2019 AIME II 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
两个不同的点 和 ,位于直线 的同一侧,使得 与 全等,且 ,,。这两个三角形区域的交集面积为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Two different points, and lie on the same side of line so that and are congruent with and The intersection of these two triangular regions has area where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
取 、,求出 和 ;这两个三角形关于 的垂直平分线成镜像
Place and and find and the two triangles are mirror images across the perpendicular bisector of
大提示:
重叠部分是以 为底的三角形,其顶点是线段 与 的交点
The overlap is the triangle with base whose apex is the point where segments and cross
解答:
取 、。由 和 ,解 与 ,得 。全等关系 会交换 与 ,所以 是 关于直线 的反射,即 。
一个点在三角形 内,当且仅当它在 上方或线上、在直线 的 一侧,并且在直线 的 一侧;对三角形 同理。在重叠部分中起限制作用的是 、直线 和直线 ,所以交集是以 为底、顶点 的三角形。直线 为 ,直线 为 ,两者交于 。
面积为 所以 。
Place and From and solving and gives The congruence swaps and so is the reflection of across the line namely
A point lies in triangle exactly when it is on or above on ’s side of line and on ’s side of line similarly for triangle In the overlap the binding constraints are line and line so the intersection is the triangle with base and apex Line is and line is which meet at
The area is so
2.
池塘中荷叶 、、、 排成一行。一只青蛙从荷叶 开始跳跃。从任意荷叶 出发时,青蛙随机跳到 或 ,两种选择的概率都是 ,且各次跳跃相互独立。青蛙经过荷叶 的概率为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Lily pads lie in a row on a pond. A frog makes a sequence of jumps starting on pad From any pad the frog jumps to either pad or pad chosen randomly with probability and independently of other jumps. The probability that the frog visits pad is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
令 为青蛙会落在荷叶 上的概率;它只能从荷叶 或荷叶 到达那里
Let be the probability that the frog ever lands on pad the frog can only arrive there from pad or pad
大提示:
,且 、;迭代到
with and iterate up to
解答:
令 为青蛙经过荷叶 的概率。青蛙落在荷叶 上恰有两种互斥方式:它经过荷叶 并从那里跳 (若跳 ,荷叶 会永远被跳过),或者它完全跳过荷叶 ,这要求它经过荷叶 并从那里跳 ,落到荷叶 。因此
迭代得到 、、、、。因为 ,答案为 。
Let be the probability that the frog visits pad The frog lands on pad in exactly one of two disjoint ways: it visits pad and jumps from there (if it jumps pad is skipped forever), or it skips pad entirely, which requires visiting pad and jumping from it, landing on pad Hence
Iterating: and Since the answer is
3.
求满足下列方程组的正整数 元组 的个数:
Find the number of -tuples of positive integers that satisfy the following system of equations:
小提示:
是质数,并且 必须整除 ,而 必须整除
is prime, and must divide while must divide
大提示:
当 且 后,用因数个数来数满足 与 的有序数对
With and count the ordered pairs with and using divisor counts
解答:
因为 是质数,在 中三个因子之一为 ,另外两个为 。但 整除 , 整除 ,而 既不整除 ,也不整除 。所以 、。
方程组化为 与 。每个 的因数 都确定一个 ,给出 个有序数对;同理 个有序数对 。总数为 。
Since is prime, in one of the three factors is and the other two equal But divides and divides and divides neither nor So and
The system reduces to and Each divisor of determines giving ordered pairs, and likewise ordered pairs The total is
4.
