = 80p \lt 2019,即 p25p \le 25p{3,7,11,13,17,19,23}p \in \{3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23\}

因此 S=2000+80(3+7+11+13+17+19+23)=2000+8093=9440 \begin{aligned} S &= 2000 + 80(3 + 7 + 11 + 13 \\ &\qquad {}+ 17 + 19 + 23) \\ &= 2000 + 80 \cdot 93 \\ &= 9440 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 S20=472\frac{S}{20} = 472

We need nn to be a multiple of 2020 and τ(n)=20.\tau(n) = 20. Write n=2a5bmn = 2^a 5^b m with gcd(m,10)=1;\gcd(m, 10) = 1; then a2,a \ge 2, b1,b \ge 1, and (a+1)(b+1)τ(m)=20(a + 1)(b + 1)\tau(m) = 20 with a+13a + 1 \ge 3 and b+12.b + 1 \ge 2. The factor a+1a + 1 must be a divisor of 2020 that is at least 3:3: one of 4,4, 5,5, 10,10, 20.20.

If a+1=4,a + 1 = 4, then (b+1)τ(m)=5(b + 1)\tau(m) = 5 forces b=4,b = 4, m=1,m = 1, so n=2354=5000,n = 2^3 5^4 = 5000, too large. If a+1=10,a + 1 = 10, then b=1,b = 1, m=1,m = 1, and n=295=2560,n = 2^9 \cdot 5 = 2560, too large. The case a+1=20a + 1 = 20 is impossible because b+12.b + 1 \ge 2. If a+1=5,a + 1 = 5, then (b+1)τ(m)=4,(b + 1)\tau(m) = 4, giving either b=3,b = 3, m=1,m = 1, so n=2453=2000<2019,n = 2^4 5^3 = 2000 \lt 2019, or b=1b = 1 and τ(m)=2,\tau(m) = 2, so m=pm = p is a prime other than 22 and 55 and n=80p<2019,n = 80p \lt 2019, i.e. p25:p \le 25: p{3,7,11,13,17,19,23}.p \in \{3, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23\}.

Therefore S=2000+80(3+7+11+13+17+19+23)=2000+8093=9440, \begin{aligned} S &= 2000 + 80(3 + 7 + 11 + 13 \\ &\qquad {}+ 17 + 19 + 23) \\ &= 2000 + 80 \cdot 93 \\ &= 9440, \end{aligned} and S20=472.\frac{S}{20} = 472.

10.

存在唯一一个介于 00^\circ9090^\circ 之间的角 θ\theta,使得对非负整数 nn,当 nn33 的倍数时 tan(2nθ)\tan(2^n\theta) 为正,否则为负。θ\theta 的角度数为 pq\frac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质正整数。求 p+qp + q

There is a unique angle θ\theta between 00^\circ and 9090^\circ such that for nonnegative integers n,n, the value of tan(2nθ)\tan(2^n\theta) is positive when nn is a multiple of 3,3, and negative otherwise. The degree measure of θ\theta is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

答案:547
知识点:三角学模运算
难度评级:2840
小提示:

180180^\circ 来考虑:正切在 (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) 中为正,在 (90,180)(90^\circ, 180^\circ) 中为负

Work modulo 180:180^\circ: the tangent is positive for angles in (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) and negative for angles in (90,180)(90^\circ, 180^\circ)

大提示:

θ\theta 可行,则 8θ8\theta 的约化值也可行(同样的符号模式平移三步),唯一性迫使 8θθ(mod180)8\theta \equiv \theta \pmod{180^\circ}

If θ\theta works, the reduction of 8θ8\theta works too (same sign pattern shifted by three), so uniqueness forces 8θθ(mod180)8\theta \equiv \theta \pmod{180^\circ}

解答:

因为 tan\tan 的周期为 180180^\circ,只需考虑 2nθmod1802^n\theta \bmod 180^\circ:正切在 (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) 上为正,在 (90,180)(90^\circ, 180^\circ) 上为负。设 θ\theta 满足条件,并令 θ\theta'8θ8\theta180180^\circ 后的约化值;由于 tan(8θ)>0\tan(8\theta) \gt 0,有 θ(0,90)\theta' \in (0^\circ, 90^\circ)。对每个 nn2nθ2n+3θ(mod180)2^n\theta' \equiv 2^{n+3}\theta \pmod{180^\circ},而指数 n+3n + 3 的符号模式与 nn 相同,所以 θ\theta' 也满足条件。由唯一性,θ=θ\theta' = \theta,所以 7θ0(mod180)7\theta \equiv 0 \pmod{180^\circ},从而 θ=180k7\theta = \frac{180k}{7} 度,其中 k{1,2,3}k \in \{1, 2, 3\}

