2019 AIME II 第 15 题

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15.

在锐角三角形 ABCABC 中,点 PP 与 QQ 分别是从 CC 到 AB‾\overline{AB}、从 BB 到 AC‾\overline{AC} 的垂足。直线 PQPQ 与 △ABC\triangle ABC 的外接圆交于两个不同的点 XX 和 YY。已知 XP=10XP = 10、PQ=25PQ = 25、QY=15QY = 15。AB⋅ACAB \cdot AC 的值可写为 mnm\sqrt{n},其中 mm 与 nn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n。

In acute triangle ABC,ABC, points PP and QQ are the feet of the perpendiculars from CC to AB‾\overline{AB} and from BB to AC‾,\overline{AC}, respectively. Line PQPQ intersects the circumcircle of △ABC\triangle ABC in two distinct points, XX and Y.Y. Suppose XP=10,XP = 10, PQ=25,PQ = 25, and QY=15.QY = 15. The value of AB⋅ACAB \cdot AC can be written in the form mn,m\sqrt{n}, where mm and nn are positive integers, and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n.m + n.

答案:574
知识点:圆幂相似余弦定理
难度评级:3370
小提示:

计算 PP 与 QQ 关于外接圆的幂:XP⋅PY=AP⋅PBXP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB,且 YQ⋅QX=AQ⋅QCYQ \cdot QX = AQ \cdot QC

Compute the powers of PP and QQ with respect to the circumcircle: XP⋅PY=AP⋅PBXP \cdot PY = AP \cdot PB and YQ⋅QX=AQ⋅QCYQ \cdot QX = AQ \cdot QC

大提示:

AP=ACcos⁡AAP = AC\cos A、AQ=ABcos⁡AAQ = AB\cos A、且 PQ=BCcos⁡APQ = BC\cos A;把两个幂方程与余弦定理结合,解出 AB⋅ACAB \cdot AC 与 cos⁡A\cos A

AP=ACcos⁡A,AP = AC\cos A, AQ=ABcos⁡A,AQ = AB\cos A, and PQ=BCcos⁡A;PQ = BC\cos A; combine the two power equations with the law of cosines to solve for AB⋅ACAB \cdot AC and cos⁡A\cos A

解答:

记 b=ACb = AC、c=ABc = AB、a=BCa = BC、k=cos⁡Ak = \cos A。直角三角形 APCAPC 与 AQBAQB 给出 AP=bkAP = bk、AQ=ckAQ = ck,所以三角形 APQAPQ 与三角形 ACBACB 相似,比例为 kk,从而 PQ=ak=25PQ = ak = 25。直线上的点顺序为 X,P,Q,YX, P, Q, Y,所以 PP 的幂给出 XP⋅PY=10⋅40=400XP \cdot PY = 10 \cdot 40 = 400 =AP⋅PB= AP \cdot PB,而 QQ 的幂给出 YQ⋅QX=15⋅35=525YQ \cdot QX = 15 \cdot 35 = 525 =AQ⋅QC= AQ \cdot QC。令 u=bku = bk、v=ckv = ck,这些式子为 u(c−u)=400,v(b−v)=525, \begin{aligned} &u(c - u) = 400, \\ &\qquad v(b - v) = 525 \end{aligned}\text{,} 也就是 w−u2=400w - u^2 = 400、w−v2=525w - v^2 = 525,其中 w=uvk=bckw = \frac{uv}{k} = bck。

由余弦定理,a2=b2+c2−2bcka^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bck,所以 a2k2=u2+v2−2uvk=625a^2k^2 = u^2 + v^2 - 2uvk = 625。代入 u2=w−400u^2 = w - 400、v2=w−525v^2 = w - 525,以及 uv=wkuv = wk,得 2w−925−2wk2=6252w - 925 - 2wk^2 = 625,所以 wk2=w−775wk^2 = w - 775。于是 (uv)2=w2k2=w(w−775)=(w−400)(w−525), \begin{aligned} (uv)^2 &= w^2k^2 \\ &= w(w - 775) \\ &= (w - 400)(w - 525) \end{aligned}\text{,} 化简得 150w=210000150w = 210000,所以 w=1400w = 1400,并且 k2=1400−7751400=2556k^2 = \frac{1400 - 775}{1400} = \frac{25}{56}。

因此 k=5214k = \frac{5}{2\sqrt{14}},且 bc=wk=1400⋅2145=56014, \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{w}{k} &= 1400 \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{14}}{5} \\ &= 560\sqrt{14} \end{aligned}\text{,} 所以 m+n=560+14=574m + n = 560 + 14 = 574。

Write b=AC,b = AC, c=AB,c = AB, a=BC,a = BC, and k=cos⁡A.k = \cos A. Right triangles APCAPC and AQBAQB give AP=bkAP = bk and AQ=ck,AQ = ck, so triangle APQAPQ is similar to triangle ACBACB with ratio k,k, whence PQ=ak=25.PQ = ak = 25. The points on the line occur in the order X,P,Q,Y,X, P, Q, Y, so the power of PP gives XP⋅PY=10⋅40=400XP \cdot PY = 10 \cdot 40 = 400 =AP⋅PB,= AP \cdot PB, and the power of QQ gives YQ⋅QX=15⋅35=525YQ \cdot QX = 15 \cdot 35 = 525 =AQ⋅QC.= AQ \cdot QC. With u=bku = bk and v=ckv = ck these read u(c−u)=400,v(b−v)=525, \begin{aligned} &u(c - u) = 400, \\ &\qquad v(b - v) = 525, \end{aligned} that is, w−u2=400w - u^2 = 400 and w−v2=525,w - v^2 = 525, where w=uvk=bck.w = \frac{uv}{k} = bck.

By the law of cosines, a2=b2+c2−2bck,a^2 = b^2 + c^2 - 2bck, so a2k2=u2+v2−2uvk=625.a^2k^2 = u^2 + v^2 - 2uvk = 625. Substituting u2=w−400u^2 = w - 400 and v2=w−525,v^2 = w - 525, and uv=wk,uv = wk, gives 2w−925−2wk2=625,2w - 925 - 2wk^2 = 625, so wk2=w−775.wk^2 = w - 775. Then (uv)2=w2k2=w(w−775)=(w−400)(w−525), \begin{aligned} (uv)^2 &= w^2k^2 \\ &= w(w - 775) \\ &= (w - 400)(w - 525), \end{aligned} which simplifies to 150w=210000,150w = 210000, so w=1400w = 1400 and k2=1400−7751400=2556.k^2 = \frac{1400 - 775}{1400} = \frac{25}{56}.

Thus k=5214k = \frac{5}{2\sqrt{14}} and bc=wk=1400⋅2145=56014, \begin{aligned} bc = \frac{w}{k} &= 1400 \cdot \frac{2\sqrt{14}}{5} \\ &= 560\sqrt{14}, \end{aligned} so m+n=560+14=574.m + n = 560 + 14 = 574.

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