一枚标准六面公平骰子掷四次。四次掷出的数字的乘积是完全平方数的概率为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
A standard six-sided fair die is rolled four times. The probability that the product of all four numbers rolled is a perfect square is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
乘积是平方数,当且仅当质数 、、 的指数均为偶数;只有掷出 会贡献质数
The product is a square exactly when each of the primes appears to an even power; only rolls of contribute the prime
大提示:
按 出现的次数分类(它必须为偶数),再追踪其余掷数中 、、 的个数奇偶性
Case on the number of s (it must be even), then track the parities of the counts of s, s, and s among the other rolls
解答:
乘积为完全平方数,当且仅当质数 、、 的指数均为偶数。只有掷出 会贡献质数 ,所以 的个数必须为偶数:、 或 。把其他数按它们的 与 的指数奇偶性分类:掷出 或 贡献 ,掷出 贡献 ,掷出 贡献 ,掷出 贡献 。质数 的指数为偶数,当且仅当 的个数加上 的个数为偶数;对 与 同理。所以一组非 掷数可行,当且仅当 、、 的个数全为偶数或全为奇数。
没有 时,四次掷数都来自 。全偶情况:没有 、、 时有 个序列(每次是 或 );某一种恰好出现两次时有 个;两种各出现两次时有 个;某一种出现四次时有 个。全奇情况:一个 、一个 、一个 ,再加一次来自 ,共有 个。小计 。有两个 时,从 种方式中选定它们的位置;另外两次必须属于同一个奇偶类,给出 个有序对,共 个序列。有四个 时有 个序列。
总共有 个可行序列,全部序列数为 ,所以概率为 ,从而 。
The product is a perfect square exactly when each of the primes and appears with even exponent. Only a roll of contributes the prime so the number of s is even: or Classify the other values by the parities of their exponents of and rolls of and contribute a contributes a contributes and a contributes The exponent of is even iff the count of s plus the count of s is even, and similarly for s and s, so a collection of non- rolls works exactly when the counts of s, s, and s are all even or all odd.
With no s, all four rolls come from All-even cases: no s, s, or s gives sequences (each roll is or ); exactly two of a single kind gives two of each of two kinds gives four of one kind gives All-odd case: one one one and one roll from gives Subtotal With two s, choose their positions in ways; the other two rolls must lie in the same parity class, giving ordered pairs, for sequences. With four s there is sequence.
In total of the sequences work, so the probability is and
5.
四位大使以及每位大使的一名顾问要坐在一张有 把椅子的圆桌旁,椅子按顺序编号为 到 。每位大使必须坐在偶数编号的椅子上。每位顾问必须坐在与其大使相邻的椅子上。在这些条件下, 个人共有 种坐法。求 除以 的余数。
Four ambassadors and one advisor for each of them are to be seated at a round table with chairs numbered in order to Each ambassador must sit in an even-numbered chair. Each advisor must sit in a chair adjacent to his or her ambassador. There are ways for the people to be seated at the table under these conditions. Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
六把偶数椅子形成一个环,每把奇数椅子位于两把相邻偶数椅子之间;每把被占用的偶数椅子必须选择旁边两把奇数椅子之一,且所选椅子互不相同
The six even chairs form a cycle, and each odd chair sits between two consecutive even chairs; each occupied even chair must claim one of its two flanking odd chairs, all distinct
大提示:
一段连续 把被占用的偶数椅子有 种有效选择方式;按六个偶数位置环上两把空椅子的分布分类
A block of consecutive occupied even chairs has valid claim patterns; case on how the two empty even chairs split the cycle of six
解答:
共有 把偶数椅子形成一个环(椅子 与椅子 相邻),每把奇数椅子都在两把相邻偶数椅子之间。大使占用六把偶数椅子中的 把,每位顾问必须在其大使旁边两把奇数椅子中选一把,且所有选择互不相同。对一段长度为 的极大连续被占用偶数椅子, 位占用者要在接触这段的 把奇数椅子中选择;把每个选择记作左或右,只有当某人选右而邻座选左时会冲突,所以有效模式恰为若干个 后接若干个 的字符串,共 种。
现在按六个偶数位置中的两把空椅子分类。若它们相邻( 种),被占用椅子形成一个长度 的块,给出 种模式。若它们隔着一把椅子( 种),块大小为 和 ,给出 种模式。若它们相对( 种),块大小为 和 ,给出 种模式。座位配置数为 。
最后,四对大使与顾问可以用 种方式分配到四把选定的偶数椅子上,所以 ,除以 的余数为 。
The six even chairs form a cycle (chair is adjacent to chair ), and each odd chair lies between two consecutive even chairs. The ambassadors occupy of the even chairs, and each advisor must take one of the two odd chairs flanking their ambassador, with all choices distinct. For a maximal block of consecutive occupied even chairs, the occupants choose among the odd chairs touching the block; recording each choice as left or right, a conflict occurs exactly when someone picks right and their neighbor picks left, so the valid patterns are the strings of s followed by s: of them.