逐一检验:若 k=1k = 1,则 2θ=360751.42\theta = \frac{360^\circ}{7} \approx 51.4^\circ,正切为正,失败。若 k=2k = 2,则 4θ=14407180725.74\theta = \frac{1440^\circ}{7} \equiv \frac{180^\circ}{7} \approx 25.7^\circ,正切为正,失败。若 k=3k = 3,则 θ=540777.1\theta = \frac{540^\circ}{7} \approx 77.1^\circ:此时 2θ154.32\theta \approx 154.3^\circ,且 4θ128.64\theta \equiv 128.6^\circ,两者都在 (90,180)(90^\circ, 180^\circ) 中,而 8θθ8\theta \equiv \theta,所以正、负、负的模式会一直重复。

因此 θ=5407\theta = \frac{540}{7} 度,p+q=540+7=547p + q = 540 + 7 = 547

Since tan\tan has period 180,180^\circ, only 2nθmod1802^n\theta \bmod 180^\circ matters: the tangent is positive on (0,90)(0^\circ, 90^\circ) and negative on (90,180).(90^\circ, 180^\circ). Suppose θ\theta satisfies the condition, and let θ\theta' be the reduction of 8θ8\theta modulo 180;180^\circ; since tan(8θ)>0,\tan(8\theta) \gt 0, we have θ(0,90).\theta' \in (0^\circ, 90^\circ). For every n,n, 2nθ2n+3θ(mod180),2^n\theta' \equiv 2^{n+3}\theta \pmod{180^\circ}, and the sign pattern for the exponents n+3n + 3 is the same as for n,n, so θ\theta' also satisfies the condition. By uniqueness, θ=θ,\theta' = \theta, so 7θ0(mod180)7\theta \equiv 0 \pmod{180^\circ} and θ=180k7\theta = \frac{180k}{7} degrees for some k{1,2,3}.k \in \{1, 2, 3\}.

Test each: for k=1,k = 1, 2θ=360751.42\theta = \frac{360^\circ}{7} \approx 51.4^\circ has positive tangent — fails. For k=2,k = 2, 4θ=14407180725.74\theta = \frac{1440^\circ}{7} \equiv \frac{180^\circ}{7} \approx 25.7^\circ has positive tangent — fails. For k=3,k = 3, θ=540777.1:\theta = \frac{540^\circ}{7} \approx 77.1^\circ: then 2θ154.32\theta \approx 154.3^\circ and 4θ128.64\theta \equiv 128.6^\circ are both in (90,180),(90^\circ, 180^\circ), and 8θθ,8\theta \equiv \theta, so the pattern positive, negative, negative repeats forever.

Thus θ=5407\theta = \frac{540}{7} degrees, and p+q=540+7=547.p + q = 540 + 7 = 547.

11.

三角形 ABCABC 的边长为 AB=7AB = 7BC=8BC = 8CA=9CA = 9。圆 ω1\omega_1 经过 BB,并在 AA 处与直线 ACAC 相切。圆 ω2\omega_2 经过 CC,并在 AA 处与直线 ABAB 相切。令 KK 为圆 ω1\omega_1ω2\omega_2AA 外的交点。于是 AK=mnAK = \frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。求 m+nm + n

Triangle ABCABC has side lengths AB=7,AB = 7, BC=8,BC = 8, and CA=9.CA = 9. Circle ω1\omega_1 passes through BB and is tangent to line ACAC at A.A. Circle ω2\omega_2 passes through CC and is tangent to line ABAB at A.A. Let KK be the intersection of circles ω1\omega_1 and ω2\omega_2 not equal to A.A. Then AK=mn,AK = \frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:11
难度评级:2990
小提示:

在两个圆中使用切线-弦定理:KAC=KBA\angle KAC = \angle KBA,且 KAB=KCA\angle KAB = \angle KCA

Use the tangent-chord angle in each circle: KAC=KBA\angle KAC = \angle KBA and KAB=KCA\angle KAB = \angle KCA

大提示:

这些相等角使三角形 KABKABKCAKCA 相似,并给出 BKC=2A\angle BKC = 2\angle A;在三角形 BKCBKC 中使用余弦定理

Those equal angles make triangles KABKAB and KCAKCA similar and give BKC=2A;\angle BKC = 2\angle A; apply the law of cosines in triangle BKCBKC

解答:

ω1\omega_1 使用切线-弦定理(切线 ACAC,弦 AKAK),得 KAC=KBA\angle KAC = \angle KBA,对 ω2\omega_2 使用切线-弦定理(切线 ABAB,弦 AKAK),得 KAB=KCA\angle KAB = \angle KCA。记 u=KACu = \angle KACv=KABv = \angle KAB,则 u+v=Au + v = \angle A。三角形 KABKABKCAKCA 于是有 KAB=v=KCA\angle KAB = v = \angle KCAKBA=u=KAC\angle KBA = u = \angle KAC,所以 KABKCA\triangle KAB \sim \triangle KCA。令 t=AKt = AK,得到 KBt=tKC=ABCA=79\frac{KB}{t} = \frac{t}{KC} = \frac{AB}{CA} = \frac{7}{9}\text{,} 因此 KB=7t9KB = \frac{7t}{9}KC=9t7KC = \frac{9t}{7}。另外 AKB=AKC\angle AKB = \angle AKC =180uv= 180^\circ - u - v =180A= 180^\circ - \angle A,所以 BKC=3602(180A)\angle BKC = 360^\circ - 2(180^\circ - \angle A) =2A= 2\angle A

ABCABC 中由余弦定理,cosA=49+8164279=1121\cos A = \frac{49 + 81 - 64}{2 \cdot 7 \cdot 9} = \frac{11}{21},所以 cos2A=2(1121)21=199441\cos 2A = 2\left(\frac{11}{21}\right)^2 - 1 = -\frac{199}{441}。在三角形 BKCBKC 中使用余弦定理,得 64=49t281+81t2492t2cos2A=t22401+6561+35823969=12544t23969 \begin{aligned} 64 &= \frac{49t^2}{81} + \frac{81t^2}{49} - 2t^2\cos 2A \\ &= t^2 \cdot \frac{2401 + 6561 + 3582}{3969} \\ &= \frac{12544\,t^2}{3969} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 t2=64396912544=3969196t^2 = \frac{64 \cdot 3969}{12544} = \frac{3969}{196},且 t=6314=92t = \frac{63}{14} = \frac{9}{2}

因此 AK=92AK = \frac{9}{2}m+n=9+2=11m + n = 9 + 2 = 11

By the tangent-chord angle in ω1\omega_1 (tangent AC,AC, chord AKAK), KAC=KBA,\angle KAC = \angle KBA, and in ω2\omega_2 (tangent AB,AB, chord AKAK), KAB=KCA.\angle KAB = \angle KCA. Write u=KACu = \angle KAC and v=KAB,v = \angle KAB, so u+v=A.u + v = \angle A. Triangles KABKAB and KCAKCA then have KAB=v=KCA\angle KAB = v = \angle KCA and KBA=u=KAC,\angle KBA = u = \angle KAC, so KABKCA.\triangle KAB \sim \triangle KCA. With t=AKt = AK this gives KBt=tKC=ABCA=79,\frac{KB}{t} = \frac{t}{KC} = \frac{AB}{CA} = \frac{7}{9}, so KB=7t9KB = \frac{7t}{9} and KC=9t7.KC = \frac{9t}{7}. Also AKB=AKC\angle AKB = \angle AKC =180uv= 180^\circ - u - v =180A,= 180^\circ - \angle A, so BKC=3602(180A)\angle BKC = 360^\circ - 2(180^\circ - \angle A) =2A.= 2\angle A.

From the law of cosines in ABC,ABC, cosA=49+8164279=1121,\cos A = \frac{49 + 81 - 64}{2 \cdot 7 \cdot 9} = \frac{11}{21}, so cos2A=2(1121)21=199441.\cos 2A = 2\left(\frac{11}{21}\right)^2 - 1 = -\frac{199}{441}. The law of cosines in triangle BKCBKC gives 64=49t281+81t2492t2cos2A=t22401+6561+35823969=12544t23969, \begin{aligned} 64 &= \frac{49t^2}{81} + \frac{81t^2}{49} - 2t^2\cos 2A \\ &= t^2 \cdot \frac{2401 + 6561 + 3582}{3969} \\ &= \frac{12544\,t^2}{3969}, \end{aligned} so t2=64396912544=3969196t^2 = \frac{64 \cdot 3969}{12544} = \frac{3969}{196} and t=6314=92.t = \frac{63}{14} = \frac{9}{2}.

Hence AK=92AK = \frac{9}{2} and m+n=9+2=11.m + n = 9 + 2 = 11.

12.

n1n \ge 1,若一个正整数有限序列 (a1,a2,,an)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n) 满足 ai<ai+1a_i \lt a_{i+1},且 aia_i 整除 ai+1a_{i+1}1in11 \le i \le n - 1),则称其为递进的。求所有项之和等于 360360 的递进序列的个数。

For n1n \ge 1 call a finite sequence (a1,a2,,an)(a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n) of positive integers progressive if ai<ai+1a_i \lt a_{i+1} and aia_i divides ai+1a_{i+1} for 1in1.1 \le i \le n - 1. Find the number of progressive sequences such that the sum of the terms in the sequence is equal to 360.360.