Now case on the two empty even chairs among the six positions. If they are adjacent ( ways), the occupied chairs form one block of giving patterns. If they are separated by one chair ( ways), the blocks have sizes and giving patterns. If they are opposite ( ways), the blocks have sizes and giving patterns. The number of seat configurations is
Finally, the four ambassador-advisor pairs can be assigned to the four chosen even chairs in ways, so and the remainder modulo is
6.
在一个火星文明中,所有未注明底数的对数都默认以某个固定的 为底,其中 。一名火星学生写下方程组 并发现这个方程组有唯一实数解 。求 。
In a Martian civilization, all logarithms whose bases are not specified are assumed to be base for some fixed A Martian student writes down and finds that this system of equations has a single real number solution Find
小提示:
令 ;由换底公式,第二个方程给出
Let by the change-of-base formula the second equation says
大提示:
第一个方程变为 ;代入 并解出
The first equation becomes substitute and solve for
解答:
令 。由换底公式,所以 。第一个方程表示 ,也就是 。
代入 ,得到 ,所以 ,。于是 ,所以 ,从而 。
Let By the change-of-base formula, so The first equation says that is,
Substituting gives so and Then so and
7.
三角形 的边长为 、、。作直线 、、,分别平行于 、、,使得 、、 与 内部的交线段长度分别为 、、。求以直线 、、 为边所在直线的三角形的周长。
Triangle has side lengths and Lines and are drawn parallel to and respectively, such that the intersections of and with the interior of are segments of lengths and respectively. Find the perimeter of the triangle whose sides lie on lines and
小提示:
每条弦都截出一个与 相似的三角形:比例分别为 、、
Each chord cuts off a triangle similar to the ratios are and
大提示:
把到各边的距离按对应高的比例来度量,这三个比例之和为 ;三条线所在的层级为 、、
Measure distances to the sides as fractions of the altitudes, which sum to the lines sit at levels
解答:
对点 ,令 为 到直线 的距离除以从 引出的高,类似地定义 (到 )和 (到 );对内部点有 ,因为 。一条平行于 、位于层级 的弦,会在 处截出与 相似、比例为 的三角形,所以它的长度为 。长度为 的弦给出 ,所以 是直线 ;类似地, 使 位于 ,而 使 位于 。
沿任意平行于 的直线,坐标 线性变化;在三角形内部层级 的弦上, 经过长度为 的区间,而该弦长为 ;因此,一段平行于 、端点坐标差为 的线段长度为 。新三角形在 上的边从 (此时 )到 (此时 )。其长度为
因为这三条直线分别平行于 的三边,它们围成的三角形与 相似,此处相似比为 。其周长为 。
For a point let be the distance from to line divided by the length of the altitude from and define (to ) and (to ) similarly; then for points inside, since A chord parallel to at level cuts off a triangle at similar to with ratio so its length is The chord of length gives so is the line similarly puts at and puts at
Along any line parallel to the coordinate varies linearly, and on the chord at level inside the triangle, runs over an interval of length while the chord has length hence a segment parallel to with endpoints differing by has length The side of the new triangle on runs from where to where Its length is
Since the three lines are parallel to the sides of the triangle they bound is similar to here with ratio Its perimeter is
8.