答案:47
难度评级:3060
小提示:

每一项都是第一项的倍数,所以 a1a_1 整除 360360;除以第一项后得到一个首项至少为 22 的较短递进序列

Every term is a multiple of the first term, so a1a_1 divides 360;360; divide it out to get a shorter progressive sequence with first term at least 22

大提示:

g(s)g(s) 计数和为 ss、首项至少为 22 的递进序列;则 g(s)=1+g(se1)g(s) = 1 + \sum g(\frac{s}{e} - 1),其中求和遍历 ss 的因数 ee,满足 2e<s2 \le e \lt s

Let g(s)g(s) count progressive sequences with sum ss and first term at least 2;2; then g(s)=1+g(se1)g(s) = 1 + \sum g(\frac{s}{e} - 1) over divisors ee of ss with 2e<s2 \le e \lt s

解答:

整除关系具有传递性,所以递进序列的每一项都是第一项的倍数。若一个和为 360360 的序列长度至少为 22、第一项为 dd,则 dd 整除 360360,把其余项都除以 dd,得到一个首项至少为 22、和为 360dd=360d1\frac{360 - d}{d} = \frac{360}{d} - 1 的递进序列。这个对应可逆。因此若 g(s)g(s) 表示和为 ss、首项至少为 22 的递进序列个数,答案为 1+d360,d<360g ⁣(360d1)1 + \sum_{d \mid 360,\, d \lt 360} g\!\left(\frac{360}{d} - 1\right),其中开头的 11 计数单项序列 (360)(360)

同样的化简给出递推式 g(s)=1+es2e<sg ⁣(se1)(s2) \begin{aligned} g(s) &= 1 + \sum_{\substack{e \mid s \\ 2 \le e \lt s}} g\!\left(\frac{s}{e} - 1\right) \\ &\qquad (s \ge 2) \end{aligned}\text{,}g(1)=0g(1) = 0;特别地,当 ss 为质数时 g(s)=1g(s) = 1。从小到大计算:g(2)=g(3)=g(4)g(2) = g(3) = g(4) =g(5)=g(7)=1= g(5) = g(7) = 1g(6)=1+g(2)=2g(6) = 1 + g(2) = 2g(8)=1+g(3)=2g(8) = 1 + g(3) = 2g(9)=1+g(2)=2g(9) = 1 + g(2) = 2g(10)=1+g(4)=2g(10) = 1 + g(4) = 2g(12)=1+g(5)+g(3)+g(2)g(12) = 1 + g(5) + g(3) + g(2) =4= 4g(14)=1+g(6)=3g(14) = 1 + g(6) = 3g(16)=1+g(7)+g(3)=3g(16) = 1 + g(7) + g(3) = 3g(21)=1+g(6)+g(2)=4g(21) = 1 + g(6) + g(2) = 4g(35)=1+g(6)+g(4)=4g(35) = 1 + g(6) + g(4) = 4g(39)=1+g(12)+g(2)=6g(39) = 1 + g(12) + g(2) = 6g(44)=1+g(21)+g(10)g(44) = 1 + g(21) + g(10) +g(3)=8+ g(3) = 8g(119)=1+g(16)+g(6)=6g(119) = 1 + g(16) + g(6) = 6

2323 个满足 d<360d \lt 360 的因数给出的参数为 360d1=359\frac{360}{d} - 1 = 3591791791191198989717159594444393935352929232319191717141411119988775544332211,对应的 gg-值为 1,1,6,11, 1, 6, 11,1,8,61, 1, 8, 64,1,1,14, 1, 1, 11,3,1,21, 3, 1, 22,1,1,12, 1, 1, 11,1,01, 1, 0,和为 4646。加上单项序列,得到 46+1=4746 + 1 = 47

Divisibility is transitive, so every term of a progressive sequence is a multiple of the first term. If a sequence with sum 360360 has length at least 22 and first term d,d, then dd divides 360,360, and dividing the remaining terms by dd yields a progressive sequence with first term at least 22 and sum 360dd=360d1;\frac{360 - d}{d} = \frac{360}{d} - 1; this correspondence is reversible. So if g(s)g(s) denotes the number of progressive sequences with sum ss and first term at least 2,2, the answer is 1+d360,d<360g ⁣(360d1),1 + \sum_{d \mid 360,\, d \lt 360} g\!\left(\frac{360}{d} - 1\right), the leading 11 counting the sequence (360).(360).