多项式 的系数为不超过 的实数,且 。求 除以 的余数。
The polynomial has real coefficients not exceeding and Find the remainder when is divided by
小提示:
是本原六次单位根,且 是 的倍数
is a primitive sixth root of unity, and is a multiple of
大提示:
比较虚部得到 ;系数的上界随后迫使两个值都确定
Matching imaginary parts gives the bound on the coefficients then forces both values
解答:
令 ,这是本原六次单位根。因为 ,所以 、、且 。因此
比较虚部,,所以 。由于 且 ,这迫使 。再比较实部,得到 ,所以 。
因此 ,除以 的余数为 。
Let a primitive sixth root of unity. Since we get and Therefore
Matching imaginary parts, so Since and this forces Matching real parts then gives so
Hence whose remainder upon division by is
9.
若正整数 恰有 个正因数,且 能被 整除,则称 是-漂亮的。例如, 是 -漂亮的。令 为小于 且 -漂亮的正整数之和。求 。
Call a positive integer -pretty if has exactly positive divisors and is divisible by For example, is -pretty. Let be the sum of the positive integers less than that are -pretty. Find
小提示:
写成 ,其中 ;被 整除迫使 且
Write with divisibility by forces and
大提示:
此时 ,且 、;检查哪些分解能使
Then with and check which factorizations keep
解答:
我们需要 是 的倍数且 。写 ,其中 ;于是 、,并且 ,其中 、。因子 必须是至少为 的 的因数,即 、、、 中之一。
若 ,则 迫使 、,于是 ,太大。若 ,则 、,且 ,太大。 不可能,因为 。若 ,则 ,得到两种情况:、,所以 ,或 且 ,所以 是不同于 和 的质数,且 ,即 :。
因此 所以 。
We need to be a multiple of and Write with then and with and The factor must be a divisor of that is at least one of
If then forces so too large. If then and too large. The case is impossible because If then giving either so or and so is a prime other than and and i.e.
Therefore and
10.
存在唯一一个介于 与 之间的角 ,使得对非负整数 ,当 是 的倍数时 为正,否则为负。 的角度数为 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
There is a unique angle between and such that for nonnegative integers the value of is positive when is a multiple of and negative otherwise. The degree measure of is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
模 来考虑:正切在 中为正,在 中为负
Work modulo the tangent is positive for angles in and negative for angles in
大提示:
若 可行,则 的约化值也可行(同样的符号模式平移三步),唯一性迫使
If works, the reduction of works too (same sign pattern shifted by three), so uniqueness forces
解答:
因为 的周期为 ,只需考虑 :正切在 上为正,在 上为负。设 满足条件,并令 为 模 后的约化值;由于 ,有 。对每个 ,,而指数 的符号模式与 相同,所以 也满足条件。由唯一性,,所以 ,从而 度,其中 。
逐一检验:若 ,则 ,正切为正,失败。若 ,则 ,正切为正,失败。若 ,则 :此时 ,且 ,两者都在 中,而 ,所以正、负、负的模式会一直重复。
因此 度,。
Since has period only matters: the tangent is positive on and negative on Suppose satisfies the condition, and let be the reduction of modulo since we have For every and the sign pattern for the exponents is the same as for so also satisfies the condition. By uniqueness, so and degrees for some
Test each: for has positive tangent — fails. For has positive tangent — fails. For then and are both in and so the pattern positive, negative, negative repeats forever.
Thus degrees, and
11.