The same reduction gives the recursion g(s)=1+es2e<sg ⁣(se1)(s2), \begin{aligned} g(s) &= 1 + \sum_{\substack{e \mid s \\ 2 \le e \lt s}} g\!\left(\frac{s}{e} - 1\right) \\ &\qquad (s \ge 2), \end{aligned} with g(1)=0;g(1) = 0; in particular g(s)=1g(s) = 1 when ss is prime. Working upward: g(2)=g(3)=g(4)g(2) = g(3) = g(4) =g(5)=g(7)=1;= g(5) = g(7) = 1; g(6)=1+g(2)=2;g(6) = 1 + g(2) = 2; g(8)=1+g(3)=2;g(8) = 1 + g(3) = 2; g(9)=1+g(2)=2;g(9) = 1 + g(2) = 2; g(10)=1+g(4)=2;g(10) = 1 + g(4) = 2; g(12)=1+g(5)+g(3)+g(2)g(12) = 1 + g(5) + g(3) + g(2) =4;= 4; g(14)=1+g(6)=3;g(14) = 1 + g(6) = 3; g(16)=1+g(7)+g(3)=3;g(16) = 1 + g(7) + g(3) = 3; g(21)=1+g(6)+g(2)=4;g(21) = 1 + g(6) + g(2) = 4; g(35)=1+g(6)+g(4)=4;g(35) = 1 + g(6) + g(4) = 4; g(39)=1+g(12)+g(2)=6;g(39) = 1 + g(12) + g(2) = 6; g(44)=1+g(21)+g(10)g(44) = 1 + g(21) + g(10) +g(3)=8;+ g(3) = 8; g(119)=1+g(16)+g(6)=6.g(119) = 1 + g(16) + g(6) = 6.

The 2323 divisors d<360d \lt 360 give arguments 360d1=359,\frac{360}{d} - 1 = 359, 179,179, 119,119, 89,89, 71,71, 59,59, 44,44, 39,39, 35,35, 29,29, 23,23, 19,19, 17,17, 14,14, 11,11, 9,9, 8,8, 7,7, 5,5, 4,4, 3,3, 2,2, 1,1, whose gg-values are 1,1,6,1,1, 1, 6, 1, 1,1,8,6,1, 1, 8, 6, 4,1,1,1,4, 1, 1, 1, 1,3,1,2,1, 3, 1, 2, 2,1,1,1,2, 1, 1, 1, 1,1,0,1, 1, 0, summing to 46.46. Adding the single-term sequence gives 46+1=47.46 + 1 = 47.

13.

正八边形 A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 内接于面积为 11 的圆。点 PP 在圆内,使得由 PA1\overline{PA_1}PA2\overline{PA_2} 与圆的小弧 A1A2\overset{\frown}{A_1A_2} 围成的区域面积为 17\frac{1}{7},而由 PA3\overline{PA_3}PA4\overline{PA_4} 与圆的小弧 A3A4\overset{\frown}{A_3A_4} 围成的区域面积为 19\frac{1}{9}。存在正整数 nn,使得由 PA6\overline{PA_6}PA7\overline{PA_7} 与圆的小弧 A6A7\overset{\frown}{A_6A_7} 围成的区域面积等于 182n\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{n}。求 nn

Regular octagon A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A8A_1A_2A_3A_4A_5A_6A_7A_8 is inscribed in a circle of area 1.1. Point PP lies inside the circle so that the region bounded by PA1,\overline{PA_1}, PA2,\overline{PA_2}, and the minor arc A1A2\overset{\frown}{A_1A_2} of the circle has area 17,\frac{1}{7}, while the region bounded by PA3,\overline{PA_3}, PA4,\overline{PA_4}, and the minor arc A3A4\overset{\frown}{A_3A_4} of the circle has area 19.\frac{1}{9}. There is a positive integer nn such that the area of the region bounded by PA6,\overline{PA_6}, PA7,\overline{PA_7}, and the minor arc A6A7\overset{\frown}{A_6A_7} of the circle is equal to 182n.\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{n}. Find n.n.

答案:504
难度评级:3270
小提示:

每个区域都是圆弓形加上三角形 PAiAi+1PA_iA_{i+1};其面积为 18\frac18 减去一个常数乘以 PP 在该边外法向单位向量上的分量

Each region is the circular segment plus triangle PAiAi+1;PA_iA_{i+1}; its area is 18\frac18 minus a constant times the component of PP along that side’s outward unit normal

大提示:

A6A7A_6A_7 比边 A1A2A_1A_2 多绕了五步,所以它的单位法向量为 u6=u1+u32u_6 = -\frac{u_1 + u_3}{\sqrt{2}}

Side A6A7A_6A_7 is five steps around from side A1A2,A_1A_2, so its unit normal is u6=u1+u32u_6 = -\frac{u_1 + u_3}{\sqrt{2}}

解答:

OO 为圆心,ss 为边长,aa 为内切半径,uiu_i 为从 OO 指向弦 AiAi+1A_iA_{i+1} 中点的单位向量。由 PAi\overline{PA_i}PAi+1\overline{PA_{i+1}} 与圆弧围成的区域,是圆弓形加上三角形 PAiAi+1PA_iA_{i+1}。圆弓形面积等于 18sa2\frac{1}{8} - \frac{sa}{2}(扇形减去三角形 OAiAi+1OA_iA_{i+1}),而以 PP 为顶点的三角形面积等于 s2(aPui)\frac{s}{2}(a - P \cdot u_i),这里 aPuia - P \cdot u_i 表示点 PP 到该弦的距离。相加得到 面积i=18s2(Pui)\text{面积}_i = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{s}{2}\,(P \cdot u_i)\text{。}

已知面积给出 s2(Pu1)=1817=156\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_1) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{7} = -\frac{1}{56},以及 s2(Pu3)=1819=172\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_3) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} = \frac{1}{72}。法向量每经过一条边旋转 4545^\circ,所以 u3u_3u1u_1 旋转 9090^\circ 后的向量,而 u6u_6u1u_1 前进五条边,也就是 u1u_1 旋转 225225^\circ 后的向量: u6=22(u1+u3)u_6 = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\,(u_1 + u_3)\text{。} 因此 s2(Pu6)=12(156+172)=12(1252)=2504 \begin{aligned} &\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_6) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(-\frac{1}{56} + \frac{1}{72}\right) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{252}\right) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此边 A6A7A_6A_7 对应区域的面积为 182504\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504},所以 n=504n = 504

Let OO be the center, ss the side length, aa the apothem, and uiu_i the unit vector from OO toward the midpoint of chord AiAi+1.A_iA_{i+1}. The region bounded by PAi,\overline{PA_i}, PAi+1,\overline{PA_{i+1}}, and the arc is the circular segment together with triangle PAiAi+1.PA_iA_{i+1}. The segment has area 18sa2\frac{1}{8} - \frac{sa}{2} (sector minus triangle OAiAi+1OA_iA_{i+1}), and the triangle at PP has area s2(aPui),\frac{s}{2}(a - P \cdot u_i), since aPuia - P \cdot u_i is the distance from PP to the chord. Adding, areai=18s2(Pui).\text{area}_i = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{s}{2}\,(P \cdot u_i).

The given areas say s2(Pu1)=1817=156\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_1) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{7} = -\frac{1}{56} and s2(Pu3)=1819=172.\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_3) = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{9} = \frac{1}{72}. The normals rotate 4545^\circ per side, so u3u_3 is u1u_1 rotated 90,90^\circ, and u6,u_6, five steps from u1,u_1, is u1u_1 rotated 225:225^\circ: u6=22(u1+u3).u_6 = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\,(u_1 + u_3). Therefore s2(Pu6)=12(156+172)=12(1252)=2504. \begin{aligned} &\frac{s}{2}(P \cdot u_6) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(-\frac{1}{56} + \frac{1}{72}\right) \\ &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \cdot \left(-\frac{1}{252}\right) \\ &= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504}. \end{aligned}

The region on side A6A7A_6A_7 thus has area 182504,\frac{1}{8} - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{504}, so n=504.n = 504.

14.

求所有正整数 nn 的和,使得在有无限多张面值为 55nnn+1n + 1 分的邮票时,9191 分是无法拼出的最大邮资。

Find the sum of all positive integers nn such that, given an unlimited supply of stamps of denominations 5,5, n,n, and n+1n + 1 cents, 9191 cents is the greatest postage that cannot be formed.

答案:71
难度评级:3060
小提示:

有无限多张 55 分邮票,所以按模 55 考虑:使用 kk 张面值为 nnn+1n + 1 的邮票时,恰能拼出 kn,kn+1,,kn+kkn, kn + 1, \ldots, kn + k

With unlimited 55-cent stamps, work modulo 5:5: using kk stamps of values nn and n+1n + 1 you can make exactly the amounts kn,kn+1,,kn+kkn, kn + 1, \ldots, kn + k

大提示:

你需要 9696 成为其模 55 余数类中最小的可拼金额,并且其他余数类都不晚于它被覆盖;按 nmod5n \bmod 5 分类

You need 9696 to be the smallest formable amount in its residue class mod 5,5, with every other class covered even earlier; case on nmod5n \bmod 5

解答:

使用 kk 张面值为 nnn+1n + 1 的邮票,恰能得到 kn+ckn + c,其中 0ck0 \le c \le k,再加 55 分邮票,就覆盖同一模 55 余数类中其后的所有金额。因此在每个余数类 rr 中,所有不小于 m(r)m(r) 的金额都可拼出,而更小的不可拼出,其中 m(r)m(r) 是满足 kn+ckn + c (0ck)(0 \le c \le k) 同余于 rr55 的最小值。最大不可拼金额为 maxrm(r)5\max_r m(r) - 5,所以需要 maxrm(r)=96\max_r m(r) = 969696 所在的余数类(即模 5511)必须恰好先在 9696 被覆盖,而其他余数类不晚于它。

nmod5n \bmod 5 分类,注意 kn+ckn+ckn + c \equiv kn + c。若 n4n \equiv 4:余数类 11 需要 4k+c14k + c \equiv 1ckc \le k,最早在 k=4k = 4c=0c = 0 时可行,所以 4n=964n = 96n=24n = 24;其他余数类分别在 242448487272 时被覆盖,都小于 9696,因此 n=24n = 24 可行。若 n2n \equiv 2:余数类 11 最早在 k=2k = 2c=2c = 2 时被覆盖,所以 2n+2=962n + 2 = 96n=47n = 47;其他余数类在 47474848949694 \le 96 时被覆盖,所以 n=47n = 47 可行。

n3n \equiv 3:余数类 11 最早在 2n=962n = 96 时被覆盖,所以 n=48n = 48,但余数类 22 最早在 2n+1=97>962n + 1 = 97 \gt 96 时才被覆盖,失败。若 n1n \equiv 1:余数类 11 最早在 n=96n = 96 时被覆盖,但余数类 33 最早在 2n+1=1932n + 1 = 193 时才被覆盖,失败。若 n0n \equiv 0:余数类 11 最早在 n+1=96n + 1 = 96 时被覆盖,所以 n=95n = 95,但余数类 44 需要 c=4c = 4k4k \ge 4,得到 4n+4>964n + 4 \gt 96,失败。答案为 24+47=7124 + 47 = 71

Using kk stamps of the denominations nn and n+1n + 1 produces exactly the amounts kn+ckn + c for 0ck,0 \le c \le k, and adding 55-cent stamps then covers everything above in the same residue class mod 5.5. So in each class rr every amount at least m(r)m(r) is formable and nothing smaller is, where m(r)m(r) is the least value of kn+ckn + c (0ck)(0 \le c \le k) congruent to rr mod 5.5. The greatest non-formable amount is maxrm(r)5,\max_r m(r) - 5, so we need maxrm(r)=96:\max_r m(r) = 96: the class of 9696 (which is 11 mod 55) must be covered first exactly at 96,96, and every other class no later.

Case on nmod5,n \bmod 5, noting kn+ckn+c.kn + c \equiv kn + c. If n4:n \equiv 4: class 11 needs 4k+c14k + c \equiv 1 with ck,c \le k, first possible at k=4,k = 4, c=0,c = 0, so 4n=964n = 96 and n=24;n = 24; the other classes are covered at 24,24, 48,48, 72,72, all less than 96,96, so n=24n = 24 works. If n2:n \equiv 2: class 11 is first covered at k=2,k = 2, c=2,c = 2, so 2n+2=962n + 2 = 96 and n=47;n = 47; the other classes are covered at 47,47, 48,48, 9496,94 \le 96, so n=47n = 47 works.

If n3:n \equiv 3: class 11 first at 2n=96,2n = 96, so n=48,n = 48, but then class 22 is first covered at 2n+1=97>962n + 1 = 97 \gt 96 — fails. If n1:n \equiv 1: class 11 first at n=96,n = 96, but then class 33 is first covered at 2n+1=1932n + 1 = 193 — fails. If n0:n \equiv 0: class 11 first at n+1=96,n + 1 = 96, so n=95,n = 95, but class 44 needs c=4,c = 4, k4,k \ge 4, giving 4n+4>964n + 4 \gt 96 — fails. The answer is 24+47=71.24 + 47 = 71.

15.

在锐角三角形 ABCABC 中,点 PPQQ 分别是从 CCAB\overline{AB}、从 BBAC\overline{AC} 的垂足。直线 PQPQABC\triangle ABC 的外接圆交于两个不同的点 XXYY。已知 XP=10XP = 10PQ=25PQ = 25QY=15QY = 15ABACAB \cdot AC 的值可写为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

In acute triangle ABC,ABC, points PP and QQ are the feet of the perpendiculars from CC to AB\overline{AB} and from BB to AC,\overline{AC}, respectively. Line PQPQ intersects the circumcircle of ABC\triangle ABC in two distinct points, XX and Y.Y. Suppose XP=10,XP = 10, PQ=25,PQ = 25, and QY=15.QY = 15. The value of ABACAB \cdot AC can be written in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:574
难度评级:3370
小提示:

计算 PPQQ 关于外接圆的幂:XPPY=APPBXP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB,且 YQQX=AQQCYQ \cdot QX = AQ \cdot QC

Compute the powers of PP and QQ with respect to the circumcircle: XPPY=APPBXP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB and YQQX=AQQCYQ \cdot QX = AQ \cdot QC

大提示:

AP=ACcosAAP = AC\cos AAQ=ABcosAAQ = AB\cos A、且 PQ=BCcosAPQ = BC\cos A;把两个幂方程与余弦定理结合,解出 ABACAB \cdot ACcosA\cos A

AP=ACcosA,AP = AC\cos A, AQ=ABcosA,AQ = AB\cos A, and PQ=BCcosA;PQ = BC\cos A; combine the two power equations with the law of cosines to solve for ABACAB \cdot AC and cosA\cos A

解答:

b=ACb = ACc=ABc = ABa=BCa = BCk=cosAk = \cos A。直角三角形 APCAPCAQBAQB 给出 AP=bkAP = bkAQ=ckAQ = ck,所以三角形 APQAPQ 与三角形 ACBACB 相似,比例为 kk,从而 PQ=ak=25PQ = ak = 25。直线上的点顺序为 X,P,Q,YX, P, Q, Y,所以 PP 的幂给出 XPPY=1040=400XP \cdot PY = 10 \cdot 40 = 400 =APPB= AP \cdot PB,而 QQ 的幂给出 YQQX=1535=525YQ \cdot QX = 15 \cdot 35 = 525 =AQQC= AQ \cdot QC。令 u=bku = bkv=ckv = ck,这些式子为 u(cu)=400,v(bv)=525 \begin{aligned} &u(c - u) = 400, \\ &\qquad v(b - v) = 525 \end{aligned}\text{,} 也就是 wu2=400w - u^2 = 400wv2=525w - v^2 = 525,其中 w=uvk=bckw = \frac{uv}{k} = bck

由余弦定理,a2=b2+c22bcka^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bck,所以 a2k2=u2+v22uvk=625a^2k^2 = u^2 + v^2 - 2uvk = 625。代入 u2=w400u^2 = w - 400v2=w525v^2 = w - 525,以及 uv=wkuv = wk,得 2w9252wk2=6252w - 925 - 2wk^2 = 625,所以 wk2=w775wk^2 = w - 775。于是 (uv)2=w2k2=w(w775)=(w400)(w525) \begin{aligned} (uv)^2 &= w^2k^2 \\ &= w(w - 775) \\ &= (w - 400)(w - 525) \end{aligned}\text{,} 化简得 150w=210000150w = 210000,所以 w=1400w = 1400,并且 k2=14007751400=2556k^2 = \frac{1400 - 775}{1400} = \frac{25}{56}

因此 k=5214k = \frac{5}{2\sqrt{14}},且 bc=wk=14002145=56014 \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{w}{k} &= 1400 \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{14}}{5} \\ &= 560\sqrt{14} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 m+n=560+14=574m + n = 560 + 14 = 574

Write b=AC,b = AC, c=AB,c = AB, a=BC,a = BC, and k=cosA.k = \cos A. Right triangles APCAPC and AQBAQB give AP=bkAP = bk and AQ=ck,AQ = ck, so triangle APQAPQ is similar to triangle ACBACB with ratio k,k, whence PQ=ak=25.PQ = ak = 25. The points on the line occur in the order X,P,Q,Y,X, P, Q, Y, so the power of PP gives XPPY=1040=400XP \cdot PY = 10 \cdot 40 = 400 =APPB,= AP \cdot PB, and the power of QQ gives YQQX=1535=525YQ \cdot QX = 15 \cdot 35 = 525 =AQQC.= AQ \cdot QC. With u=bku = bk and v=ckv = ck these read u(cu)=400,v(bv)=525, \begin{aligned} &u(c - u) = 400, \\ &\qquad v(b - v) = 525, \end{aligned} that is, wu2=400w - u^2 = 400 and wv2=525,w - v^2 = 525, where w=uvk=bck.w = \frac{uv}{k} = bck.

By the law of cosines, a2=b2+c22bck,a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bck, so a2k2=u2+v22uvk=625.a^2k^2 = u^2 + v^2 - 2uvk = 625. Substituting u2=w400u^2 = w - 400 and v2=w525,v^2 = w - 525, and uv=wk,uv = wk, gives 2w9252wk2=625,2w - 925 - 2wk^2 = 625, so wk2=w775.wk^2 = w - 775. Then (uv)2=w2k2=w(w775)=(w400)(w525), \begin{aligned} (uv)^2 &= w^2k^2 \\ &= w(w - 775) \\ &= (w - 400)(w - 525), \end{aligned} which simplifies to 150w=210000,150w = 210000, so w=1400w = 1400 and k2=14007751400=2556.k^2 = \frac{1400 - 775}{1400} = \frac{25}{56}.

Thus k=5214k = \frac{5}{2\sqrt{14}} and bc=wk=14002145=56014, \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{w}{k} &= 1400 \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{14}}{5} \\ &= 560\sqrt{14}, \end{aligned} so m+n=560+14=574.m + n = 560 + 14 = 574.