三角形 的边长为 、、。圆 经过 ,并在 处与直线 相切。圆 经过 ,并在 处与直线 相切。令 为圆 与 除 外的交点。于是 ,其中 与 是互质正整数。求 。
Triangle has side lengths and Circle passes through and is tangent to line at Circle passes through and is tangent to line at Let be the intersection of circles and not equal to Then where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
小提示:
在两个圆中使用切线-弦定理:,且
Use the tangent-chord angle in each circle: and
大提示:
这些相等角使三角形 与 相似,并给出 ;在三角形 中使用余弦定理
Those equal angles make triangles and similar and give apply the law of cosines in triangle
解答:
对 使用切线-弦定理(切线 ,弦 ),得 ,对 使用切线-弦定理(切线 ,弦 ),得 。记 、,则 。三角形 与 于是有 且 ,所以 。令 ,得到 因此 ,。另外 ,所以 。
在 中由余弦定理,,所以 。在三角形 中使用余弦定理,得 所以 ,且 。
因此 ,。
By the tangent-chord angle in (tangent chord ), and in (tangent chord ), Write and so Triangles and then have and so With this gives so and Also so
From the law of cosines in so The law of cosines in triangle gives so and
Hence and
12.
对 ,若一个正整数有限序列 满足 ,且 整除 (),则称其为递进的。求所有项之和等于 的递进序列的个数。
For call a finite sequence of positive integers progressive if and divides for Find the number of progressive sequences such that the sum of the terms in the sequence is equal to
小提示:
每一项都是第一项的倍数,所以 整除 ;除以第一项后得到一个首项至少为 的较短递进序列
Every term is a multiple of the first term, so divides divide it out to get a shorter progressive sequence with first term at least
大提示:
令 计数和为 、首项至少为 的递进序列;则 ,其中求和遍历 的因数 ,满足
Let count progressive sequences with sum and first term at least then over divisors of with
解答:
整除关系具有传递性,所以递进序列的每一项都是第一项的倍数。若一个和为 的序列长度至少为 、第一项为 ,则 整除 ,把其余项都除以 ,得到一个首项至少为 、和为 的递进序列。这个对应可逆。因此若 表示和为 、首项至少为 的递进序列个数,答案为 ,其中开头的 计数单项序列 。
同样的化简给出递推式 且 ;特别地,当 为质数时 。从小到大计算: ;;;;; ;;;;;; ;。
个满足 的因数给出的参数为 、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、,对应的 -值为 ,,,,,,和为 。加上单项序列,得到 。
Divisibility is transitive, so every term of a progressive sequence is a multiple of the first term. If a sequence with sum has length at least and first term then divides and dividing the remaining terms by yields a progressive sequence with first term at least and sum this correspondence is reversible. So if denotes the number of progressive sequences with sum and first term at least the answer is the leading counting the sequence
The same reduction gives the recursion with in particular when is prime. Working upward:
The divisors give arguments whose -values are summing to Adding the single-term sequence gives
13.
正八边形 内接于面积为 的圆。点 在圆内,使得由 、 与圆的小弧 围成的区域面积为 ,而由 、 与圆的小弧 围成的区域面积为 。存在正整数 ,使得由 、 与圆的小弧 围成的区域面积等于 。求 。
Regular octagon is inscribed in a circle of area Point lies inside the circle so that the region bounded by and the minor arc of the circle has area while the region bounded by and the minor arc of the circle has area There is a positive integer such that the area of the region bounded by and the minor arc of the circle is equal to Find
小提示:
每个区域都是圆弓形加上三角形 ;其面积为 减去一个常数乘以 在该边外法向单位向量上的分量
Each region is the circular segment plus triangle its area is minus a constant times the component of along that side’s outward unit normal
大提示:
边 比边 多绕了五步,所以它的单位法向量为
Side is five steps around from side so its unit normal is
解答:
令 为圆心, 为边长, 为内切半径, 为从 指向弦 中点的单位向量。由 、 与圆弧围成的区域,是圆弓形加上三角形 。圆弓形面积等于 (扇形减去三角形 ),而以 为顶点的三角形面积等于 ,这里 表示点 到该弦的距离。相加得到
已知面积给出 ,以及 。法向量每经过一条边旋转 ,所以 是 旋转 后的向量,而 比 前进五条边,也就是 旋转 后的向量: 因此
因此边 对应区域的面积为 ,所以 。
Let be the center, the side length, the apothem, and the unit vector from toward the midpoint of chord The region bounded by and the arc is the circular segment together with triangle The segment has area (sector minus triangle ), and the triangle at has area since is the distance from to the chord. Adding,
The given areas say and The normals rotate per side, so is rotated and five steps from is rotated Therefore
The region on side thus has area so
14.
求所有正整数 的和,使得在有无限多张面值为 、、 分的邮票时, 分是无法拼出的最大邮资。
Find the sum of all positive integers such that, given an unlimited supply of stamps of denominations and cents, cents is the greatest postage that cannot be formed.
小提示:
有无限多张 分邮票,所以按模 考虑:使用 张面值为 与 的邮票时,恰能拼出
With unlimited -cent stamps, work modulo using stamps of values and you can make exactly the amounts
大提示:
你需要 成为其模 余数类中最小的可拼金额,并且其他余数类都不晚于它被覆盖;按 分类
You need to be the smallest formable amount in its residue class mod with every other class covered even earlier; case on
解答:
使用 张面值为 与 的邮票,恰能得到 ,其中 ,再加 分邮票,就覆盖同一模 余数类中其后的所有金额。因此在每个余数类 中,所有不小于 的金额都可拼出,而更小的不可拼出,其中 是满足 同余于 模 的最小值。最大不可拼金额为 ,所以需要 : 所在的余数类(即模 余 )必须恰好先在 被覆盖,而其他余数类不晚于它。
按 分类,注意 。若 :余数类 需要 且 ,最早在 、 时可行,所以 ,;其他余数类分别在 、、 时被覆盖,都小于 ,因此 可行。若 :余数类 最早在 、 时被覆盖,所以 ,;其他余数类在 、、 时被覆盖,所以 可行。
若 :余数类 最早在 时被覆盖,所以 ,但余数类 最早在 时才被覆盖,失败。若 :余数类 最早在 时被覆盖,但余数类 最早在 时才被覆盖,失败。若 :余数类 最早在 时被覆盖,所以 ,但余数类 需要 、,得到 ,失败。答案为 。
Using stamps of the denominations and produces exactly the amounts for and adding -cent stamps then covers everything above in the same residue class mod So in each class every amount at least is formable and nothing smaller is, where is the least value of congruent to mod The greatest non-formable amount is so we need the class of (which is mod ) must be covered first exactly at and every other class no later.
Case on noting If class needs with first possible at so and the other classes are covered at all less than so works. If class is first covered at so and the other classes are covered at so works.
If class first at so but then class is first covered at — fails. If class first at but then class is first covered at — fails. If class first at so but class needs giving — fails. The answer is
15.
在锐角三角形 中,点 与 分别是从 到 、从 到 的垂足。直线 与 的外接圆交于两个不同的点 和 。已知 、、。 的值可写为 ,其中 与 是正整数,且 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 。
In acute triangle points and are the feet of the perpendiculars from to and from to respectively. Line intersects the circumcircle of in two distinct points, and Suppose and The value of can be written in the form where and are positive integers, and is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find
小提示:
计算 与 关于外接圆的幂:,且
Compute the powers of and with respect to the circumcircle: and
大提示:
、、且 ;把两个幂方程与余弦定理结合,解出 与
and combine the two power equations with the law of cosines to solve for and
解答:
记 、、、。直角三角形 与 给出 、,所以三角形 与三角形 相似,比例为 ,从而 。直线上的点顺序为 ,所以 的幂给出 ,而 的幂给出 。令 、,这些式子为 也就是 、,其中 。
由余弦定理,,所以 。代入 、,以及 ,得 ,所以 。于是 化简得 ,所以 ,并且 。
因此 ,且 所以 。
Write and Right triangles and give and so triangle is similar to triangle with ratio whence The points on the line occur in the order so the power of gives and the power of gives With and these read that is, and where
By the law of cosines, so Substituting and and gives so Then which simplifies to so and
Thus and so